We have in the previous chapters identified different types of the raw materials and products that can ensure a transformation from a petroleum-based to a bio-based society. We have discussed how raw materials can be converted to the required end-products. Before we end up with the final purified product, we still need a number of separation and purification steps. We need to select proper separation methods to reduce the cost of the process and ensure the required quality of our product. In this chapter, we will define the key parameters that are necessary to know to identify the relevant processes. This includes feed concentration, particle characteristics, and solvent properties. The chapter will introduce the existing methods for product purification and introduce guidelines for the selection of the best technologies for the separation and purification processes.

This is the first of three chapters which present ‘mini-studies’ of dignity. If, as the book argues, abstract discussion of dignity elides much of what we need to know about the concept, these mini-studies are designed to illustrate how a more contextualised treatment can take us further. Each of the mini-studies is concerned with dignity at a particular time, in a particular place, and with reference to a particular object. In the case of this chapter, the object is a series of photographs taken of Trucanini, a Tasmanian Aboriginal woman once (erroneously) said to be the ‘last of her race’. The chapter explores dignity at the intersection of colonial photography and Victorian race science.

The chapter explores co-speech gestures in spoken political discourse. It defines co-speech gesture as a fundamental feature of communication which is implicated in the discursive performance of prejudice. Gesture-speech relations are discussed and a classification of gestures is provided. It is shown how speech and gesture may interact with respect to schematisation, viewpoint, attention and metaphor. Two case studies focussed on the gestural style of right-wing populism are presented. The first considers the co-speech gestures executed by Donald Trump during a campaign rally. The analysis highlights his comedic use of gestures, the use of iconic and enactment gestures in connection with his border wall policy, and his use of points and shrugs to engage with his audience in different ways. The second focusses on co-speech gestures in the anti-immigration discourse of Nigel Farage. The analysis shows that legitimating moves characteristic of immigration discourse, including focussing, denial, authorisation, deixis, proximisation, metaphor, quantification and aspectising, when performed in spoken discourse are multimodal and involve a gestural component.

In the previous chapter we discussed what risk is and how managing risk is an essential element of every financial decision. Risk stems from uncertainty about the future. In this chapter, we introduce and explain financial contracts—options—that help resolve uncertainty by allowing an asset to be traded at a fixed price in the future after observing outcomes. More specifically, put options allow the choice to sell or not sell an underlying asset in the future, while call options allow the choice to buy or not buy an underlying asset in the future. The owner does not have to sell (in the case of a put) or buy (in the case of a call) in the future if it is not beneficial to them. Thus, the value of option contracts is that they embed flexibility—the owner makes the decision after the market price of the underlying asset is observed.

There are several reasons to be ethically concerned about the development and use of AI. In this contribution, we focus on one specific theme of concern: moral responsibility. In particular, we consider whether the use of autonomous AI causes a responsibility gap and put forward the thesis is that this is not the case. Our argument proceeds as follows. First, we provide some conceptual background by discussing respectively what autonomous systems are, how the notion of responsibility can be understood, and what the responsibility gap is about. Second, we explore to which extent it could make sense to assign responsibility to artificial systems. Third, we argue that the use of autonomous systems does not necessarily lead to a responsibility gap. In the fourth and last section of this chapter, we set out why the responsibility gap – even if it were to exist – is not necessarily problematic.

In the previous chapter we went over the process by which investors form portfolios, how to measure the risk and return of a given portfolio, and how an optimal portfolio can be chosen from a riskless asset and a set of risky assets. We saw that the optimal portfolio consists of holding some portion of one’s money in the riskless asset and some portion in the tangency portfolio consisting of the optimal combination of risky assets (OCRA). In this chapter we introduce the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which specifies exactly what the OCRA should be. The CAPM predicts, under a set of assumptions, that the OCRA consists of holding all assets in the market in proportion to their value. Thus, all investors should hold some combination of the market portfolio and the riskless asset because it is most efficient.

Portugal’s education progress from 2003 to 2015 has been praised as one of the most successful cases in OECD countries. This chapter describes the main factors of this evolution, highlighting policy measures taken on the aftermath of the 1995 TIMSS and 2000 PISA shocks. These policy measures include a more detailed curricular development, the improvement of standard assessment and the disclosure of schools’ results. These changes acted against the background of an experienced teacher body and counted with a discreet, but powerful factor: the reliance on quality textbooks. This chapter describes the recent evolution of textbooks’ role and their part in keeping both stability and improvement in the taught and assessed curriculum. It concludes with an account of how these apparently successful reforms were halted after years of bipartisan support.

As the nineteenth turned into the twentieth century, Japan remained an enthusiastic participant at exhibitions overseas (Chicago 1893, Paris 1900, St Louis 1904, London 1910), showing off both its indigenous endowments (art and architecture, imperial history) and modern achievements (burgeoning industry, victorious military, and emergent empire). It was not able to prevent others supplying the more familiar Japan demanded by white audiences, who were interested in exoticism but dismissive of seeming mimicry. At home, too, the government was beginning to endorse, and cities to exploit, the use of exhibitions as much for municipal development as industrial promotion. This chapter examines in detail how Kyoto in 1895, Osaka in 1903, and Tokyo in 1907 used ‘industrial’ exhibitions to present themselves as tourist destination, industrial powerhouse, and metropolitan primate, respectively. To do it, exhibitions increasingly supplemented didactic exhibits with popular attractions, opening up a space where the press could use exhibitions as much for social commentary as economic report.

Chapter 5 focuses on the different temporalities that are interwoven in the station, feeding into everyday experiences and informing patterns of action. In Accra’s station, just as in most bus stations in Ghana, departures do not follow designated scripts dictated by clock time; instead, they are collectively timed by the inflow of passengers. These inflows follow different rhythmic temporalities co-composed in Accra and in the destinations served by the station. By detailing the daily work activities of an inexperienced and an experienced station worker, it teases out different levels of perceptual attunement to movement and rhythm taking shape hundreds of kilometres away. It argues that the tacit dimension of temporal and kinaesthetic enskilment highlights important qualities needed to make hustle successful, which essentially requires the ability to ‘read’ the different rhythms of eruptive situations and to align and time one’s actions accordingly.

In Chapter 13 we saw that the general choice of financing—debt or equity—affected overall firm value only due to frictions such as agency problems or asymmetric information. Debt and equity financing can come from many different sources in the financial system, and the institutional details of these sources can introduce important considerations for the firms seeking financing. In this chapter we explore the different sources of financing that may be available and/or feasible for firms to use at various stages of their lives: from new startup firms to mature and stable publicly traded corporations. Broadly speaking, the global financial system successfully meets the financial needs of the many different types of firms that operate in the economy. However, firms are constantly in flux, and as a result so are their financial needs. While the financial sources we discuss in this chapter continue to be important to the financial system, in response to the evolving nature of firms, new financial innovations and different ways of financing are always being introduced.

The safe and effective delivery of neuroanaesthesia in children requires knowledge of normal development and neurophysiology. Preoperative assessment must pay particular attention to the symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure. The conduct of anaesthesia is influenced by the underlying pathology, the procedure being performed and the need for intraoperative neuromonitoring. Extreme vigilance is required in circumstances where venous air embolus (VAE) is a risk, and the provision of appropriate facilities is essential.

Chapter 6 examines the social and economic implications of the station’s unscheduled departures by exploring the practices and experiences of waiting at the station, which, in a major public transport hub, is a quintessential property of social action. Building on a ‘slow’ ethnographic elaboration of the minutiae of loading a bus (which took six and a half hours), it presents the positions of three groups of actors in relation to the temporalities of waiting at the station: the passengers, the drivers, and the station workers responsible for organising departures. A focus on the dimensions of ‘empty time’ contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the station hustle, one that goes beyond its seemingly perpetual busyness and ceaseless activity, and that facilitates a subtle analysis of the social and economic relations in contexts of contingent and involuting organisations of labour and time.

The conclusions commence with the warnings against idolatry contained in the ancient inscriptions of the basilica of San Marco, words that appear to have taken on a new resonance in light of the image debates of the Cinquecento. Some observations on the prevailing mindset with regard to majestically constructed and adorned churches are then made, contrasting the wide acceptance for such projects amongst late sixteenth-century Catholics to the Protestant distaste for the ‘idolatrous’ statues and images to be found throughout Venice. This book closes by reasserting one its central themes: the ability of contemporary artists in the city to invent novel visual solutions that encouraged certain beliefs at a fertile moment in the history of art.