The third of Maré’s gangs, Terceiro Comando Puro (TCP), controls an enormous territory, encompassing ten contiguous neighborhoods with an estimated population of 68,000 residents, more than twice that of Maré’s Comando Vermelho-connected gangs. Moreover, TCP’s turf has changed significantly over time as the gang has lost and won territory through violent battles with several rivals, which have had horrifying consequences for both gang members and residents. This chapter also shows how the nature of enforcement against gangs can shift radically as TCP developed highly collaborative relations with the police especially after 2009. The chapter traces these developments in TCP’s historic territories as well as the housing projects that they would control from the mid-1990s until 2002 and again after 2009. This chapter interweaves multiple types of data, including eighteen months participant observation, dozens of interviews with current and former gang members and residents, as well as journalistic accounts and denunciations to an anonymous hotline, to trace how TCP’s shifting security environment has shaped their governance practices over time.

This chapter explains the law surrounding consent for the medical treatment of children, when children can give consent themselves, who can give consent of their behalf and when a refusal of consent should be respected. It also considers guidelines relevant for the practice of restraint in paediatric anaesthesia. Finally, it discusses the unique features of the ethics of research involving children, including the levels of risk that are deemed acceptable.

Anaesthetic preoperative assessment is an essential part of the child’s admission. Standards of care dictate that this needs to be done in advance of the day of admission to ensure the patient is medically optimised and prepared for their anaesthetic. A detailed discussion about the side effects and risk of anaesthesia is essential, and families should be given written or electronic information as part of this process. All anaesthetists who are involved in the care of children should have a sound knowledge of common medical conditions in childhood. They should understand how these conditions can be affected by anaesthesia and surgery and what preoperative investigations and planning are required to deliver a safe anaesthetic. Those medical specialties that are regularly involved in the care of the child should be contacted to help guide the perioperative management and ensure a collaborative approach to the care of the child.

This chapter looks at services and focuses on the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). Services don’t always recognise what young people with cognitive disability can do. They can neglect young people with cognitive disability. This can lead to violence and abuse of the young person. This chapter looks at how young people with cognitive disability found support from NDIS agencies. Young people with cognitive disability had trouble getting onto the NDIS. Professionals, families, and young people needed to fight to make sure supports were helpful. The NDIS must get better for all people with disability.

In the previous chapters we introduced some of the conceptual underpinnings of finance. To engage in any financial transaction, however, requires interacting with some part of the financial system. For example, if you want to deposit cash into a savings account, you will have to do so at a bank.

The financial system refers to the markets and institutions used to carry out the decisions that households, business firms, and governments make about managing their money and other financial assets.

Japan introduced its utility model system in 1905, twenty years after the introduction of the patent system. Although the utility model system is still in effect, its content and use have changed considerably over the past century. Japan’s utility model system played a major role in the development of Japanese industrial technology through the 1970s. Until the 1970s, the number of applications for utility model registrations exceeded that for patents. However, with the improvement of Japanese industry’s technological capabilities and other factors, patent applications began to outnumber utility model applications around 1980, and the number of utility model applications declined sharply from 1985 onward. In response, the utility model system was extensively revised in 1993, including the abolition of substantive examinations, with the aim of making the system more attractive by ensuring that the system provides early protection for technologies with short life cycles. However, this revision caused problems, such as the loss of stability of rights, and the number of utility model applications has continued to decline.

The global landscape for existing utility model rights is a helpful starting point to the discussion on utility model innovation policy at the country-level as well as firm strategy. WIPO data indicates that approximately 3.0 million utility model applications were filed globally in 2022, a growth rate of 2.9% from the previous year and close to the global total of 3.5 million applications for standard patents. Only about one-half of the world’s countries provide for utility model systems, yet companies from around the world acquire these rights. Utility models are important players in the IP environment, and the unique qualities of the system and differential representation require specific analysis. In this chapter, we review existing empirical data and present additional data regarding UM filings and litigation worldwide. Our purpose is to provide background and context for the more detailed discussion in the remaining chapters in this book.

The majority of children undergoing elective surgery can be discharged home on the same day. This has significant benefits for the child, improves productivity and reduces cost. A paediatric day-case service needs an infrastructure based on the guidelines set up by the Department of Health and professional bodies. The anaesthetist plays a vital role in this service and must be trained to use techniques that minimise perioperative pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting. There are clear published guidelines for the process of selecting appropriate patients and cases. In the past, performing tonsillectomies in children with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) as a day-case procedure was controversial. With improving surgical and anaesthetic techniques, most of these cases can now be done as day cases. A consensus statement was released in 2018 with recommendations of which patients should be excluded from this group. Good planning by the ward nurses, play therapists, theatre staff, surgeons and anaesthetists is essential to ensure the smooth running of a unit. Anaesthesia techniques require planning and attention to detail. A multimodal to approach to pain relief including local/regional anaesthesia is essential. Knowledge of risk factors and appropriate prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is also vital. Regular patient satisfaction surveys and audit of quality and safety of care should be conducted using published standards.

This chapter will take a fresh look at the need for harmonisation of UM protection in the EU. It will first look back at EU harmonisation efforts in the past (Section 2), before demonstrating the need for EU harmonisation (Section 3). It will then describe and question the traditional arguments for UM protection (Section 4). Thereafter, the chapter will lay out the EU’s policy options and analyse them critically (Section 5). It will become clear that there are no perfect solutions to address the need for harmonisation. The chapter will offer thoughts on a new conceptional starting point for further reform efforts (Section 6) before concluding (Section 7).