The genus and species of Lygaeidae described and figured herein was obtained with several others from a squirrel's nest at Kodera, S. Nyanza Province, Kenya, East Africa, by Dr Garnham, Professor of Medical Protozoology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Alfred Giard was born at Valenciennes (Nord) on the 8th of August, 1843, and died at Orsay (Seine-et-Oise) on the 8th of August, 1908. He received his education at the “Ecole Normale Supérieure” of Paris and in 1873, having obtained his D.Sc. at the Sorbonne, he was elected to the chair of Natural History at the University of Lille. In 1874 he founded at Wimereux, near Boulogne, a marine zoological station and in 1878 became editor of the Bulletin Scientifique de la France et Belgique, which still appears and counts now fifty-five volumes.In 1882 he was elected member of Parliament but, fortunately for his scientific career, lost his seat at the next election in 1885. Three years later the Town Council of Paris endowed for him at the Sorbonne a lectureship of Evolution which soon developed into a Professorial chair of “Evolution des Ětres organises.” In 1900 he was elected a member of the Institute.

In the foregoing paper Dr E. P. Snijders has described the oöcysts of a species of Eimeria which he found in the stools of a patient under his care in Medan (Sumatra). The manuscript of this paper, together with a preparation containing the cysts in question, was kindly sent to me by the author with the request that I would “be so kind as to add my opinion, and give to the species its right name.” I shall do my best to comply with both these requests in the present note.

Generic Diagnosis, ♀. Cephalothorax with transverse lateral expansions, small in young, resembling a hammer in old specimens, between whose anterior surfaces projects the head. Neck smooth, cylindrical and without swimming feet. Trunk much enlarged transversely, smooth, flattened dorsiventrally, bearing a pair of posterior appendages profusely and dichotomously branched. Abdominal appendages reduced to two small knobs; or one undivided abdomen.Egg-strings long and straight; eggs multiseriate. Two pairs of antennae, twopairs of maxillae, one pair of maxillipedes.

The methods so successfully used in ridding Panama of yellow fever and delimiting malarial fever have been equally valuable in checking an epidemic of Equine Trypanosorniasis in the Canal Zone.

Examination of scrapings from the gingival space at the base of the teeth of 50 coolies in the District Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, revealed the presence of the following parasitic protozoa: Entamoeba gingivalis (Gros, 1849) Brumpt, 1913, and a species of Trichomonas. Most of the coolies were patients in the malaria wards, and in no case was the patient in hospital for any kind of mouth affection. Since a fair body of evidence has already accumulated against the pathogenicity of E. gingivalis, and none for it, no special consideration was given to this point (Goodrich and Moseley, 1916). A very cursory review of the dental condition of these patients produced nothing in conflict with such evidence. Some of these coolies keep their mouths very clean: most of them cleanse their teeth daily, but they use no disinfectant. The Indians make use of charcoal and the Chinese of powdered cuttle-bone. The habit of chewing sirih, very prevalent among the Indians, seems to be without effect on the mouth protozoa. Both species were found in mouths deeply stained with the betel juice, and on one occasion together with a wad of the chewing mixture.

We present a mathematical model which is used to interpret the dynamics of the immunological response of a mouse host to infection with the filarial worm Onchocerca lienalis. The model mimics changes in worm burden over time post-infection and after reinfection and its behaviour provides a good description of experimental results. Measured production of T-cells and eosinophils is also compared with the predictions of the model. Our results show that the immune response mechanism proposed on the basis of experimental results, involving CD4+ T-cells and eosinophil destruction of the parasite, is supported by the insights gained from the mathematical model. Also, using the parameters estimated to describe the primary infection dynamics, the degree of acquired immunity to secondary infection is also well described by the model. Our analysis highlights the importance of obtaining quantitative measures of the many rate parameters involved in even the simplest interpretations of immunological responses to parasitic infection.

In the experiments reported here treatment (with a single dose or daily for 4 days) was delayed until 3 days after inoculation. Various combinations of M&B 35769, 2:4-diamino-5-[3(4–4′-chlorophenylphenoxy)propyl-l-oxy]-6-methylpyrimidine HC1, plus sulphadoxine, and of M&B 35769 plus dapsone, were examined and it was concluded that no universally ideal ratio of constituents in a combination is possible because the optimum ratio depends upon the activity of the constituents on their own and therefore varies from strain to strain. Activity was assessed on the 24th day after infection. M&B 35769 was markedly superior to pyrimethamine against all strains when the compounds were given on their own but, although it showed good potentiation with sulphadoxine and dapsone, much of its lead over pyrimethamine was lost in combination. M&B 36821 2–4-diamino-5-[3-(3,4′-dibromobiphenyl-4-oxy)-propyl-l-oxy]-6-methyl pyrimidine HC1, was more active than M&B 35769 against pyrimethamine- and cycloguanil-resistant strains but not against sensitive strains.

The present study was performed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of Theileria annulata transformed dendritic cells (TaDCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) to compare differences in antigen presentation and stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation. Antigen presentation for T lymphocyte proliferation was analysed by flow cytometry. Additionally, the level of mRNA transcription of small GTPases of the Rab family expressed in the TaDC cell line was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). The endocytosis rate of TaDCs was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in MoDCs. In contrast, when T lymphocytes were co-cultured with TaDC-APCs T cell proliferation was similar, while co-culture with MoDC-APC stimulated proliferation of CD4+ cells to a greater degree than CD8+ cells. However, the efficacy of TaDC-APCs to stimulate T lymphocytes dropped as the number of passages of TaDC-APC increased. Likewise, the transcription level of Rab family genes also significantly (P > 0.001) declined with progressive passages (>50) of the TaDC cell line. We conclude that initially the TaDC cell line efficiently presents antigen to stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation to produce a cellular immune response against the presented antigen.

Readers approaching this book should not expect a review of the diverse forms of parasitic organisms or a series of illustrations of the extraordinary adaptations parasitism has provided. This is a book of theory and graph, of generalization and synthesis. It is aimed at a broad audience, with the hope that the reader ‘when later gazing at a bird gliding overhead, will see not just the bird, but will also see (or at least imagine!) the flying assemblage of parasite species’.