Martin Jehne looks at the Roman comitia through the lens of their rich symbolism. Set in a demarcated space and sanctioned by the auspices of the gods, the popular assemblies were, in general, integrative: they symbolized the belonging of the citizens to the community as a whole. But the assemblies (comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and comitia curiata) were far from uniform. Each one, argues Jehne, wielded a different type of integrative force upon its participants. The centuriate assembly emphasized hierarchy and vertical integration; the tribal assemblies had an essentially egalitarian structure. In light of a rapidly expanding body of citizens, the integrating capacities of the popular assemblies ought to have shrunk. Creating a climate of consensus and communality, those capacities were preserved in the assemblies’ roles as referential quantities that embodied ideas of hierarchy and equality vital to the libera res publica.

Particle-resolved (PR), Euler–Lagrange (EL), and Euler–Euler (EE) formulations are the three widely used computational approaches in multiphase flow. In PR formulation, the focus is on the flow physics at the microscale and all the details are resolved at the microscale. However, due to computational limitations, the PR approach cannot reach the length and time scales needed to explore the meso and macroscale multiphase phenomenon. In the EL formulation of a dispersed multiphase flow, the continuous phase is averaged (or filtered), and all the microscale details of the flow on the scale of individual particles are coarse-grained. If all the dispersed phase elements (i.e., all the particles, drops, or bubbles) are tracked then there is no averaging of the dispersed phase. In the EE formulation, both the continuous and dispersed phases are averaged/filtered. We will discuss systematic coarse graining to obtain the governing equations of the EL and EE approaches. The coarse-graining process introduces two interesting challenges: (i) the unavoidable closure problem where the Reynolds stress and flux terms must be expressed in terms of filtered meso/macroscale variables, and (ii) the coupling between the continuous and the dispersed phases must be appropriately posed in terms of the filtered variables. Recent innovations on both these fronts are discussed.

Scale-resolving simulation (SRS) methods of practical interest are coarse-graining formulations widely used in science and engineering. These methods aim to efficiently predict complex flows by only resolving the phenomena not amenable to modeling, unleashing the concept of accuracy on demand. This chapter provides an overview of the SRS methods best suited for engineering applications: hybrid and bridging models. It starts by reviewing basic turbulence modeling concepts. Following on from that is an overview of hybrid and bridging models, discussing their main advantages and limitations. The challenges to the predictive application of these models are enumerated, as well as possible strategies to solve or mitigate them. Several examples are provided to illustrate the potential of these classes of SRS methods. Overall, the chapter intends to help new and experienced SRS modelers and users obtain predictive turbulence computations.

This chapter centres around a structural equivalency between certain outside entities (e.g., anthropologists, tourists, and some organisations) and shamanic spirits (e.g., master-owners and spirit allies) in Surama Village. This equivalency is explored in connexion with the relational modes (particularly kinship and shamanism) and means (particularly hospitality) through which Makushi people form and manage strategic engagements with human and non-human others. This chapter articulates themes from previous chapters to clarify how Makushi shamanism reveals the status of contemporary visitors (particularly tourists) as akin to spirit allies and the Iwokrama International Centre as a magnified master-owner. Makushi shamanic relations with spirits, past missionaries, tourists, and organisations resonate and overlap. Makushi people seek esoteric knowledge and material goods from such outside entities. The chapter also discusses the spatial centralisation of alterity in Surama Village. The author’s status as a visitor and potential ally is highlighted to reflexively position the author within these relations.

Framenets and constructiCons are applied instantiations of the linguistic frameworks known as Frame Semantics and Construction Grammar, respectively, in the form of computational, semiformally structured linguistic resources. The resources have a common history, both theoretically and in design: They are built as English-language resources in the framework of the Berkeley FrameNet initiative. They enjoy the double nature of being descriptive linguistic resources as well as finding frequent use in a computational linguistic context, where they have been used both in NLP applications and as underlying knowledge bases in areas such as computer-assisted language learning. The chapter provides a bird’s-eye view on these resources: their theoretical foundations; design principles and how they are compiled; theoretical and methodological interrelations; the challenges involved in building framenets and constructiCons for new languages and for cross-linguistic application; the differences and interactions between linguistic and computational linguistic work on framenets and constructiCons; application to language pedagogy; and outstanding theoretical and methodological issues.

Two decades or so ago, it seemed that the Sino-American power transition would be an example of peaceful change. Today, the odds of such an outcome have dwindled. Can IOs help to ensure that any resulting changes in the international system’s distribution of power (and of prestige and status) come about peacefully? In this instance, the short answer is “no.” For peaceful change to occur, the onus is on the dominant power – the incumbent hegemon – to accept, and adjust to, the shift in relative power in the rising power’s favor. There is nothing in America’s foreign policy tradition, or political culture, that suggests that the US will accept China’s emergence as its geopolitical, economic, and technological equal – or accord Beijing status and prestige on par with America’s. Rather, the US clings to the status quo of the post-1945 international order – “the world America made” (in Robert Kagan’s words) – and is ready to go to war to preserve it. That is the fundamental reason why the Sino-American power transition likely will not be an example of peaceful change.

The introduction provides an overview of the reasons why sustainable finance is high in the regulatory agenda, in the EU and increasingly elsewhere. It shows how the EU started to follow up on the UN goals for a more sustainable development, and how it translated those goals, first into its action plans and then into regulatory measures. The case for sustainability as a tool to manage climate and environmental risks is then explained. The introduction then summarises the contents and the main results of each chapter within the collection.

The complexity of movement disorders poses challenges for clinical management and research. Functional imaging with PET or SPECT allows in-vivo assessment of the molecular underpinnings of movement disorders, and biomarkers can aid clinical decision making and understanding of pathophysiology, or determine patient eligibility and endpoints in clinical trials. Imaging targets traditionally include functional processes at the molecular level, typically neurotransmitter systems or brain metabolism, and more recently abnormal protein accumulation, a pathologic hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Functional neuroimaging provides complementary information to structural neuroimaging (e.g. anatomic MRI), as molecular/functional changes can present in the absence of, prior to, or alongside structural brain changes. Movement disorder specialists should be aware of the indications, advantages and limitations of molecular functional imaging. An overview is given of functional molecular imaging in movement disorders, covering methodologic background information, typical molecular changes in common movement disorders, and emerging topics with potential for greater future importance.

This chapter discusses terminal coalgebras obtained by methods other than the finitary iteration that we saw in Chapter 3. One way is by taking a quotient of a weakly terminal coalgebra. Another is to use Worrell’s Theorem: the terminal coalgebra of a finitary set functor is obtainable as a limit, using a doubled form of infinite iteration. The chapter also contains a number of presentations of the terminal coalgebra of the finite power-set functor on sets and of the first infinite limit of its terminal-coalgebra chain.

This chapter aims to discuss the presence and implications of using English Medium Instruction (EMI) in two contexts of the Global South; namely, Malaysia, a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Brazil in Latin America. In both countries language policy and planning are complex. EMI has been adopted following a recent trend towards the internationalization of the higher education system where English has also become the main language for research and publication. The dominance of Western scientific paradigms, the promotion of English as the language of education, and the dissemination of knowledge through English have led to a neglect of knowledge produced in languages other than English. Furthermore, the adoption of a single language threatens the role of other languages in higher education. This chapter examines this trend in face of the need to protect the national language as well as other languages to guarantee an ecology of knowledges and languages in higher education.

Gait and balance are fundamental human abilities. When assessing a patient, a certain phenomenologic gait pattern is identified based on characteristic signs that we relate to anatomic systems (topo-diagnosis). According to their functional complexity, these systems can be categorized into lower-level systems (bones, muscles, nerves); intermediate-level systems (basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory systems); and higher-level systems (cortex–basal ganglia loops). In a second step, we relate this to an underlying etiology, giving rise to a two-axis diagnosis. Gait examination can show direct stepping disturbances as well as indirect, i.e., compensatory changes mainly related to dysbalance (e.g., broad-based gait). The most common disorders include the “ataxias,” related to disturbances of the cerebellum or the sensory systems; basal ganglia gait disorders with parkinsonian or hyperkinetic phenomenology; and higher-level gait disorders, related to disturbances within the cortex–basal ganglia loops, which lead to inappropriate selection and organization of gait and balance programs, resulting in impaired stepping (with freezing of gait) and balance.