Although lithium is one of the oldest drugs in neuropsychopharmacology that can prevent suicide in people with mood disorders, it is uncertain whether lithium in drinking water could also help lower the risk in the general population.

The potential benefits of low levels of lithium in reducing the risk of suicide have not been widely investigated. The objective of this study is to review the relationship between lithium levels in tap water and suicide rates across different geographical regions.

Was done a literature review on Medline and PubMed using the keywords: lithium, tap (drinking) water, suicide rates and suicide mortality.

The large majority of studies show a negative association between lithium level in tap water and suicide standardised mortality ratio (SMR) averages for 2006–2013. Total diurnal intake of lithium from tap water in lower than the minimum dose used for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Antisuicidal effectiveness of lithium at very low doses can imply that this efect is distinct from its mood-stabilizing or antidepressant augmenting actions.

These findings suggest that even very low levels of lithium in drinking water may play a role in reducing suicide risk within the general population. Enrichment of drinking water with lithium can provide a valuable help for primary preventionof suicide.

The Lifeline Talk With Us was founded by Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, to provide free and confidential emotional support to people in suicidal crisis.

in this study we evaluated the socio-demographic profile of individuals who used the helpline and their intent to die at the end of the call.

to investigate the possible gender differences of the callers on the suicide risk factors.

using a standardized form, we assessed suicide risk in a sample of 285 callers (144 females) focusing on suicidal desire, suicidal capability, and suicidal intent.

The mean age of our sample was 41,55 sd.15,54; the 51% of the callers were females. The differences on suicide risk factors between males and females were the following: males referred loneliness, loss of significant relationship, and economic problems; females reported loss of a significant loved one by suicide and mental or physical illness. Suicide attempts were reported by 54% of callers, whereas 80% of them referred suicidal ideation. Males reported higher number of attempts suicide and suicidal ideation than females. The 39% of our sample called the Help-line after loss of a significant loved one by suicide.

This study shows the importance to provide an accessible volunteer service for people at risk of suicide. Many of the callers were supported to contact local mental health services. Improving the quality of the exiting services, and promoting awareness that suicide prevention is highly recommended.

A spring peak in suicide rates that is paralleled by an increase in daily sunshine has been observed in many countries of the northern hemisphere. However, seasons bring about changes in other meteorological factors and a seasonal rhythm in social behavior may also contribute to fluctuations in suicide rates.

We investigated direct effects of sunshine on suicide incidence in Austria. Data on all confirmed suicides between 1970 and 2010 (n = 69 462) were correlated with data on the average duration of sunshine per day (in hours) after mathematically removing the effects of season.

Sunshine hours and number of suicides in Austria were highly correlated (r = 0.4870; P < 10-9). After differencing for the effects of season, a positive correlation between number of suicides and hours of daily sunshine remained for the day of suicide and up to 10 days prior (rmaximum = 0.0370; P < 10-5). There was a negative correlation between the number of suicides and hours of daily sunshine for the 14 to 60 days prior to the suicide (rminimum = −0.0383; P < 10-5). These effects were found in the entire sample and in violent suicides.

Daily sunshine was significantly correlated with suicide frequency independent of season. Sunshine on the day of suicide and up to 10 days prior may facilitate suicide. More daily sunshine 14 to 60 days previously was associated with low rates of suicide suggesting that sunshine during this period may protect against suicide.

The form of Hypertension (HTN), when blood pressure values during work appear to be higher than those values during free time, is called 'HTN at work'. Among the psychological factors causing the development of HTN at work we find dissatisfaction with prospects of promotion. However, no study of perfectionism in patients with 'HTN at work' has ever been conducted.

To conduct a comparative analysis of perfectionism structure in patients with 'HTN at work' against the indices of patients with essential HTN, and to establish correlations between perfectionism indices and burnout intensity in HTN patients.

85 patients with HTN at work and 85 patients with essential HTN took part in the study. There were employed Russian versions of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Multi-dimensional scale of Perfectionism by Hewitt and Flett (MPS).

Both groups of HTN patients reveal high scores on 'socially prescribed perfectionism' (SPP) scale and relatively lower scores on the scales 'other-oriented perfectionism' and 'self-oriented perfectionism' in MPS. Patients in both groups had burnout signs. But patients with 'HTN at work' significantly differ from the second group patients in higher scores of 'emotional exhaustion' and 'depersonalization'. The correlation analysis showed significant (p<0.001) correlations between high scores in MBI 'emotional exhaustion', 'depersonalization', and high scores on SPP scale in 'HTN at work' patients.

Research results expand the scientific views on perfectionism, burnout syndrome and psychological mechanisms of psychosomatic syndrome genesis. Neurotic perfectionism should be taken into consideration in arranging medical treatment.

Suicidal behaviour is one of the most common reasons for presentation to the emergency rooms. Bullying is a universal public health concern that affects significant number of adolescents. Many children and adolescents are recurrently involved in school bullying. Research suggests that both bullies and victims are overrepresented amongst those seen by mental health professionals.

Understand the the relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour, prevalence of different kinds of bullying in patients with mental health problems and prevalence of cyber bullying and it's affect on the victim

Increase public awareness on importance of cyber bullying. We feel that many patients won't disclose that they had been or are being cyber bullied because the characteristics are unclear.

Charts of all patients who visited emergency room from 2011 to 2013 with a mental health complaint were reviewed. Variables understudy were gender, history of bullying, type of bullying (verbal, physical, emotional), DSM-IV-TR diagnosis and outcome following the assessment.

Our study shows significant association between bullying, and suicidal behaviours, although based on our study, this predictor was not commonly assessed .

Our study showed that there was a significant link between bullying and future suicidal behaviour which is not commonly assessed. It is important that physicians identify these risk factor while assessing suicidality. Involvement in current cyber bullying was found to be less frequent than other forms of bullying such as verbal and physical. However, significant links were observed between cyber bullying and suicidal behaviour.

Key to the distinctiveness of the burnout construct is the idea that burnout is etiologically anchored in the occupational context and mainly dependent on job-related factors. This idea, however, needs further empirical validation.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether burnout is more strongly associated with chronic occupational stress and workplace social support (job-related factors) than with global stress and life satisfaction (generic factors).

This study included 2124 French teachers (mean age: 41.36; 73% female). Participants were enrolled during the last trimester of the 2013-2014 school year. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Chronic occupational stress and workplace social support were measured with the Job Content Questionnaire. Global stress and life satisfaction were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (10-item version) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out.

Global stress was found to be the main predictor of burnout (β = .35), followed by chronic occupational stress (β = .22), life satisfaction (β = -.20), and workplace social support (β = -.12), all ps < .001. A model coupling global stress and life satisfaction as predictors accounted for 42% of the variance in burnout. A model coupling chronic occupational stress and workplace social support as predictors accounted for 31% of the variance in burnout.

Burnout may not be better predicted by job-related indicators than by generic indicators. Thereby, the dominant view of burnout is questioned. Longitudinal investigation should be conducted.

Risk assessment in adult psychiatric and criminal justice populations is traditionally one-sided. Protective factors are neglected, and assessment focuses solely violence risk. However, the contribution of instruments that support assessment of protective factors for a full range of relevant outcomes is not well-established.

1) to identify all relevant studies investigating the predictive efficacy of selected tools (START, SAPROF, DUNDRUM 3, DUNDRUM 4, IORNS) for the assessment of protective factors for a range of adverse outcomes, 2) to synthesise available information through meta-analytic procedures

to determine if protective factors are effective in predicting adverse outcomes

A systematic search of five electronic databases for records up to June 2014. A meta-analysis was conducted using the MEANES macro for SPSS (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001; Wilson, 2012).

Seventeen studies (N=2,198) were included in the meta-analysis. Where multiple studies contributed, the largest and smallest mean weighted effect sizes were for violent reoffending and inpatient victimisation respectively. There were no significant differences between effect sizes of protective and risk scales; of the protective scales, the SAPROF dynamic items and total score performed best. Summary judgments based on consideration of each tool's protective and risk scales and other case-specific factors predicted their corresponding outcomes with only two exceptions.

Protective factors perform equivalently to risk factors for prediction of a range of adverse outcomes. Future research should aim to establish if they generate useful indicators about treatment targets, and if their use is beneficial in improving therapeutic relationships.

to remind about the harmful effects of voluntarily alcohol and other PAS intake in chemical vulnerability studies.

we report the results of French surveys on DFC carried out between 2003 and 2013. Data were collected mainly from forensic toxicological laboratories and forensic emergency units.

we analyzed 646 cases files for victims of DFC. Users of non therapeutic PAS were more predominant (448 / 69%) and younger (mean age 23.7 years) than users of all kinds of PAS (198 / 31%, mean age 25.7 years). As most victims were female (88%), sexual assault was the predominant offence in 88% of cases, followed by robbery (10%). Alcohol and cannabis intake were noted in respectively 93.5% and 33% of the first group and 70% and 27% of the second one. Victims presented anterograde amnesia (60%) and vigilance disorders (17%), effects usually sought by assailants.

victims are often surprised to find that alcohol consumption, with or without cannabis, can have forensic consequences with serious traumatic stress. According to our study, it is important to increase awareness among the general public and to make this problem known to professionals concerned by DFC.

1. 1) To systematically review literature and conduct a meta-epidemiological study (review of meta-analyses) on risk factors for violence and suicide in the general population.

2. 2) To assess if risk factors for violence and suicide overlap and determine the impact of each risk factor at a population level.

Approximately 1.6 million people die each year as a result of violence and suicide. There is a large volume of literature examining single risk factors or domains. We aimed to create an overview of this and compare risk factors across multiple domains.

We conducted a systematic search to identify meta-analyses and systematic reviews analysing risk factors for violence and suicide in the general population. Risk factors were categorised into similar domains. Information on effect sizes was extracted, synthesized and presented. Population attributable risks were calculated.

41 meta-analyses were eligible for data synthesis. Risk factors with the largest effect sizes were in the neuropsychiatric domain, especially for suicide. Other important risk domains were environmental, psychological, parental and historical factors. There was some overlap for neuropsychiatric risk factors for violence and suicide, but little for other risk domains. The neuropsychiatric risk factors which had the largest impact at a population level were substance abuse for violence and depression for suicide.

In contrast to most criminological literature, risk factors for violence are not solely based around socio-economic determinants. Individual risk factors, including substance abuse and psychiatric illness, play a potentially important role. Overlaps with suicide suggest some common mechanisms.

NMDA receptor antagonists, are known for their anesthetic, analgesic and anti-shivering properties. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of ketamine and magnesium sulphate on body temperature in rats, and to determine the type of interaction between them.

The body temperature was measured by insertion of a thermometer probe 5 cm into the colon of unrestrained male Wistar rats (200-250 g).

Magnesium sulphate (5 and 60 mg/kg, sc) showed influence neither on baseline, nor on morphine-evoked hyperthermic response. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine (5-30 mg/kg, ip) given alone, produced significant dose-dependent reduction in both baseline colonic temperature and morphine-induced hyperthermia. Analysis of the log dose–response curves for the effects of ketamine and ketamine-magnesium sulphate combination on the baseline body temperature revealed synergistic interaction, and about 5.3 fold reduction in dosage of ketamine when the drugs were applied in fixed ratio (1:1) combinations. In addition, fixed low dose of magnesium sulphate (5 mg/kg, sc) enhanced the temperature lowering effect of ketamine (1.25-10 mg/kg, ip) on baseline body temperature and morphine-induced hyperthermia by factors of about 2.5 and 5.3, respectively.

This study is first to demonstrate the synergistic interaction between magnesium sulphate and ketamine in lowering morhine induced hyperthermia. It is possible that the synergy between ketamine and magnesium may have clinical relevance.

To understand the admittances in a Psychiatry ward of patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) who had mixed episodes (past or present).

Retrospective study of all patients with BD admitted at Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa between October 1st, 2013 and March 31st, 2014, measuring the frequency of past and present mixed episodes, and comparing the present ones to the other patients admitted with BD.

A total of 149 patients were admitted, in which 22.54% (N=32) presented at least one mixed episode. Current mixed episodes were observed in 12% of the patients (N=17), with an average of years with BD (15.35) higher than the overall average (9.63 years), as well as a higher average of admittances (3.41 versus 3.09 overall). However, the average number of days of admission (15.2) was inferior to the general average of patients with BD (21.33). Mood at first observation was characterized in 58.82% as dysphoric, 17.65% as depressed, 11.76% as hard to evaluate. Auditory hallucinations were observed in 5.88% of the patients, inferior to the overall average (11.27%). The presence of delusional ideas (35.29%) is lower (38.03% overall), in which 50% were grandiose ideas, 33.3% persecutory and 16.67% mystic.

Almost a quarter of BD patients admitted presented at least one mixed episode, past or present. The current admitted patients had more admittances and a longer history of BD, but admitted of a shorter period. Dysphoric mood was the most frequent. The presence of perception disturbances doesn't seem to be frequent in these patients.

An impairment in the ability of experience pleasure has always been associated with schizophrenia. Although literature agrees that the anticipatory facet of pleasure is mainly impaired in Schizophrenia, contrasting results emerged on the discrepancy between pleasure experienced in the moment and the one reported through self-reported questionnaire (i.e. Emotion Paradox).

Comparing Schizophrenic patients (S) and Healthy Controls (HC) on Anhedonia scores, Subjective Experiences and Neurocognitive Deficits.

Clarify the role of anhedonia in Schizophrenia and evaluate its relationship with Cognitive deficits and subjective experiences and their emotional reverberations.

53 S and 46 HC completed the Physical Anhedonia Scale, the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale, the Temporary Experience of Pleasure Scale and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Subjective Experiences (SE) were evaluated with the Frankfurter Beschwerde-Frageboden (FBF) and psychopathology with the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale. Deficit in abstraction/representation were assessed with the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

S were higher in the anticipatory but not the consummatory subscale of the TEPS. FBF mediate the relationship between S and all the Anhedonia Scales. FBF Memory and Overstimulation subscales were the greatest predictors of all the anhedonia scores in the S group. We suppose that these experiences prevent patients from retaining a positive experience from past pleasant activities and, consequently, the lack of anticipatory pleasure would represent an avoidance of potentially stressing new scenarios.

Considering the primary nature of BS, anhedonia in schizophrenic patients could be seen as a secondary phenomenon.

This study examines the association between the incidence of drug abuse (DA) and linking (communal) social capital, a theoretical concept describing the amount of trust between individuals and societal institutions.

We present results from an 8-year population-based cohort study that followed all residents in Sweden, aged 15-44, from 2003 through 2010, for a total of 1,700,896 men and 1,642,798 women. Social capital was conceptualized as the proportion of people in a geographically defined neighborhood who voted in local government elections. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and between-neighborhood variance.

We found robust associations between linking social capital and DA in men and women. For men, the OR for DA in the crude model was 2.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02-2.21] for those living in areas with the lowest vs. highest level of social capital. After accounting for neighborhood level deprivation, the OR fell to 1.59 (1.51-1-68), indicating that neighborhood deprivation lies in the pathway between linking social capital and DA. The ORs remained significant after accounting for age, family income, marital status, country of birth, education level, and region of residence, and after further accounting for comorbidities and family history of comorbidities and family history of DA. For women, the OR decreased from 2.15 (2.03-2.27) in the crude model to 1.31 (1.22-1.40) in the final model, adjusted for multiple neighborhood-level and individual-level variables.

Our study suggests that low linking social capital may have important independent effects on DA.

Although screening instruments for autism spectrumdisorders (ASD) are widely used, none have been simultaneously evaluated in anoutpatient setting in which the instruments are commonly used.

To assess if the reported high psychometric propertiesof screening instruments for ASD in adults also apply to the naturalistic outpatientsetting.

We tested the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale(RAADS-R) and two short versions of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the AQ-28 and AQ-10 in 210 patients referred for psychiatric assessment and 63 controlsin six outpatient settings in the Netherlands. Assessing clinicians were blind tothe RAADS-R and AQ scores. At the end of the study, the clinical diagnosis (ASDor no ASD) was related to the RAADS-R and AQ-scores collected prior to the assessments.

Of the 210 patients, 139 received an ASD diagnosis and71 received another psychiatric diagnosis. While the clinical groups differedfrom each other and the control group in their scores on each of these threeASD measures, the percentage correct diagnoses was rather low (RAADS-R 68%,AQ-28 and AQ-10 61%). Both the sensitivity and specificity of each of theseinstruments was insufficient, where the sensitivity of the RAADS-R was thehighest (73%) and the AQ short forms had the highest specificity (70 and 72%).

None of these instruments have a sufficient predictivevalidity to be used to predict clinical outcome in out-patients settings.

In Denmark, medical students can apply for an optional, one-year, pre-graduate research programme. The programme has existed for 25 years. However, little is known about the main quantitative outcomes; namely scientific publications and continuation to a PhD.-programme. Also, little is known about the distribution of students between the medical specialties, including psychiatry.

We included all medical students enrolled in the pre-graduate research programme (n=687) from 2003-2012 at Aarhus University, Denmark. We made a systematic literature search on the publications of a sub-group of the students (n=227). Students were characterized in terms of age, sex, and years of medical school completed at the time of embarking the programme. Students affiliated with psychiatric departments (n=12) were characterized and compared with their peers.

All together the 227 students published 224 papers. Of these, 90% were original articles and 43% had a student as first author. Fifty-two percent published ≥1 papers. Twelve out of 687 students (2%) were enrolled at a psychiatric department. Of these, 1 student published 1 paper as second author and none continued in a PhD. Overall, publication was associated with (i) fast completion of the programme, (ii) having a male main supervisor and (iii) continuing to a PhD.

Scientific publishing and PhD.-recruitment was associated with fast completion and early enrolment in the pre-graduate research programme. A relatively low proportion of students were affiliated with psychiatric departments.

To identify variables which predict health service utilisation (HSU) by adults with mental disorders in the UK, and to determine the evidence level for these predictors.

A systematic review of peer-reviewed published studies.

Taking into account study quality, 28 studies identified a range of variables with good preliminary evidence supporting their ability to predict HSU. These variables were comorbidity, personality disorder, age, neurotic symptoms, female gender, marital status, accessing a primary care psychological treatment service, non-white ethnicity, medication, high previous HSU, and activities of daily living.

These variables can inform decisions about which variables might be used to derive mental health clusters in payment by results systems in the UK. The findings support the need to investigate whether combining broad diagnoses with care pathways is an effective method for mental health clustering, and the need for research to further examine the association between mental health clusters and health service costs.

None.

Modern communication facilitates telepsychiatry in native language everywhere in the world. Using social networks (facebook), many pages promote mental health and provide advices for mental health problems. Unfortunately, many were inappropriate, so we decided to give confidential cost-free advice to those who asked for counselling.

Present one-year experience in counselling using facebook page administered by a psychiatrist in Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian language.

Present number of page likes, counselled people and most frequent problems.

Review page statistics and inbox.

The facebook page provides mental health educational content, confidential counselling with a psychiatrist, sharing opinion with other members and group discussion. There are 10.573 members (88% women, 12 % men). Up to 50.000 people are reached weekly. Majority of the members is age 18 to 44 (77%), coming from: ex Yugoslavia countries 8008 (75,7%), EU 1912 (18,1%), Switzerland 1,1%, USA, Canada, Australia 1,2% . There were 95 persons looking for help via inbox. The most frequent problems were: depression 24,2%, marriage/relationship problems 24,2%, emotional reactions after flooding in Bosnia 13,7%, anxiety disorders13,6%, low self-confidence 6,3%, emotional or physical abuse 6,3%, suicidal 6,3%, psychosis 3,1%, OCD 2,1% and 25,2% asked how to help others. Tele-psychiatric service with GP commenced during the flooding. Supervision has been provided by a psychiatrist. There were 52 reviews with the rates: excellent 92,3%, very good 7,7.

Social networks are useful for mental health promotion, education and counselling people around the world. Problems are acute psychiatric conditions and legal issues (suicidal and abused persons).

There are limited amount of studies comparing time trends of incidence and risk factors of psychosis.

To compare time trends of incidence of psychosis in two population samples.

To study 1) onset age and cumulative incidence of psychoses in two Northern Finland Birth Cohorts (NFBC), 2) changes in type of diagnosis and risk factors.

The NFBC 1966 (N=12,058) and NFBC 1986 (N=9,432) are prospective cohorts of the two provinces of Finland with the live born children followed since pregnancy. The data for psychosis and risk factors were collected from variety of nationwide registers and earlier collected data of the NFBCs. The follow-up time was in both cohorts in average 26.5 years.

Proportion of all psychoses was higher in NFBC 1986 than in the NFBC 1966 (1.81% vs 1.0%). There were more affective psychoses in NFBC 1986 (0.5% vs 0.1%), but incidence of schizophrenia was the same (0.4%) in both cohorts. The age of onset was lower in NFBC 1986 than in NFBC 1966 and majority of this cases were females. Only parental psychosis was a significant risk factor predicting psychosis (Hazard Ratios >3.0) in both cohorts.

In conclusion, two birth cohorts within 20 years covering altogether about 40 years showed changes in terms of incidence, age of onset, and type of psychosis.