Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is an established psychotherapy developed in the late 1980s to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It involves the use of repetitive eye movements or other bilateral stimulation to aid in the reprocessing of traumatic memories. It is unique in that it does not require extended exposure to or discussion of distressing memories and may result in symptom resolution in fewer sessions than other psychotherapies. In the decades since its initial development, a wealth of high-quality evidence has suggested that EMDR is a safe and effective treatment for trauma- and stress-based conditions, resulting in its inclusion in various treatment guidelines. This article reviews the theory behind how EMDR works, how it is conducted, the evidence supporting its use in the treatment of PTSD and its approved indications and contraindications.

In legal parlance, a ‘witness’ must have personal knowledge of the facts that form the basis of their inference or opinion. However, unlike an ordinary or a professional witness, an expert witness can provide opinion evidence, an exception to this doctrine. The evolution of the role of an expert witness or a skilled witness (in Scotland) is outlined in this clinical reflection.

The outgoing Editor in Chief of BJPsych Advances considers the 30-year history of the journal, outlining its development from a slim four-paper issue to an authoritative publication offering blended learning approaches for consultant psychiatrists and also for trainees preparing for their examinations.

Teenagers often present in crisis with risk issues, mainly risk to self but sometimes risk to others. Adolescent violence is commonplace and is not just the remit of adolescent forensic psychiatry. Clinicians may lack confidence assessing risk of violence and can neglect vital areas that are essential to reduce risk. Use of structured violence risk assessments enables the multi-agency professional network to formulate a young person's presentation and their violence in a holistic way and consequently develop targeted risk management plans addressing areas such as supervision, interventions and case management to reduce the risk of future violence. Of the several validated tools developed for young people, the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk – Youth (SAVRY™) is that most used by UK-based forensic adolescent clinicians. This article outlines the epidemiology, causes and purposes of violence among adolescents; discusses types of risk assessment tool; explores and deconstructs the SAVRY; and presents a fictitious risk formulation.

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an established psychotherapy that utilises repetitive, bilateral stimulation, such as saccadic eye movements, to treat the symptoms associated with traumatic experiences. Much of the attention EMDR has received has focused on its use in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has resulted in its inclusion in several treatment guidelines. There is, however, emerging evidence that suggests a promising role for EMDR in managing a wide range of other mental and physical health conditions. High-quality studies demonstrate the efficacy of EMDR in managing conditions such as anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and chronic pain. Preliminary studies have also investigated its use in conditions such as bipolar disorder, eating disorders, substance misuse, psychotic disorders and sleep disturbances. The major studies exploring these applications of EMDR, outside of PTSD, are reviewed in this article.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the challenges faced by families affected by dementia, leading to an immediate increase in both the number of calls received by Dementia UK's Admiral Nurse Dementia Helpline and the levels of distress and complexity of the calls. Consequently, Admiral nurses experienced feelings of helplessness, echoed in the experiences of other health professionals. One of the approaches that enabled Admiral nurses to cope during this time was ‘hope’, and this article explores the use of hope-based approaches as tools for working therapeutically with families during the pandemic. Although written from the perspective of Admiral nurses, the approaches described are transferable to others working across health and social care. The article provides an overview of one of the main models of hope in the healthcare literature, Snyder's hope model, and explores the literature on hope more widely. Fictitious case vignettes, drawn from clinical practice during the pandemic, are used to illustrate how hope-based approaches can be applied to practice.

This article considers the role of experts and their interaction with the legal system to better understand the benefits and potential dangers of expert evidence to fact-finders in trials. Medical experts are indispensable to the administration of justice as litigation ranges beyond what judges or juries comfortably deal with as facts of everyday life. This would render courts, absent expert evidence, vastly under-equipped in making decisions of fact. However, the dangers of surrendering authority to experts or of misunderstanding their role must be considered to ensure that expert evidence is used to benefit the administration of justice.

Personality disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterised by a developmental nature, long-lasting impairment and emotional suffering. Personality disorders have an estimated prevalence rate of approximately 8% in community settings, but in in-patient settings the rate might be as high as 76%. Cognitive–behavioural therapies (CBTs) include psychotherapies that emphasise the identification and modification of maladaptive thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to the maintenance of psychological disorders. CBTs have demonstrated their effectiveness in treating various types of personality disorder. This article focuses on the nature of personality disorders and their categorial and dimensional assessment and neurobiology. We present three influential CBT models used in personality disorders: schema therapy, cognitive interpersonal therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy. For each one, we outline the rationale, intervention strategies and therapeutic techniques, with practical examples and summary tables to illustrate their application.

This article brings together the psychiatric and psychoanalytic views of mental illness to deepen the understanding of mental disorder. The intention is to bring to the fore the importance of loss and mourning in clinical practice. Looking for the loss event that underpins the disorder helps determine therapeutic treatment options and increases the chance of authentic therapeutic engagement and recovery. The article summarises theory about the mourning process and discusses the relationship of loss and pathological mourning to mental illness. Fictitious case vignettes developed from years in psychiatric practice are used to illustrate how this relates to clinical practice and formulation.

Faster internet speeds and ever-present mobile phones present a new challenge to psychiatric wards – the ability for patients to live stream their in-patient stays. What are the benefits and the risks to the patient streaming and the ward as a whole? This article is to help start a conversation about this unique problem and how health professionals might go about addressing it.

Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological therapy that addresses trauma, stress and emotional distress. It has been successfully used in the management of various psychiatric disorders. This article shows that it may also be safely used to manage the psychological distress arising from a variety of physical health conditions and in so doing, reduce the illness burden from conditions such as various cancers, traumatic childbirth, tokophobia, pre-eclampsia, myocardial infarction, haemodialysis in end-stage renal disease, and acute postoperative pain. It can be a stand-alone treatment for hyperemesis gravidarum and tinnitus. The article examines the rationale and evidence for its use in these conditions and suggests areas where more research is needed. Adding EMDR therapy to the range of available interventions in general hospitals has the potential to improve the health and well-being of patients in these settings.

‘Digital’ is an omnipresent yet often vague, misunderstood or feared topic in health services. There are many current and potential gains for individual patients and local populations, clinicians and organisations through optimisation of digital technologies. We argue that understanding the various aspects of digital psychiatry is an essential contemporary need. This is the first of two articles on the subject, exploring the gains and challenges of virtual/online assessments, including ethical considerations and the use of virtual reality and electronic prescribing.

Diagnostic systems are not conducive to compassionate health-bringing psychiatric treatment. The systems were built around the fallacy that the politics of biomedicine could be reliably applied to the emergent properties of human psychological suffering and enable diagnosis-specific treatment packages. The resulting industrialised medicine, which reified people, failed to facilitate the compassion needed for healing. This article outlines an approach to psychiatric practice that involves understanding children's suffering and vulnerabilities in terms of their attachment strategies and adaptation to their context and takes a mindful approach to developing compassionate collaborative treatment goals (intelligent kindness). A shift towards mindful psychiatric medicine would encourage politicians to serve the people by addressing the contexts associated with human suffering and what makes people vulnerable, especially social inequalities. Healthy societies in which the psychiatric dis-ease of the population is adequately addressed will not be built with limited biomedical understanding of dis-ease.

The past 5 years have seen numerous court judgments and changes to rules and procedures that relate to the work of expert psychiatric witnesses in the British Isles. This article outlines these changes, pointing out their implications for the expert witness, and highlights pertinent judgments in over 100 court and tribunal cases.

Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are the two most common types of dementia. It becomes difficult to distinguish between the two, especially when there are no specific genetic causes or vascular changes apparent. The aim of this review was to identify specific biomarkers supporting the diagnosis of vascular dementia by conducting a literature search for systematic reviews and observational studies. We found seven studies meeting our inclusion/exclusion criteria, and from these we identified four specific biomarkers supporting the diagnosis of vascular dementia: high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, lipoprotein(a), homocysteine and N-terminal prosomatostatin. However, the studies were small and a well-conducted study with larger populations is recommended to strengthen the evidence base.

The nature of culpability and agency in patients with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses is complex. In this article, a psychiatry resident (specialty trainee in psychiatry) reflects on a clinical encounter in medical school to demonstrate some of the benefits (including the removal of stigma) and dangers (including the threat to patients’ agency) of using the medical model to conceptualise psychiatric illness.

Digital psychiatry has become increasingly important and understanding of certain aspects is essential for practising clinicians. This article discusses electronic patient records (EPRs), from their origins to current and future use, the growth and embedding of outcome measurements, the use of social media, and learning and research in virtual arenas.

This article aims to provide psychiatrists with an overview of early release of serving prisoners and parole, using the example of the Parole Board for England and Wales. The centrality of risk assessment and management and its clinical implications for release are reviewed. Offenders who come before a parole board and require a psychiatrist to be a member of the panel and who need evidence from psychiatrists on their disorder are often characterised by the complexity of their mental disorder. Offenders with complex mental disorder have difficulty assessing effective treatment and aftercare pathways, which can result in not being released. Offenders remitted back to prison following hospital transfer for treatment experience particular problems in being released. Three roles for psychiatrists in parole hearings are identified and guidance for effective participation in hearings is discussed. Commissioning implications of the difficulty assessing the need for community aftercare are noted.

Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), a therapy initially developed by Dr Francine Shapiro for treating post-traumatic stress disorder, has broadened its scope to include other forms of stress and trauma, even showing promise for physical health conditions. This commentary on a series of three articles on EMDR in this journal outlines the therapy's underlying theoretical model, adaptive information processing (AIP), which involves trauma-focused case conceptualisation. It also introduces the work of the EMDR Council of Scholars, which identified three categories of treatment: EMDR psychotherapy, EMDR treatment protocols and EMDR-derived techniques. Finally, it considers EMDR training and credentialing and the aim of current leaders in the EMDR community to solidify EMDR's standing as a scientifically validated, front-line trauma therapy, while honouring Shapiro's legacy of striving to end the cycle of violence, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Recent years have seen a rise in media coverage as well as demand for specialist attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessments in adults and children. This article explores the challenges in the diagnostic process for adult ADHD, amidst much misinformation and controversy. In doing so, we look at the social model of ADHD; a glossary of terms to better understand lived experience; underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis; and the fallacy of the ‘high functioning’ label. We propose the use of co-production to bridge the gap between the medical and social models. We conclude with suggestions for future research. The article includes anonymous contributions from doctors with ADHD.