1. Twenty pigs were given one of five diets containing 0.9–39.2 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM) during the period 13–27 d of age.

2. The pigs were fed hourly, from 22–27 d of age, with a diet sprayed with an indigestible marker, 103 Ru-labelled Tris (l,10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium (II) chloride. All pigs were slaughtered at 27 d of age.

3. Flows of endogenous N estimated by feeding the diet containing 0.9 g N/kg and by regression analysis using results from all diets, were similar.

4. Flows of endogenous N were: stomach 1.8. duodenum 4.5, jejunum 4.2, ileum 3.5, caecum 2.7, large intestine 2.6 and faeces 1.7 g/kg dm intake.

5. Values are given for the flow of endogenous amino acids to the ileum.

6. Of the DM, 70% was digested anterior to the duodenum and for N the value was 10%. The percentage of N digested anterior to the jejunum was 70.

1. The effect of supplementing barley diets with urea (U), extracted decorticated groundnut meal (GNM) or Peruvian fish meal (PFM) on plasma free amino acid concentrations in sheep have been examined and the first limiting amino acid has been indicated by measuring the changes in the concentration of the plasma essential amino acids (PEAA) during a rumen infusion of a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture.

2. Three wethers fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas were given isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) U 20, GNM 106 or PFM 78, the crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents being 139, 145 and 148 respectively. The sheep were fed hourly, the mean daily dm intake being 0.634 kg.

3. Plasma concentrations of valine, threonine, lysine, isoleucine and leucine were linearly related to their concentrations in duodenal digesta.

4. A VFA mixture was infused into the rumen for 6 h to supply (mmol/min) acetate 1.47, propionate 0.22 and n-butyrate 0.27. Blood samples were taken 6 h before, during and 12 h after the end of the infusion.

5. The concentration of all PEAA decreased relative to the pre-infusion and post-infusion controls but there were no significant differences between diets.

6. The mean decreases in concentration averaged over all three diets showed that the decrease in concentration of methionine (41.5%) was far greater than for any other essential amino acid suggesting that under these conditions methionine was the first limiting amino acid.

1. Five pregnant sheep, with indwelling catheters positioned for withdrawal of maternal right-atrial and foetal arterial blood, were exposed for 2 h to neutral and to cold (– 1° and wool-clipped) environmental temperatures. Acute maternal cold exposure increased the concentrations of glucose, glycerol and non-esterified fatty acids in maternal plasma and increased the concentration of glucose in foetal plasma, but not glycerol or non-esterified fatty acids. The concentration of corticosteroids in maternal piasma increased. The concent ration of corticosteroids in foetal plasma did not change but the concentration of insulin increased.

2. Thirteen pregnant sheep were housed at thermoneutrality and thirteen similar, sheep fed the same amount of food, were clipped and exposed to cold during the last 5– 6 weeks of pregnancy. Chronic maternal cold exposure increased the birth weight of both single and twin lambs.

3. It is concluded that exposure of pregnant sheep to cold can alter the partition of some nutrients between mother and foetus in favour of the foetus, and it is suggested how this may be brought about.

1. Behavioural responses of young anaemic Indian children to iron-folic acid supplements were assessed in two separate studies using the Indian adaptation of Wechsler's (1967) intelligence scale for children (WISC).

2. The first study was an exploratory study in which the cognitive behaviour of 5–8-year-old children of both sexes was assessed before and after supplementation with 20 mg elemental Fe and 0.1 mg folic acid given daily for a period of 60 d.

3. The supplemented children showed a significant improvement in haemoglobin (Hb) as well as the WISC scores while the control children who did not receive any supplements failed to show an improvement either in Hb or in the WISC scores. However, within the supplemented group when the initially-anaemic children were compared with the inttially-non-anaemic ones, only the 7-year-old anaemic children performed significantly poorer in the tests than the non-anaemic group of the same age. The study raised the possibility that in addition to increasing the blood Hb levels, Fe-folic acid supplements may have additional benefits in improving the cognitive performance of children.

4. In the second study, cognitive behaviour of fourteen matched pairs of anaemic children in the age-range of 5–6 years was assessed before and after supplementation with 40 mg Fe and 0.2 mg folic acid given daily in two divided doses or sugar placebos for a period of 60 d. The tester did not know the group to which each child belonged.

5. The supplemented children showed a significant improvement in Hb as well as in the verbal and performance IQ of WISC. The control children showed no improvement in Hb but their verbal IQ improved significantly. However, there was no significant improvement in their performance IQ.

6. The results indicated that Fe-folic acid supplements to anaemic children not only raised Hb levels but also improved intelligence test results, particularly in the performance section.

1. An in vitro preparation was used to measure rates of oxygen consumption, Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration, [14C]phenylalanine incorporation and tyrosine release of skeletal (stenomandibularis) muscle from 10-21 -d-old (three) and 7-month dairy (three) calves and control (CDM; four) and extreme double-muscled (EDM; two) calves.

2. Rate of oxygen consumption was greatest (P < 0.001) for muscle from 10.21-d-old dairy calves and lowest (P < 0.05) for CDM calves.

3. Ouabain (10−6 M) caused a 40% inhibition of muscle respiration.

4. Na+, K+-ATPase-dependent respiration was similar for muscle from all calf groups except 10-21-d-old dairy calves which had a value 26% greater (P < 0.001) than that of older dairy calves.

5. Na+, K+-ATPase-independent respiration was 16% greater (P < 0.001) for muscle from 10.21-d-old than that of older dairy calves while muscle from EDM calves had a value 11 % greater than that of CDM caives.

6. The rate of [14C]phenylalanine incorporation was greater (P < 0.05) for muscle from 10-21-d-old dairy than from older dairy calves, similar between older dairy and CDM calves, and decreased (P < 0.05) for EDM calves.

7. Rate of tyrosine release was greatest (P < 0.05) for muscle from CDM and EDM calves: both dairy groups had similarly low rates of muscle tyrosine release.

8. The energy estimated to be required for peptide bond synthesis accounted for 2.0–3.3% of the O2 consumption of the muscle preparations.

1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.

2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P < 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microbial-N synthesis was increased by the two intermediate levels of fish meal supplementation but declined at the highest level of inclusion. With increasing levels of fish meal inclusion, a greater proportion of the dietary protein was found to escape rumen degradation and the apparent degradabilities of fish meal and maize-silage protein of all four diets were estimated to be 0·22 and 0·73 respectively.

3. The substitution of barley for part of the maize silage enhanced duodenal supply of amino acids, irrespective of the form of the N supplement, and stimulated microbial amino acid synthesis. For all diets efficiency of microbial-N synthesis was found to vary between 22·5 and 46 g N/kg rumen-digested OM. Contrary to what was found for low-energy diets, the inclusion of fish meal tended to reduce the flow of dietary protein to the small intestine, but these differences were not statistically significant.

4. The results appertaining to microbial synthesis, dietary protein degradabilities and duodenal amino acid flow for all diets are discussed in relation to the Agricultural Research Council (1980) proposals for the protein requirements of ruminants, and the production responses observed when similar diets were fed to growing cattle.

1. Energy, protein, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium and dietary fibre intakes of 100 pre-menopausal women (mean age 30·0 ± 6·1 years) from a university community, and consuming self-selected diets, were calculated using 3 d dietary records and food composition values. Subjects also collected a 24 h food composite during the 3 d record period for analysis of Zn, Cu and Mn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Daily analysed intakes were compared with those calculated from the corresponding record day.

2. Mean daily calculated intakes of energy, protein, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se and dietary fibre were 7·54 ± 1·61 MJ, 74 ± 18 g protein, 10·1 ± 3·3 mg Zn. l·9 ± 0·6 mg Cu, 3·1 ± 1·5 mg Mn, 131 ± 53 μg Se, 19·4 ± 6·6 g dietary fibre.

3. Major food sources for each of the trace elements were (%): Zn meat + substitutes 43, dairy products 23·7; Cu breads and cereals 22, vegetables 21; Mn breads and cereals 47, fruits 12; Se meat + substitutes 38, breads and cereals 30.

4. Highly significant correlations (P = 0·001) were noted for analysed intakes of Zn, Cu and Mn and those calculated from the corresponding record day. Mean calculated intakes were higher (%): Zn 138, Cu 142, Mn 121, than corresponding mean analysed intakes (P = 0·01). However, the mean nutrient densities (mg/MJ) were comparable: Zn analysed 1·2, calculated 1·4; Cu analysed 0·2, calculated 0·2; Mn analysed 0·4, calculated 0·4.

5. All subjects met the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) recommended level for Cu but 48% received less than the CDS for Zn, 6% obtaining less than two-thirds of this recommended level. Daily Mn and Se intakes were similar to recent values for North American diets.

1. Seven Friesian heifers in mid-lactation were used in an experiment to measure the effects of including casein, formaldehyde-treated casein or formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal in the diet on performance and on the concentrations of certain metabolites and hormones in the blood.

2. Milk yield and the concentration of fat, protein and lactose in milk were not affected by the treatments.

3. The concentration of growth hormone (GH) in jugular venous blood was higher with both formaldehyde-treated proteins than it was with untreated casein (P < 0·05). Diet had no effect on insulin, prolactin or thyroxine concentrations in blood.

4. Urea concentration tended to be higher and non-esterified fatty acids lower in blood from heifers offered the diet containing untreated casein, but these differences were not statistically significant. Blood glucose concentration was not affected by dietary treatment.

5. It was concluded that blood GH concentration can be increased by offering protein supplements which will increase total amino acid supply to the intestines in lactating cattle. This appears to be a direct effect on GH status independent of effects on milk yield.

1. Groups of adult colostimized chickens were given diets with and without dietary fibre in the form of bagasse or wheat straw. The fibrous materials were analysed for their contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The digestible energies (DE) and metabolizable energies (ME) of these diets were measured by a balance method.

2. Groups of germ-free and conventional chicks aged 4 weeks were given diets with and without penicillin or with and without graded levels of wheat straw as a source of fibre and the ME of these diets were determined.

3. The incorporation of the forms of dietary fibre tested reduced the DE and the ME of the diets in adult conventional chickens and the ME in young germ-free and conventional chicks. Both DE and ME were reduced in proportions that suggested that the dietary fibre present was acting largely as an inactive diluent of the dietary energy and was not affecting the absorption of other nutrients. In the young germ-free and conventional chicks, there was a linear relationship between the proportion of wheat straw in one diet and the reduction in me.

4. Dietary penicillin did not alter the ME of the diet in either the germ-free or the conventional environments.

5. The reduction of ME with incorporation of wheat straw was less in conventional than in germ-free chicks. It is suggested that this may be due to the ability of chicks with a gut flora to obtain a small amount of energy from wheat straw.

1. Three sheep fitted with rumen and oesophageal cannulas were given hourly the following diets in successive experiments: 1000 g pelleted-grass cubes/d (diet A) and 700 g pelleted-grass cubes plus 300 g flaked barley/d (diet B).

2.During the final week of each 4-week dietary regimen, a balance trial was conducted and on separate days each sheep was continuously infused with [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 intravenously and NaH14CO3 intraruminaily. C transfer rates between blood urea, blood bicarbonate and rumen bicarbonate pools were calculated from the specific radioactivity of urea and bicarbonate sampled and isotope infusion rate during each experimental period. In the same period, an oral infusion of 51Cr-EDTA was maintained and salivary flow rate and composition determined from samples collected from the oesophageal fistula.

3. The inclusion of flaked barley in the pelleted-grass diet significantly (P < 0·01) increased the apparent digestibility of organic matter (0·069), apparently digestible organic matter intake and nitrogen balance, and increased the efficiency cf dietary N utilization from 0·059 (diet A) to 0·290 (diet B). Increased N balance was the result of a significant (P) < 0·01 reduction in urinary urea excretion.

4. The rumen fluid of sheep given diet A had higher pH and bicarbonate concentrations but lower butyric acid concentrations than that of sheep given diet B. There was no significant effect of diet on total volatile fatty-acid or ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid, or on osmolaiity and rumen fluid dilution rate. The irreversible loss of bicarbonate from rumen fluid was markedly increased when flaked barley was included in the diet, with most of the loss occurring directly from rumen fluid.

5. Sheep given diet A had higher salivary secretion rates (18·8 l/d) than those given diet B (12·7 l/d), and with the exception of urea, there was no effect of diet on the concentrations of total N, protein N, alpha;-amino-N, uric acid-N or bicarbonate in saliva. Urea concentrations in saliva were significantly correlated (r20·64) with blood urea concentrations, but not with salivary flow rate. Salivary secretions contributed 2·2 and 1·4 gN/d to the rumen of sheep given diets A and B respectively, with urea forming only 45–33% of the total N secreted.

6. When flaked barley was included in the pelleted-grass diet, there was a significant (P < 0·01) decrease in urea synthesis rate (diet A 20·0 g N/d, diet B 9·7 g N/d), a significant increase in amount (diet A 2·3 g N/d. diet B 3·0 g N/d) and proportion (diet A 0·024, diet B 0·57) of recycled urea degraded in the rumen. The permeability of the rumen wall to urea was also significantly increased in sheep given the flaked barley diet (diet A 1·35 g N/d, diet B 2·45 g N/d).

7. A model of urea metabolism in sheep given each diet is described, and the mechanisms by which flaked barley inclusion increased urea recycling to the rumen and the efficiency of dietary N utilization are discussed.

1. Three sheep fitted with rumen cannulas were fed hourly a daily ration of 1000 g pelleted-grass cubes, and during four successive 2-week periods were intraruminally infused (0·45 l/d) with solutions containing sodium chloride (0·47 mol/d), sodium bicarbonate (0·47 mol/d), ammonium chloride (0·47 mol/d) and sodium butyrate (0·47 mol/d). Each solution, except that for NaHCO3, was adjusted to pH 7 before infusion, and provided equal sodium intakes for sheep in all periods.

2. In the final week of each infusion period, a balance trial was conducted and on separate days each sheep was continuously infused with [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 intravenously and NaH14CO3 intraruminally. Carbon transfer rates between blood urea, blood bicarbonate and rumen fluid bicarbonate were calculated from the specific radioactivity of urea and bicarbonate samples and isotope infusion rates during each experimental period.

3. There was no significant effect of intraruminal infusions on N balance, and with the exception of sheep in fused with NH4Cl, all sheep utilized apparently digested N with similar efficiency for N retention. Sheep infused with NH4Cl (6·2 g N/d) excreted the equivalent of 93% of the infused N as urea in urine.

4. Infusion of NaHCO3. NH4Cl and sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the rurnen fluid concentrations of bicarbonate, ammonia and butyric acid respectively, and all infusions significantly (P < 0·05) increased total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Both NaHCO3 and sodium, butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the pH of rumen fluid There was no significant effect of infusion on the proportions of propionic acid or the osmolality of rumen fluid.

5. Intraruminal infusions of NH4Cl significantly (P < 0·05) increased and infusion of sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) decreased plasma urea concentrations. Sheep infused with NH4Cl had higher rates of urea synthesis and urinary urea excretion compared with sheep on the other treatments, and a significantly (P < 0·05) lower proportion of urea synthesized by these sheep was degraded in the digestive tract. Sheep infused with sodium butyrate degraded a significantly (P < 0·05) greater amount (3·2 g N/d) and proportion (0·24) of total urea synthesis in the rumen than did sheep infused with NaCl. Corresponding values for the control (NaCl) sheep were 1·5 g N/d and 0·13 respectively. There was no significant effect of other infusions on the amount of urea recycled to the rumen or on the distribution of total urea degradation between the rumen and lower digestive tract. Plasma urea clearance to the rumen was significantly (P < 0·05) increased during sodium butyrate infusion, and the clearance of urea to the lower digestive tract was significantly (P < 0·05) decreased during NH4Cl infusion.

6. The mechanism by which urea entry into the rumen is regulated by rumen metabolite levels is discussed.

1. A combination of isotope-dilution and arteriovenous-difference techniques was used to determine the significance of ketones to energy homoeostasis in fasted pregnant ewes.

2. There was incomplete interconversion of D(−) 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) and therefore neither entry rate nor oxidation of total ketone bodies could be estimated by assuming circulating ketone bodies represent a single metabolic compartment. Total ketone body metabolism was satisfactorily summarized using a three-compartment model. In fasted pregnant ewes the mean entry rate of total ketones was 1 mmol/h per kg body-weight and of the ketones entering the circulation 87% were promptly oxidized to carbon dioxide accounting for 30% of the total COa production.

3. Ketone bodies are readily utilized by hind-limb skeletal muscle such that if completely oxidized, 18±4 and 48±3% of the oxygen utilized could be accounted for in fed and fasted pregnant ewes respectively. For both 3HB and AcAc there was a hyperbolic relationship between utilization and arterial concentration. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) values were 0·55 and 1–42 mM respectively and the maximum velocity (Vmax) 2·9 and 5·6 mmol/h per kg muscle. The arterial concentration of AcAc is always below the Km value and this limits the utilization rate. The D(−) 3HB concentration, however, may surpass that required for maximum utilization and ketoacidosis may be a consequence of this.

4. A two-compartment model was used to analyse ketone body metabolism by hind-limb skeletal muscle. The results suggested substantial intercon version and production of AcAc and 3HB.

5. The pregnant uterus utilized 3HB which if completely oxidized accounted for 12±2 (fed) and 25±4 (fasted) % of its O2 consumption. At least 64% of the net 3HB utilized was oxidized. AcAc was not utilized in significant quantities.

1. Experiments were carried out to establish the conditions required for the measurement of the availability to chicks of biotin in feed ingredients by a bioassay based on the response of blood pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1; PC) activity.

2. Reference diets were formulated which gave a linear response in blood PC activity at 3 weeks of age over a wide range of supplemental dietary biotin concentrations.

3. Dietary protein concentration was found to affect blood PC activity. Hence purified ingredients in the reference diets were wholly or partially replaced by the test ingredients so that all diets in each assay contained the same amounts of protein, fat and metabolizable energy. Comparison of the blood PC activities of birds$ given the test diets with those given biotin-supplemented reference diets provided a measure of the available biotin content of the test ingredient.

4. Bioavailabilities of biotin were found to vary widely in the cereals and vegetable-protein sources tested.

1. Glucosyl urea, lactosyl urea and galactosyl urea were prepared from pure sugars and urea and their purity confirmed by determination of their melting points, specific rotations and by mass spectrometry.

2. Using whey as a lactose source, a range of conditions were examined for the preparation of lactosyl urea on a laboratory scale. Yields of 60% were achieved when lactose and urea (molar ratio, urea: lactose 0:6) were reacted for 15 h in sulphuric acid at pH 2·0 and a temperature of 70°.

3. Methods of detection and estimation of all three ureides in whey preparations and ruminant digesta samples were developed. Two quantitative methods, one involving acid-hydrolysis, the other ion-exchange chromatography, were used. The latter method enabled determination of individual quantities of ureides in mixtures.

1. The nitrogen-sparing effect of methionine, methionine sulphoxide, homocystme, cystine and choline was studied in rats by determining daily N excretions during 5 d after changing from a high-protein diet to a protein-free diet, L-glutamic acid was used as a negative control.

2. L-, D- and DL-methionine were equally active in sparing N. L-methionine sulphoxide, DL-homocystine and L-cystine were as active as L-methionine. D-methionine sulphoxide was slightly less active than L-methionine sulphoxide, Choline hydrogen tartrate was not different from the negative control.

3. It is concluded that in short-term experiments cystine is the key substance in the N-sparing effect.

1. Pigs (sixteen/diet) were weaned at 2 d of age and given liquid diets (200 g dry matter/1) during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed on a scale based on live weight. Dried skim-milk was the only source of protein in diet U and was partially or totally replaced by a soya-bean isolate (diet B) or a concentrate (diets C and D). Soya-bean protein provided 500, 700 or 350g/kg total crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25) in diets B, C and D respectively.

2. Performance was similar for diets B and D, but poorer than that of pigs given diet U. The apparent digestibility and retention of N of these diets was similar. Pigs given diet C scoured severely and twelve died.

3. Protein digestion was studied in pigs given diets U, B and D, killed at 28 d of age, at the termination of the feeding experiment. The dry matter content and proportion of N in the digesta in the stomach were reduced in pigs given soya-bean protein. Pepsin concentrations in digesta and stomach tissue were unchanged.

4. The concentrations of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas were greater in pigs given the soya-bean protein concentrate compared with milk protein, but only the increase in trypsin was significant (P < 0·01). Digesta from the small intestine of pigs given the soya-bean-protein isolate contained less chymotrypsin (P < 0·05). There were no differences in the proportion of non-protein-N in the total N in the digesta, suggesting that proteolysis of the milk and soya-bean proteins were equally efficient by 28 d of age.

1. The effects of thyroid hormones on the range of tissue protein synthesis in growing pigs using the constant infusion technique with [14c]leucine and [14C]lysine were studied.

2. During a 6 h infusion, samples were taken from blood and, at the end of the infusion, from liver, pancreas, stomach, small and large intestines, kidney cortex, kidney medulla, muscle and skin.

3. Lower relative specific radioactivities of free leucine and lysine in several tissues were observed in the hormone-treated group than in the untreated one.

4. The range of protein synthesis rate and the daily amount of protein synthesized in tissues was higher in all tissues after application of thyroid hormones.

5. Assuming that the organs analysed represented 70% of the total trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein of the pig, the estimated range of daily protein synthesis was 251–490 and 312–880 g in untreated and hormone-treated pigs respectively.

1. Male weanling rats were given for extended periods diets containing gum arabic or wheat offal or various offal fractions. The fractions included two lipid fractions, a water-soluble extract and a modified-acid-detergent (MAD)-fibre extract. The diets contained either low concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (induced rats) or were free from this source of aflatoxin (non-induced rats). The distribution of 14C was then studied after the rats received 14C-labelled aflatoxin B1 in their feed. Blood plasma concentrations of triglycerides, and total cholesterol were also measured.

2. Gum arabic and wheat offal accelerated the rate of passage of 14C through the small intestine and wheat offal very considerably decreased retention time in the large intestine. Both fibre sources increased faecal bulk. However, only wheat offal decreased liver and urinary accumulation of 14C and the effect could be explained entirely by the MAD-fibre fraction of wheat offal.

3. The possible induction of either microsomal enzymes unrelated to the production of mutagenic aflatoxin metabolites, or of extramicrosomal enzymes is discussed; but it is concluded that the main effect brought about by wheat offal on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin can be attributed to a direct influence of the MAD fibre fraction of wheat offal on the intestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1.

4. The relevance of these conclusions to drug safety studies is discussed, because comparable studies may yield differing results, despite a use of diets having the same nutrient composition but differing ingredient composition.

1. The fate of glucosyl urea (GU), lactosyl urea (LU) and corresponding mixtures of the free sugars and urea and their degradation products were examined during in vitro incubation of the compounds with rumen contents taken from donor sheep and steers at various stages of adaptation to these compounds.

2. The sugar–urea bond was virtually unattacked in rumen contents from unadapted sheep and steers but generally a slow release of the galactose moiety occurred. After feeding LU or GU to animals for a period of approximately 10 d, the rates of disappearance of both bound urea and sugar had increased, but were still markedly slower than those of the corresponding free sugars and urea. In vitro rates of degradation of both free lactose and urea also increased in response to the feeding of lactose and urea to rumen contentdonor animals.

3. Ammonia accumulation in rument contents when GU or LU were the substrates was notably lower than when equivalent amounts of glucose and urea or lactose and urea were the substrates.

4. Bacterial growth was estimated using an vitro method based on incorporation of 32P into bacterial nucleic acids. Markedly different patterns of bacterial growth were observed depending on whether LU or lactose and urea were the substrates.

1. Steers and sheep were given basal diets of barley and straw (1:1. w/w), usually containing urea, which for certain experimental periods were supplemented with pure glucosyl urea (GU), pure lactosyl urea (LU) or a product prepared from whey concentrate (EW) which contained 65–80% of the lactose in the form of LU.

2. On the morning of an experiment ureide (or EW) was omitted from the feed and a dose of either ureide (or EW) or equivalent amounts of free lactose and urea (L+U) was added to the rumen within 30 min of feeding, together in some experiments with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid-phase marker. Samples of rumen contents, and in some experiments abomasai contents, were taken at intervals for up to 8 h.

3. For both steers and sheep given GU and LU for the first time (unadapted animals) there was little or no accumulation of ammonia in the rumen or cleavage of the sugar-urea bond. Galactose was. however, slowly liberated from LU.

4. For steers and sheep which had been given GU, LU or EW for approximately 7–10 d or more (adapted animals) some accumulation of ammonia occurred after adding GU or LU to the rumen, but for LU it occurred less rapidly and to a lower peak concentration than when L + U was added. In adapted animals cleavage of the sugar-urea bond in LU was virtually complete in 2–4 h. Degradation of the components of L + U was virtually complete within 1 h.

5. Recovery at the abomasum of ureide (present either as GU or LU) estimated from ureide: PEG values, appeared to be complete in experiments with unadapted sheep given a dose of EW. In adapted sheep only very small amounts of ureide in an EW dose (on average 6%) entered the abomasum undegraded. Amounts lost in this way appeared to be positively correlated with the rate of fluid turnover in the rumen.