In Europe about 600,000 tons of dusts are generated in EAF steelmaking. Valuable metals like zinc, lead, chromium and nickel are recovered from these dusts by external processors, usually. In the past, only few attempts on internal recycling have been made. Within a Brite EuRam II project, the economical and ecological benefits of the internal recycling of EAF dusts from engineering grades steelmaking have been documented. Recent investigations are dealing with the internal recycling of EAF dusts from high-alloy steeImaking, aiming at the recovery of chromium and nickel as well as at an improved foaming of the slag.

Coke production capacity within AM FCWE is not self sufficient forthe total HM production. PCI was started up in 2004 at Bremen BF2and Eisenhüttenstadt BF5, with a ramp up to 180 kg/thm in one year.A working group defined the BF operating conditions leading to stableand efficient operation at high PCI. At Florange BF3 PCI trials at220 kg/thm were successful. At Dunkerque BF4 and Gent BFA andB, the PCI rate exceeds regularly 210 kg/thm.

The damage behaviour of materials depends strongly on the residual stresses generated inside the coatings realized under high energy beams. The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate the effect of intrinsic and geometrical parameters of the coated system on the stress level at the coating surface. The results of the elaborated phenomenological model show that the residual stress level depends, in particular, on the substrate and coating modulus ratio. It is then possible, based on the judicious choice of this ratio, to optimize the stress level.

The trapping of carbon by titanium in ferritic stainless steels with low interstitial contents depends on the presence of other non metallic elements such as phosphorus. The decrease of phosphorus content in the steels promotes the segregation of carbon at the grain boundaries and prevents the formation of the titanium carbonitrides. In fact, the formation of these precipitates depends on the quantity of remaining carbon in the matrix after the segregation of this element at the grain boundaries. Thus, this quantity could be sufficient to allow the formation of Ti(C, N) compounds by reduction of their solubility as the tempering temperature is decreased.

The Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) was established in 2002 to contribute to thecompetitiveness of the European Coal and Steel sectors by supporting collaborativeresearch, pilot and demonstration projects. A Monitoring and Assessment exercise of theRFCS programme covering the period 2003–2011 was carried out by an Expert Committeecomprising four coal and six steel experts appointed by the European Commission. Theassessment exercise involved the analysis of the 198 projects completed during thisperiod, with special emphasis on the benefits for beneficiaries, Sectors and Society.Based on actual fact and figures provided by the project partners, it was established that1 euro spent in the project budget delivered a benefit of about 2 euros for the projectpartners. Extrapolated at the level of the coal and steel sectors with very conservativeassumptions, the potential benefit of the projects was estimated at about 700 M€/year. Tocapture this potential benefit, additional efforts and budget must be spent at the companylevel for implementing the relevant technological solutions.

The rotating lance, tested in the CaO-Mg and CaC2-Mg processes,promotes a 20% and 30% increase, respectively, in the desulphurizationrate, a 50% reduction of temperature drop, and a reduction ofmetal splash occurrences. A criterion was developed that takes intoaccount the equipment dimensions and the mass flow rates of gasand desulphurization material, with the objective of transposing theresults obtained at Usiminas steel shop n°1 desulphurization station,to other industrial plants. Furthermore, it allows simulations to bemade with the objective of optimizing the pig iron desulphurizationprocesses that use the above mentioned materials as desulphurizationagents.

The goal of this study is to empirically investigate the major hot rolling processparameters affecting the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and strain-hardeningexponent of Nb-microalloyed steel sheets. The parameters considered were the roughing,finishing and coiling temperatures. Three levels for each parameter were used to develop amodel relating the process parameters to mechanical properties. By applying the responsesurface methodology, analysis of variance was done to determine the mathematical modelsrelated to each response. The results indicated that decreasing the coiling and finishingtemperatures significantly influenced the mechanical properties. Also, the modelspredicted that the maximum yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and strain-hardeningexponent are simultaneously obtained under the following conditions: roughing temperature= 1097 °C, finishing temperature = 837 °C and coiling temperature = 580 °C. The predictedvalues were close to the experimental values, indicating the suitability of themodels.

CRM is studying the possibility to comply with stringent PMregulations by improving the collection efficiency of existingdedusting systems, in order to avoid investments in expensiveadditional abatement means. The idea is to agglomeratefine dust particles together or onto coarser ones by applyingultrasound to the dust laden waste gas flow, upstream of thededusting unit.

C-Mn steels and associated welds are susceptible to Dynamic Strain Ageing (DSA). In this case, fracture toughness shows a minimum when the temperature increases from 20°C to 300°C. After a literature review, the results of J - R tearing resistance tests, characterized by crack initiation resistance J$_{0,2}$ and tearing modulus dJ/da relative to a base metal (A48 French standard steel) and Manual Metal Arc deposited metals are presented and discussed. The decrease of both crack initiation resistance J$_{0,2}$ and tearing modulus dJ/da is related to the DSA sensitivity of the material. A simplified engineering method based on the evolution of the Ultimate Tensile Strength versus temperature and a method of J$_{0,2}$ determination according to a local approach model of ductile fracture are proposed to predict the maximal drop in tearing resistance exhibited by the materials around 200°C as a function of ageing sensitivity of the product.

ULCOS is a large European research project that aims toidentify and develop technology that could enable a drasticreduction in CO2 emissions from ore-based steel production.The IRonMAking flowsheeting model (IRMA) has madea vital contribution to one of the ULCOS subprojects, asIRMA models were used to evaluate the economics andCO2 reduction potential of a large number of alternativeironmaking routes.
IRMA is a software tool that allows for the use ofthermodynamic data relevant to iron- and steelmaking in aflowsheeting environment. It was developed by Corus to serveas a dedicated, flexible and accessible tool to evaluate andcompare a wide range of ironmaking routes.
IRMA can be used to calculate consumption figures, productquality and the occurrence and significance of emissions.IRMA can do this for a wide range of operating conditionsand raw material compositions.
IRMA is currently being used for benchmarking, design andpilot plant development of the ISARNA process, which wasdeveloped in the context of the ULCOS project. ISARNA isone of the four process routes that have been selected forfurther development within ULCOS.

The common experimental methods used in the laboratory for the study of corrosion-fatigue are based on the evolution of global mechanical and electrochemical variables in relation with environment, mechanical loading or microstructure. For a better understanding and modelling of the physical-chemical processes involved in crack initiation and propagation, it is necessary to make use of techniques giving access to quantitative informations at local scale. Recent results concerning the breakdown of passivity, the morphology and the growth kinetics of potential initiation sites, the corrosion processes at crack tip and quantitative fractography are briefly reviewed.

Tests were performed on austenitic stainless steels. In order to investigate thermal fatigue resistance of quasi-structural specimens, test facilities enforcing temperature variations similar to those found under the operative conditions have been developed. Multiple cracking networks similar to those detected during in-service inspections have been reproduced. Experiments and simulations deal with crack initiation and crack growth. In the case of multiple cracking simulation, a Skelton's modelling has been used. A shielding effect between cracks is evidenced. It leads to a dramatic reduction of crack growth rate. Such effect is also crucial for the crack network stability under additional loading.

Three hundred years after the first production of coke, the history of this importantbreakthrough, an energy transition that, together with the invention of the steam engine,opened way to the industrial revolution, is still thought provoking on subjects such asthe rate of change and the factors that are favoring or slowing down the rate of change,the role of infrastructure and technology in the development of industry, the role ofprotectionism or free-trade on technological changes and last, but not the least, thedevelopment of science and technology as tools for the improvement of the processes andproducts. From the first information of G. Jars and his metallurgical trips and the smallscale tests of the first pioneers of the Enlightment, to the development of large sizeplants incorporating new technologies, this history is that of the important social switchfrom a small scale peasant seasonal activity with many workshops, to the large scaleintegrated industry concentrated in a few places and connected with the suppliers and themarket by the new transportation infrastructure (canals, railways) developed incontinental Europe throughout the XIXth century. Scientists (such as Ebelmen, Lecocq,Boudouard, Berthellot) and technologists (such as the innovation brought by Belgianfurnaces) have played an important role in this mutation.

A portable system to measure strip vibration at the nozzles level on continuous galvanizing lines is presented. It consists of three inductive sensors: two sensors are located near the strip edges and the last one is at the centre of the strip. This system has allowed reproducible results, provided the appropriate calibration procedure is used. The device has been successfully implemented on three lines of Arcelor. Considering the effect of strip tension and size, the frequency and amplitude measurements confirm the trends that can be expected from numerical modelling. Amplitude is always increased by the gas cooling power in the tower. Strip tension has a predictable effect on the frequency peaks; however its effect on amplitude is more ambiguous. Other observations have been made concerning the effects of pot roll bearings and roll intermesh.

Using an IF-steel, the application of ferritic rolling in the thin slab direct rolling technology has been studied with the objective of producing thin hot rolled strip with good deep-drawing properties. The effect of the main processing parameters has been simulated in the case of the production of two types of finished products: "soft" hot strip (completely recrystallized during coiling), "hard" strip (obtained with low finishing and coiling temperatures and subsequently annealed).

The tools of the hot strip mill are reviewed in details: furnace, roughingmill, descalings, finishing mill and coolings involved in themodification of the transverse thermal profile. Industrial databases,numerical simulations and experiences are used to identify the mainparameters and their influence. From this analysis actions are definedthat could be taken to improve or to preserve the thermal profile.

The MRS-100 system combines at the same time the simplicityof a linear sliding gate and the advantages of a round plate.This sliding gate is based on 3 innovating approaches: a slidinggate built around a refractory plate, a mechanism that avoids thecracking of plates and finally, an optimisation of the round platethrough a programmable sequential rotation at the ladle stand.This MRS-100 system leads to a safe use, an improvement of thetasks at the working station and a reduction of the user costs.

The Young's modulus (E) of steels varies with their chemical composition, the manufacturing conditions of the products, the orientation ot the test samples within a given sheet. The knowledge of its exact value is important for the optimum choice of the steel grade best suited for the production of structural parts. Several methods are available for the determination of the modulus of elasticity. At LEDEPP, a tension test method is used, but it is considered that a method based on the measurement of the resonance frequency should be advantageous. As it is a non-destructive method, various research directions can be explored, like the variation of E with orientation, temperature or prestrain. Both methods are described and their results compared.

Single crystals of the low stacking fault energy Cu-2%Al alloy, with initial orientation {112}<111>, have been deformed by compression in a channel die at 77 and 293 K. Microstructural and microtextural aspects of the formed brass-type shear bands were analyzed. Experimental techniques included TEM, SEM, optical microscopy together with SEM/EBSD and TEM/CBED microtexture measurements. The crystals first rotate by slip, then transform their orientation by deformation twinning. As shear banding starts, a strong increase of intensities near the Goss {110}<100> position is observed, and this process is connected with the rotation of twin lamellae within shear bands. At the TEM scale a second weaker component is noticed. Outside the bands, the twin-matrix lamellae rotate differently and the material reorients to {111}<112>.

The components for electronics and electrotechnics are usually classified in two families with similar market shares: the “active” components and the “passive” components. The aim of this paper is to analyze and to describe a range of ceramics passive components. The materials properties and the resulting service properties of ceramics parts are presented. This presentation is then illustrated with some significant examples of ceramics components.