Improving information literacy in law translates into developing methods for improving legal research competencies among lawyers, law students and the general public. This paper summarizes four approaches for improving legal research skills of prospective lawyers in U.S. law schools and discusses their successes and shortcomings to help assess their potential application in an international environment. These approaches include: (1) offering mandatory law school courses in legal research; (2) adding elective (or optional) credit based courses in legal research; (3) offering non-credit legal research support to law students at their point of need; and (4) testing prospective lawyers on their legal research competencies as a requirement to being licensed to practice law.

The development of international law in South and Southeast Asia exemplifies myriad ideological strands, historical origins, and significant contributions to contemporary international law doctrines’ formative and codification processes. From the beginnings of South and Southeast Asian participation in the international legal order, international law discourse from these regions has been thematically postcolonial and substantively development-oriented. Postcolonialism in South and Southeast Asian conceptions of international law is an ongoing dialectical project of revisioning international legal thought and its normative directions — towards identifying, collocating, and applying South and Southeast Asian values and philosophical traditions alongside the Euro-American ideologies that, since the classical Post-Westphalian era, have largely infused the content of positivist international law. Of increasing necessity to the intricacies of the postmodern international legal system and its institutions is how the postcolonial project of South and Southeast Asian international legal discourse focuses on areas of international law that create the most urgent development consequences: trade, investment, and the international economic order; the law of the sea and the environment; international humanitarian law, self-determination, socio-economic and cultural human rights.

To those who pit Americans against immigrants and citizens against non-citizens, to those who scare peace-loving people with phantoms of lost liberty, my message is this: Your tactics only aid terrorists, for they erode our national unity and diminish our resolve. They give ammunition to America's enemies, and pause to America's friends.

—Attorney General John Ashcroft, 6 December 2001

Now that we have a better understanding of the history and context of fake news, I am going to discuss why fake news and combatting it matters and how the recent rise of fake news correlates with a change in how society views expertise. I will also share the recently released results of a huge research project examining how fake news spreads.

War is a way of life – in some parts of the world it is an ongoing struggle with no end in sight. Years of perpetual conflict have adversely affected the way in which political, socio-economic, and cultural components of society have developed. Indeed, armed conflict negatively affects all aspects of society: not only does it destroy buildings and societies, but it also leaves surviving individuals and communities with deep wounds that can last a lifetime.

At the 2007 Charleston Conference, Elaine Yontz and Jack Fisher, library science professor and librarian respectively at Valdosta State University, gave a presentation on their study of indexing by the leading information science indexers of the seventy-eight open access journals (OAJ) listed for library and information science in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). They discovered that less than 47% of the journals listed in the DOAJ were indexed. Additional observations made were the relative newness of many of the library science journal titles listed in DOAJ, the breadth of languages in which OAJ were being published, and the quality of many of the publishers or groups behind the journals. Yontz and Fisher are concerned that American scholars overlook these potentially helpful journals because of the lack of indexing.

Islamic banking is the conduct of banking according to Shariah or Islamic law. Statistically Islamic banking has had phenomenal growth, according to the Asian Banker Research Group, the world's 100 largest Islamic banks have set an annual asset growth rate of 26.7% and the global Islamic finance industry is experiencing an average growth of 15-20% annually. Recently the Prime Minister of Malaysia commented that Malaysia has been maintaining its leadership in Islamic banking and finance for over three decades. As an International leader in Islamic banking, it would be interesting to explore the development of Islamic banking in Malaysia. This will be the objective of this paper. This paper will focus on the historical development of Islamic banking in Malaysia, from the creation of the Haj Pilgrim's Fund Board in the 1960s to the current Islamic banking scene of 17 local Islamic banks and five International Islamic banks in operation. This paper will also explore the unique regulatory and governance framework of Islamic banking in Malaysia, by touching on the Islamic banking Act 1983, the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 2009, the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 and the Shariah Governance Framework introduced in 2011 by the Central Bank of Malaysia. This paper will also briefly introduce how Islamic banking works.

The United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet (UNTC) now contains, in addition to the major documents, the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) and the Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, the texts of treaties recently deposited with the Secretary-General in the authentic languages, the titles of all treaties deposited with Secretary-General in the six official languages, depositary notifications issued by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary of multilateral treaties, documentation compiled in connection with three special treaty events held in 2000 and 2001 by the United Nations, the Summary of Practice of the Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties, the Treaty Handbook, information on treaty related technical assistance provided by the Treaty Section of the United Nations and photographs taken at treaty ceremonies in chronological order. Many of these documents were added to the UNTC over the last two years.

Since the December 1968 General Assembly's resolution in which for the first time the United Nations admitted the linkage between environmental protection and human rights and expressed concern that environmental changes could have various (negative) implications for basic human rights, this question has been vividly discussed on many occasions.

This article presents an overview of the public policy issues surrounding digital libraries, and describes some current trends, such as Web 2.0, the social network. It discusses the impact of globalization and the Internet on international and foreign law information, the free access to law movement and open access scholarship, and mass digitization projects, then turns to some concerns, focusing on preservation and long term access to born digital legal information and authentication of official digital legal information. It finally discusses new roles for librarians, called upon to evaluate the quality of information teach legal research methodology and be advocates in information policy. Law librarians are encouraged to join professional associations and undergo continuous professional education. A recent development in the U.S.A., to add a legal research test on the bar exam, is of interest to the whole world, because it signifies the importance of sound legal research training to the competent practice of law.

The search of legal precedence or stare decisis has always distinguished the lawyer who is in professional practice. The development of the internet has led to a greater dimension in this research and to an empirical approach to understanding the application of law. The academic lawyer has always needed access to the newest legislation and case law and the online search engines are of increasing relevance to accessing the virtual library. This is necessary to assimilate because of the impact of law and technology which is not just of relevance to find texts but also the process of artificial intelligence that is of utility in forms of inquiry. It includes portals that can be sourced online, Lexis and Westlaw which have available software packages that are available for lawyers. The issue is if the technology is moving at excessive speed or is the momentum of digital technology sustainable within the profession. This article argues that legal software provides the means for artificial intelligence in an increasingly specialist field and it is necessary for professionals to stay equipped with knowledge updates on computer terminals in order to enhance their research or lose out in the information supply chain.

In view of some of the discussions which I listened to yesterday, I feel I should start by making a distinction between publishing and printing. These are two very different operations, but the distinction is often lost upon the layman. Indeed, the top management in the European Communities apparently frequently confuses the two.

“…it is both impressive and effective to understand the culture in which you are doing business and demonstrating that understanding to clients. ‘There are cultural sensitivities even when you are dealing domestically,’ said Neena Gupta, a partner with Gowlings in Waterloo who heads up the firm's India Practice Group. Such cultural skills – speaking another language, being familiar with another culture, having lived outside Canada – while often acknowledged as softer skills are still seen as an enhancement to core legal skills. “We are conscious of the fact that a candidate with linguistic ability and global awareness does bring something to the table that others do not,” said Gupta. That something is very good for the business of law.”

1. Introduction (Russia as a part of Europe).

Dutch law faculties usually change their curriculum due to pressure from external factors, such as inspection reports, accreditation procedures or educational innovations dictated by general university policy. Course subjects are changed each semester or academic year to bring them more into line with each other. Sometimes there are substantive reasons for change, such as the imposition of an international perspective. Courses are seldom altered in response to internal curricular pressure, as this leads to tension in personal relationships.

The modern history of Vietnam indicates that the country has always had more than one legal system, whether the country was unified or divided. These systems have changed and been influenced by indigenous customs, by Chinese, French, American, and socialist laws, and by other political or violent events. For example, starting from the period when Vietnam was under French domination, the country had three separate sets of laws for its three geographical regions: 1) Tonkin in the North; 2) Annam in the Center; and 3) Cochin China in the South.