Cannabis use severely affects the outcome of people with psychotic disorders, yet there is a lack of treatments. To address this, in 2019 the National Health Service (NHS) Cannabis Clinic for Psychosis (CCP) was developed to support adults suffering from psychosis to reduce and/or stop their cannabis use.

Examine outcome data from the first 46 individuals to complete the CCP's intervention.

The sample (N = 46) consisted of adults (aged ≥ 18) with psychosis under the care of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, referred to the CCP between January 2020 and February 2023, who completed their intervention by September 2023. Clinical and functional measures were collected before (T0) and after (T1) the CCP intervention (one-to-one sessions and peer group attendance). Primary outcomes were changes in the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R) score and pattern of cannabis use. Secondary outcomes included T0–T1 changes in measures of delusions, paranoia, depression, anxiety and functioning.

A reduction in the mean CUDIT-R score was observed between T0 (mean difference = 17.10, 95% CI = 15.54–18.67) and T1, with 73.91% of participants achieving abstinence and 26.09% reducing the frequency and potency of their use. Significant improvements in all clinical and functional outcomes were observed, with 90.70% being in work or education at T1 compared with 8.70% at T0. The variance in CUDIT-R scores explained between 34 and 64% of the variance in our secondary measures.

The CCP intervention is a feasible strategy to support cannabis use cessation/reduction and improve clinical and functional outcomes of people with psychotic disorders.

An increasing number of observational studies have reported associations between frailty and mental disorders, but the causality remains ambiguous.

To assess the bidirectional causal relationship between frailty and nine mental disorders.

We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomisation on genome-wide association study summary data, to investigate causality between frailty and nine mental disorders. Causal effects were primarily estimated using inverse variance weighted method. Several secondary analyses were applied to verify the results. Cochran's Q-test and Mendelian randomisation Egger intercept were applied to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy.

Genetically determined frailty was significantly associated with increased risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) (odds ratio 1.86, 95% CI 1.36–2.53, P = 8.1 × 10−5), anxiety (odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 1.56–4.90, P = 5.0 × 10−4), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (odds ratio 2.56, 95% CI 1.69–3.87, P = 9.9 × 10−6), neuroticism (β = 0.25, 95% CI 0.11–0.38, P = 3.3 × 10−4) and insomnia (β = 0.50, 95% CI 0.25–0.75, P = 1.1 × 10−4). Conversely, genetic liability to MDD, neuroticism, insomnia and suicide attempt significantly increased risk of frailty (MDD: β = 0.071, 95% CI 0.033–0.110, P = 2.8 × 10−4; neuroticism: β = 0.269, 95% CI 0.173–0.365, P = 3.4 × 10−8; insomnia: β = 0.160, 95% CI 0.141–0.179, P = 3.2 × 10−61; suicide attempt: β = 0.056, 95% CI 0.029–0.084, P = 3.4 × 10−5). There was a suggestive detrimental association of frailty on suicide attempt and an inverse relationship of subjective well-being on frailty.

Our findings show bidirectional causal associations between frailty and MDD, insomnia and neuroticism. Additionally, higher frailty levels are associated with anxiety and PTSD, and suicide attempts are correlated with increased frailty. Understanding these associations is crucial for the effective management of frailty and improvement of mental disorders.

Clinical characteristics of psychosis in HIV infection have been described, but there have been limited comparative studies in HIV-endemic low-resource regions.

To compare clinical characteristics of psychosis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients at the main psychiatric referral units in Uganda.

Patients with psychosis were consecutively recruited and completed a standardised demographic questionnaire and psychiatric and laboratory assessments including an HIV test. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to diagnose psychiatric illness. Psychosis symptoms were compared between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals using bivariate methods. A logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of age, gender and HIV status on different types of psychosis.

There were 478 patients enrolled, of which 156 were HIV positive and 322 were HIV negative. The mean age was 33.2 years (95% CI 31.8–34.5) for the HIV-positive group and 29.6 years (95% CI 28.7–30.5) for the HIV-negative group (P < 0.001). Female patients had a higher proportion of seropositivity 40.6% (95% CI 34.8–46.4) compared with males 21.8% (95% CI 16.1–27.5) (P < 0.001). Psychotic disorder not otherwise specified occurred more in the HIV-positive individuals (88% (95% CI 82.9–93.1) v. 12% (95% CI 8.4–15.5), P < 0.001). Motor activity, irritability, emotional withdrawal, feelings of guilt, mannerisms and posturing, grandiosity, suspiciousness, unusual thoughts, blunted affect, excitement and disorientation were associated with HIV seropositivity.

The presentation of psychosis in patients with HIV is unique to this HIV endemic setting. Characterisation of the symptomatology of patients presenting with psychosis is important for proper diagnosis and care.

Residential treatment facilities for eating disorders are becoming increasingly common and purport to provide recovery-orientated care in a less restrictive environment than traditional hospital settings. However, minimal attention has focused on individuals’ lived experiences of these residential services.

This study explores participants’ lived experiences of care at Australia’s first residential facility for the treatment of eating disorders.

Qualitative data were collected as part of a clinical evaluation (June 2021 to August 2023). Fifteen women participated in semi-structured interviews about their experience of treatment following discharge. Data were analysed with inductive reflexive thematic analysis.

Three main themes were generated from the data that included participants’ journeys to treatment, experiences of treatment and the transitions associated with and following discharge. Cutting across these main themes were participants’ encounters of barriers, setbacks and hope. Participant experiences of residential treatment were complex and multifaceted, marked by inherent ideological dilemmas that arose in balancing standardised treatment protocols with person-centred and recovery-oriented care. Participants also spoke of reclaiming a sense of self and identity beyond their eating disorder, emphasising the importance of relationships and consistent and collaborative care.

Participant accounts of residential treatment emphasised the importance of holistic, person-centred and recovery-oriented care. Despite the complexities of treatment experiences, participant narratives underscored how recovery may be more about the reclamation of a sense of identity outside of the eating disorder than merely symptom improvement. As such, adopting person-centred and recovery-oriented treatment approaches within residential treatment settings may maximise individual autonomy and promote holistic recovery pathways.

Nearly 25% of people with intellectual disability (PwID) have epilepsy compared to 1% of the UK general population. PwID are commonly excluded from research, eventually affecting their care. Understanding seizures in PwID is particularly challenging because of reliance on subjective external observation and poor objective validation. Remote electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring could capture objective data, but particular challenges and implementation strategies for this population need to be understood.

This co-production aimed to explore the accessibility and potential impact of a remote, long-term EEG tool (UnEEG 24/7 SubQ) for PwID and epilepsy.

We conducted six, 2-hour long workshops; three with people with mild intellectual disability and three with families/carers of people with moderate–profound intellectual disability. Brief presentations, easy read information and model demonstrations were used to explain the problem and device. A semi-structured guide developed by a communication specialist and art-based techniques facilitated discussion with PwID. For family/carers, active listening was employed. All conversations were recorded and transcribed. Artificial intelligence-based coding and thematic analysis (ATLAS.ti and ChatGPT) were synthesised with manual theming to generate insights.

Co-production included four PwID, five family members and seven care professionals. Three main themes were identified: (1) perceived benefits for improving seizure understanding, informing care and reducing family and carer responsibility to accurately identify seizures; (2) the device was feasible for some PwID but not all; and (3) appropriate person-centred communication is essential for all stakeholders to reduce concerns.

The workshops identified key benefits and implementing barriers to SubQ in PwID.

Music therapy is a commonly used intervention added to usual care for psychiatric disorders.

We review the evidence for music therapy and assess its efficacy as an adjunct therapy across psychiatric disorders.

A systematic literature search was conducted in four scientific databases to identify relevant meta-analyses. Articles were assessed with the AMSTAR-2 tool. The results of the high-quality articles were recalculated with the data from the primary studies. We decided to add the results of the lower-rated articles, using a narrative approach. We pooled the primary studies and calculated standardised mean differences (SMD) for the transdiagnostic outcomes of depression, anxiety and quality of life. We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) tool to assess the level of evidence.

Meta-analyses were available for autism, dementia, depression, insomnia, schizophrenia and substance use disorders. We identified 40 relevant articles. One article per domain was identified as high quality. Music therapy added to treatment as usual showed therapeutic value in each disorder. The transdiagnostic results showed a positive effect of music therapy on depression (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36–0.78), anxiety (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI 0.27–0.66) and quality of life (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.71). However, these effects were not maintained at follow-up, and all results were based on low or very low evidence.

Music therapy shows promising potential as an adjunctive treatment for psychiatric disorders, but methodological weaknesses and variability limit the evidence. More high-quality, well-powered studies are needed to reliably confirm its effect size.

Anxiety affects around one in five women during pregnancy and after birth. However, there is no systematic information on the proportion of women with perinatal anxiety disorders who want or receive treatment.

To examine (a) the prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and after birth in a population-based sample, and (b) the proportion of women with anxiety disorders who want treatment and receive treatment.

This study conducted 403 diagnostic interviews in early pregnancy (n = 102), mid-pregnancy (n = 99), late pregnancy (n = 102) or postpartum (n = 100). Participants also completed self-report measures of previous/current mental health problems and desire for treatment at every time point.

The prevalence of anxiety disorders over all time points combined was 19.9% (95% CI 16.1–24.1), with greatest prevalence in early pregnancy (25.5%, 95% CI 17.4–35.1). The most prevalent disorders were obsessive–compulsive disorder (8.2%, 95% CI 5.7–11.3) and generalised anxiety disorder (5.7%, 95% CI 3.7–8.4). The majority of women with anxiety disorders did not want professional help or treatment (79.8%). Most women with anxiety disorders who did want treatment (20.2%) were receiving treatment. The majority of participants with anxiety disorders had a history of mental health problems (64.6%).

Prevalence rates overall are consistent with previous research, lending validity to the findings. However, findings challenge the assumption that everyone with a psychological disorder wants treatment. These findings highlight the importance of relationship-based care, where individual needs and contextual barriers to treatment can be explored.

The ICD-11 introduced a new diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) defined by disturbances in self-organisation in addition to traditional post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is the established measure of this construct and has been validated for use in a variety of populations and languages; however, evidence for the measure's use in Latin America is limited.

This study sought to validate the factor structure of the Latin American Spanish version of the ITQ in a trauma-exposed sample in Colombia.

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess a range of factor models validated previously, including first- and second-order factor models.

Assessment of fit indices demonstrated that a correlated six-factor model comprised of re-experiencing, avoidance, sense of threat, affect dysregulation, negative self-concept and disturbed relationships provided the best fit for these data. Factor loadings for this model were found to be high and statistically significant.

Results concur with prior research validating the use of alternative language versions of the ITQ internationally, and with the theoretical underpinnings of the CPTSD diagnostic category. The ITQ is therefore a valid measure of CPTSD in this Latin American sample. Further validation research is needed in clinical populations in this region.

Little is known about the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in emerging adults living with HIV in low-income countries.

Determine prevalence of trauma exposure, prevalence of probable PTSD and conditional prevalence of probable PTSD for different traumatic events; and better understand the experiences of individuals with HIV and PTSD.

This mixed method study used secondary data from a cross-sectional survey of people (N = 222) aged 18 to 29 living with HIV in Zimbabwe and primary qualitative data collection. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) were used to measure PTSD and exposure to traumatic events, both translated to Shona. In-depth interviews (n = 8) with participants who met the criteria for probable PTSD were analysed using thematic analysis.

In all, 68.3% [95% CI (61.4–74.1)] of participants reported exposure to at least one traumatic event. The observed prevalence of probable PTSD was 8.6% [95% CI (5.2–13.0)], most observed following exposure to fire or explosion 29.0% [95% CI (13.0–45.0)] and sexual assault 27.8% [95% CI (7.2–48.7)]. Probable PTSD was also more prevalent following multiple exposure to trauma; four and six events, N = 4 (21%) [95% CI (5.1–8.8)] each, two and three events N = 3 (15.7%) [95% CI (5.9–9.2)] each, and five events N = 1 (5.4%) [95% CI (7.5–9.6)]. Qualitative results indicated that HIV stigma exacerbated psychological distress from trauma.

Despite trauma exposure being common, prevalence of probable PTSD was not high, but was higher in those with multiple exposures. Participants described coping strategies, including social support and religious thinking.

The novel South London and Maudsley Brain Health Clinic (SLaM BHC) leverages advances in remote consultations and biomarkers to provide a timely, cost-efficient and accurate diagnosis in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

To describe the organisation, patient cohort and acceptability of the remote diagnostic and interventional procedures.

We describe the recruitment, consultation set-up, the clinical and biomarker programme, and the two online group interventions for cognitive wellbeing and lifestyle change. We evaluate the acceptability of the remote consultations, lumbar puncture, saliva genotyping, and remote cognitive and functional assessments.

We present the results of the first 68 (mean age 73, 55% female, 43% minoritised ethnicity) of 146 people who enrolled for full remote clinical, cognitive, genetic, cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging phenotyping. A total of 86% were very satisfied/satisfied with the remote service. In all, 67% consented to lumbar puncture, and 95% of those were very satisfied, all having no significant complications. A total of 93% found taking saliva genotyping very easy/easy, and 93% found the cognitive assessments instructions clear. In all, 98% were satisfied with the Cognitive Wellbeing Group, and 90% of goals were achieved in the Lifestyle Intervention Group.

The SLaM BHC provides a highly acceptable and safe clinical model for remote assessments and lumbar punctures in a representative, ethnically diverse population. This allows early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, differentiation from other MCI causes and targets modifiable risk factors. This is crucial for future disease modification, ensuring equitable access to research, and provides precise, timely and cost-efficient diagnoses in UK mental health services.

There are ethnic differences, including differences related to indigeneity, in the incidence of first episode psychosis (FEP) and pathways into care, but research on ethnic disparities in outcomes following FEP is limited.

In this study we examined social and health outcomes following FEP diagnosis for a cohort of Māori (Indigenous people of New Zealand) and non-Māori (non-Indigenous) young people. We have focused on understanding the opportunities for better outcomes for Māori by examining the relative advantage of non-Māori with FEP.

Statistics New Zealand's Integrated Data Infrastructure was accessed to describe mental health and social service interactions and outcomes for a retrospective FEP cohort comprising 918 young Māori and 1275 non-Māori aged 13 to 25 at diagnosis. Logistic regression models were used to examine whether social outcomes including employment, benefit receipt, education and justice involvement in year 5 differed by indigeneity.

Non-Māori young people were more likely than Māori to have positive outcomes in the fifth year after FEP diagnosis, including higher levels of employment and income, and lower rates of benefit receipt and criminal justice system involvement. These patterns were seen across diagnostic groups, and for both those receiving ongoing mental healthcare and those who were not.

Non-Māori experience relative advantage in outcomes 5 years after FEP diagnosis. Indigenous-based social disparities following FEP urgently require a response from the health, education, employment, justice and political systems to avoid perpetuating these inequities, alongside efforts to address the disadvantages faced by all young people with FEP.

Despite the recognised links between food insecurity and parenting, few studies have evaluated the perceived impacts of livelihood or food security interventions on parental practices, intra-household functioning, adolescent behaviour and psychosocial outcomes in HIV-affected households in sub-Saharan Africa.

The study aimed to understand the perceived effects of food security on parenting practices and how this was experienced by both adolescent girls (aged 13–19 years) and their caregivers in rural Kenya.

We conducted semi-structured, individual interviews with 62 caregiver–adolescent dyads who were participants in the adolescent Shamba Maisha (NCT03741634), a sub-study of adolescent girls and caregivers with a household member participating in the Shamba Maisha agricultural and finance intervention trial (NCT01548599). Data were analysed following the principles of thematic analysis.

Compared to control households, the Shamba Maisha intervention households had improved food security and strengthened economic security, which, in turn, improved parenting practices. Intervention households described changes in parenting experiences, including decreased parental stress, reduced absenteeism and harsh parenting and improved caregiver– adolescent relationships. These positive caregiving practices, in turn, contributed to improved mental health and fewer behavioural problems among adolescent girls. Changes in the control households were less noticeable.

These findings demonstrate how an income-generating agricultural intervention may improve food security and positively affect parenting practices, intra-household dynamics and adolescent psychosocial well-being and behaviour. Further research is needed to explore how to harness the social benefits of agricultural interventions to best address the critical intersections among food insecurity, parenting practices and adolescent mental health.

Employment and relationship are crucial for social integration. However, individuals with major psychiatric disorders often face challenges in these domains.

We investigated employment and relationship status changes among patients across the affective and psychotic spectrum – in comparison with healthy controls, examining whether diagnostic groups or functional levels influence these transitions.

The sample from the longitudinal multicentric PsyCourse Study comprised 1260 patients with affective and psychotic spectrum disorders and 441 controls (mean age ± s.d., 39.91 ± 12.65 years; 48.9% female). Multistate models (Markov) were used to analyse transitions in employment and relationship status, focusing on transition intensities. Analyses contained multiple multistate models adjusted for age, gender, job or partner, diagnostic group and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) in different combinations to analyse the impact of the covariates on the hazard ratio of changing employment or relationship status.

The clinical group had a higher hazard ratio of losing partner (hazard ratio 1.46, P < 0.001) and job (hazard ratio 4.18, P < 0.001) than the control group (corrected for age/gender). Compared with controls, clinical groups had a higher hazard of losing partner (affective group, hazard ratio 2.69, P = 0.003; psychotic group, hazard ratio 3.06, P = 0.001) and job (affective group, hazard ratio 3.43, P < 0.001; psychotic group, hazard ratio 4.11, P < 0.001). Adjusting for GAF, the hazard ratio of losing partner and job decreased in both clinical groups compared with controls.

Patients face an increased hazard of job loss and relationship dissolution compared with healthy controls, and this is partially conditioned by the diagnosis and functional level. These findings underscore a high demand for destigmatisation and support for individuals in managing their functional limitations.

There is no clear evidence about how to support people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) during the perinatal period. Perinatal emotional skills groups (ESGs) may be helpful, but their efficacy has not been tested.

To test the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of perinatal ESGs for women and birthing people with BPD.

Two-arm parallel-group feasibility RCT. We recruited people from two centres, aged over 18 years, meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for BPD, who were pregnant or within 12 months of a live birth. Eligible individuals were randomly allocated on a 1:1 ratio to ESGs + treatment as usual (TAU), or to TAU. Outcomes were assessed at 4 months post randomisation.

A total of 100% of the pre-specified sample (n = 48) was recruited over 6 months, and we obtained 4-month outcome data on 92% of randomised participants. In all, 54% of participants allocated to perinatal ESGs attended 75% of the full group treatment (median number of sessions: 9 (interquartile range 6–11). At 4 months, levels of BPD symptoms (adjusted coefficient −2.0, 95% CI −6.2 to 2.1) and emotional distress (−2.4, 95% CI −6.2 to 1.5) were lower among those allocated to perinatal ESGs. The directionality of effect on well-being and social functioning also favoured the intervention. The cost of delivering perinatal ESGs was estimated to be £918 per person.

Perinatal ESGs may represent an effective intervention for perinatal women and birthing people with BPD. Their efficacy should be tested in a fully powered RCT, and this is a feasible undertaking.

ISRCTN80470632.

History of prior mental disorder, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increases risk for PTSD following subsequent trauma exposure. However, limited research has examined differences associated with specific prior mental disorders among people with PTSD.

The current study examined whether different prior mental disorders were associated with meaningful differences among individuals presenting to a specialist service for severe earthquake-related distress following the Canterbury earthquakes (N = 177).

Two sets of comparisons were made: between participants with no history of prior disorder and participants with history of any prior disorder; and between participants with history of prior PTSD and those with history of other prior disorders. Comparisons were made in relation to sociodemographic factors, earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic distress, life events and current psychological functioning.

Participants with any prior mental disorder had more current disorders than those with no prior disorder. Among participants with history of any prior disorder, those with prior PTSD reported more life events in the past 5 years than those with other prior disorders.

Findings suggest a history of any prior mental disorder contributes to increased clinical complexity, but not increased PTSD severity, among people with PTSD seeking treatment. Although post-disaster screening efforts should include those with prior mental disorders, it should also be recognised that those with no prior disorders are also at risk of developing equally severe PTSD.

Understanding the place of death for individuals with mental and behavioural disorders (MBDs) is essential for identifying disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, as well as addressing broader health inequities within this population.

To examine the place of death among individuals in Sweden with the underlying cause of death reported as a MBD and compare variations between diagnostic groups, as well as explore associations between place of death and individual, sociodemographic and clinical factors.

This population-level analysis used death certificate data (gender, age, underlying cause of death and place of death) recorded between 2013 and 2019 and other national register data. MBD group differences were compared using chi-square tests (χ2) and multinominal logistic regressions explored variations in place of death.

The final sample consisted of 2875 individuals. Our regression model revealed that individuals with MBDs other than intellectual disabilities were less likely to die in hospitals (odds ratio 0.60–0.134 [95% CI = 0.014–0.651]) or care homes (odds ratio 0.11–0.97 [95% CI = 0.003–0.355]) than at home. Substance use disorders were the most common underlying cause of death (61.3%). This group consisted predominantly of men (78.8%, χ2, P < 0.001), and tended to be younger (χ2, P < 0.001).

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities are more likely to die in hospitals or care homes than at home. Those with MBDs, particularly substance use disorders, face a high risk of premature death, highlighting gaps in healthcare and palliative care provision for these populations.

Alcohol use in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under-researched. Previous reviews have explored substance use as a whole, but this neglects individual characteristics unique to different substances. Alcohol use in non-clinical samples is associated with diverse responses. To advance practice and policy, an improved understanding of alcohol use among people with ASD is crucial to meet individual needs.

This was a narrative systematic review of the current literature on the association between alcohol use and ASD, focusing on aetiology (biological, psychological, social and environmental risk factors) and implications (consequences and protective factors) of alcohol use in autistic populations who utilise clinical services. We sought to identify priority research questions and offer policy and practice recommendations.

PROSPERO Registration: CRD42023430291. The search was conducted across five databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and Global Health. Included studies explored alcohol use and ASD within clinical samples.

A total of 22 studies was included in the final review. The pooled prevalence of alcohol use disorder in ASD was 1.6% and 16.1% in large population registers and clinical settings, respectively. Four components were identified as possible aetiological risk factors: age, co-occurring conditions, gender and genetics. We identified ten implications for co-occurring alcohol use disorder in ASD, summarised as a concept map.

Emerging trends in the literature suggest direction and principles for research and practice. Future studies should use a standardised methodological approach, including psychometrically validated instruments and representative samples, to inform policy and improve the experience for autistic populations with co-occurring alcohol use.

Research shows initial COVID-19 lockdowns increased population mental distress. Yet, the mental health impact of repeated lockdowns in England remains unknown.

To: (a) explore changes in population mental health symptoms over the COVID-19 pandemic period (March 2020 to March 2021) in England, comparing this with trends from a decade before (2009–2019) as well as after (2021–2023); (b) compare the mental health impact of each of the three lockdowns in England with periods of eased restrictions, determining who was most affected; (c) examine the impact of demographics and distinct time periods on the prevalence of mental health symptoms.

A secondary analysis of a national longitudinal cohort study, utilising data from Waves 1–13 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study and from Waves 1–9 of the COVID-19 Survey. Mental health was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Student t-tests and logistical regressions were conducted.

There was a significant increase in the prevalence of self-reported symptoms of mental health during England's pandemic period, encompassing three lockdowns, compared with the average of rates from 10 years before. Rates of reported mental health symptoms were not significantly different across each lockdown, but were significantly higher than pre-pandemic rates, declining with eased restrictions. Rates from the end of lockdown to May 2023 revealed elevated mental health symptoms compared with pre-pandemic. Elevated symptoms were observed for women, people homeworking, those with health conditions, individuals aged 30–45 years and those experiencing loneliness.

Repeated lockdowns in England had a substantial impact on mental health, indicating requirements for ongoing mental health support.