Le présent texte, suite de l'article paru en 2004 aux Annales de l'Institut Fourier, définit et établit les propriétés de base des orbifoldes géométriques, essentielles pour la compréhension de la structure birationnelle des variétés projectives ou Kählériennes compactes, et qui permettent d'en donner une vue synthétique globale très simple. Les démonstrations données reposent cependant sur les techniques usuelles de la géométrie algébrique/analytique. De nombreuses questions ou conjectures sont également formulées à leur sujet.

Bien que les orbifoldes géométriques ne soient autres que les paires (X|Δ) du LMMP (avec éX compacte et Kähler), leur origine et leurs motivations initiales sont entièrement différentes : le diviseur orbifolde Δ, analogue à un diviseur de ramification, encode les fibres multiples d'une fibration de base X, et (X|Δ) apparait comme un revêtement de X qui ramifie exactement (multiplicités comprises) au-dessus de Δ, et élimine les fibres multiples en codimension 1, par changement de base virtuel. Cette origine géométrique permet de munir naturellement les orbifoldes géométriques des invariants usuels des variétés : morphismes et applications biméromorphes, formes différentielles, groupe fondamental et revêtement universel, pseudométrique de Kobayashi, corps de définition et points rationnels. On s'attend à ce que leur géométrie qualitative soit la même que celle des variétés ayant des invariants similaires. Les plus élémentaires de ces propriétés géométriques sont établies ici, par adaptation directe des arguments utilisés pour les variétés

Les fibrations possédent, dans la catégorie biméromorphe des orbifoldes géométriques, des propriétés d'extension (ou « d'additivité ») non satisfaites dans la catégorie des variétés sans structure orbifolde, ce qui permet d'exprimer certains invariants de l'espace total comme extension (ou « somme ») de ceux de la fibre générale orbifolde, et de la base orbifolde. Par exemple, la suite des groupes fondamentaux est toujours exacte dans la catégorie orbifolde. De même, l'espace total d'une fibration est spéciale (voir ci-dessous) si la fibre orbifolde générique et la base orbifode le sont. En fait, les orbifoldes géométriques ont été initialement introduites précisément pour remédier à ce défaut d'additivité.

Une conséquence naturelle de ces constructions est l'introduction d'une classe nouvelle : les orbifoldes géométriques spéciales, qui sont celles qui ne dominent méromorphiquement aucune orbifolde géométrique de type général et de dimension positive. Ces orbifoldes spéciales sont exactement celles qui sont (canoniquement) décomposées (conditionnellement en une variante orbifolde de la conjecture Cn,m) en tours de fibrations ayant des fibres telles que, ou bien κ = 0, ou bien κ+ = −∞. Ces dernières sont celles ne dominant pas d'orbifolde de dimension strictement positive et telle que κ ≥ 0. Conjecturalement, ce sont celles qui sont rationnellement connexes dans la catégorie orbifolde. La connexité rationnelle est définie de la façon habituelle, une fois les courbes rationnelles orbifoldes définies.

Cette décomposition permet de relever aux orbifoldes spéciales certaines propriétés connues ou conjecturées pour les orbifoldes telles que κ+ = −∞ ou κ = 0, et elle conduit à conjecturer, entre autres, que le fait d'être spéciale est la caractérisation exacte de certaines propriétés importantes (telles que la densité potentielle ou l'annulation de la pseudométrique de Kobayashi). Elles jouent conjecturalement un rôle central dans d'autres problèmes, tels que les espaces de paramètre des familles de variétés canoniquement polarisées.

Enfin, nous construisons, sur toute orbifolde géométrique (X|Δ), une unique fibration caractérisée par le fait que ses fibres orbifoldes sont spéciales, et sa base orbifolde de type général. Cette fibration scinde donc l'orbifolde en ses parties antithétiques: spéciale (les fibres) et de type général (la base) au niveau géométrique, mais aussi conjecturalement aux niveaux arithmétique et hyperbolique.

De nombreux problèmes essentiels relatifs à l'équivalence biméromorphe dans cette catégorie orbifolde restent néammoins ouverts (en particulier, leur extension aux orbifoldes Log-terminales ou Log-canoniques).

On trouvera dans l'article à paraitre dans les proceedings de la conférence de Schiermonnikoog une version abrégée en anglais du présent texte, ainsi que des compléments sur les relations avec le LMMP.

Let k be a field of characteristic other than 2. There can be an obstruction to a principally polarized abelian threefold (A,a) over k, which is a Jacobian over , being a Jacobian over k; this can be computed in terms of the rationality of the square root of the value of a certain Siegel modular form. We show how to do this explicitly for principally polarized abelian threefolds which are the third power of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication. We use our numerical results to prove or refute the existence of some optimal curves of genus 3.

We develop an explicit descent theory in the context of Whitehead groups of non-commutative Iwasawa algebras. We apply this theory to describe the precise connection between main conjectures of non-commutative Iwasawa theory (in the spirit of Coates, Fukaya, Kato, Sujatha and Venjakob) and the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture. The latter result is both a converse to a theorem of Fukaya and Kato and also provides an important means of deriving explicit consequences of the main conjecture and proving special cases of the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture.

For a closed d-dimensional subvariety X of an abelian variety A and a canonically metrized line bundle L on A, Chambert-Loir has introduced measures c1(L∣X)∧d on the Berkovich analytic space associated to A with respect to the discrete valuation of the ground field. In this paper, we give an explicit description of these canonical measures in terms of convex geometry. We use a generalization of the tropicalization related to the Raynaud extension of A and Mumford’s construction. The results have applications to the equidistribution of small points.

We determine the real counting function N(q) (q∈[1,∞)) for the hypothetical ‘curve’ over 𝔽1, whose corresponding zeta function is the complete Riemann zeta function. We show that such a counting function exists as a distribution, is positive on (1,∞) and takes the value −∞ at q=1 as expected from the infinite genus of C. Then, we develop a theory of functorial 𝔽1-schemes which reconciles the previous attempts by Soulé and Deitmar. Our construction fits with the geometry of monoids of Kato, is no longer limited to toric varieties and it covers the case of schemes associated with Chevalley groups. Finally we show, using the monoid of adèle classes over an arbitrary global field, how to apply our functorial theory of -schemes to interpret conceptually the spectral realization of zeros of L-functions.

We prove a mean-value result for derivatives of L-functions at the center of the critical strip for a family of forms obtained by twisting a fixed form by quadratic characters with modulus which can be represented as sum of two squares. Such a family of forms is related to elliptic fibrations given by the equation q(t)y2=f(x) where q(t)=t2+1 and f(x) is a cubic polynomial. The aim of the paper is to establish a prototype result for such quadratic families. Though our method can be generalized to prove similar results for any positive definite quadratic form in place of sum of two squares, we refrain from doing so to keep the presentation as clear as possible.

We study the automorphism groups of the reduction of a modular curve X0(N) over primes p∤N.

We prove the semisimplicity conjecture for A-motives over finitely generated fields K. This conjecture states that the rational Tate modules V𝔭(M) of a semisimple A-motive M are semisimple as representations of the absolute Galois group of K. This theorem is in analogy with known results for abelian varieties and Drinfeld modules, and has been sketched previously by Tamagawa. We deduce two consequences of the theorem for the algebraic monodromy groups G𝔭(M) associated to an A-motive M by Tannakian duality. The first requires no semisimplicity condition on M and states that G𝔭(M) may be identified naturally with the Zariski closure of the image of the absolute Galois group of K in the automorphism group of V𝔭(M). The second states that the connected component of G𝔭(M) is reductive if M is semisimple and has a separable endomorphism algebra.

We generalise results of Buzzard, Taylor and Kassaei on analytic continuation of p-adic overconvergent eigenforms over ℚ to the case of p-adic overconvergent Hilbert eigenforms over totally real fields F, under the assumption that p splits completely in F. This includes weight-one forms and has applications to generalisations of Buzzard and Taylor’s main theorem. Next, we follow an idea of Kassaei’s to generalise Coleman’s well-known result that ‘an overconvergent Up-eigenform of small slope is classical’ to the case of p-adic overconvergent Hilbert eigenforms of Iwahori level.

In Boyer [Monodromy of perverse sheaves on vanishing cycles on some Shimura varieties, Invent. Math. 177 (2009), 239–280 (in French)], a sheaf version of the monodromy-weight conjecture for some unitary Shimura varieties was proved by giving explicitly the monodromy filtration of the complex of vanishing cycles in terms of local systems introduced in Harris and Taylor [The geometry and cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2001)]. The main result of this paper is the cohomological version of the monodromy-weight conjecture for these Shimura varieties, which we prove by means of an explicit description of the groups of cohomology in terms of automorphic representations and the local Langlands correspondence.

Let E be an ordinary elliptic curve over a finite field q of q elements. We improve a bound on bilinear additive character sums over points on E, and obtain its analogue for bilinear multiplicative character sums. We apply these bounds to some variants of the sum-product problem on E.

If C is a curve of genus 2 defined over a field k and J is its Jacobian, then we can associate a hypersurface K in ℙ3 to J, called the Kummer surface of J. Flynn has made this construction explicit in the case when the characteristic of k is not 2 and C is given by a simplified equation. He has also given explicit versions of several maps defined on the Kummer surface and shown how to perform arithmetic on J using these maps. In this paper we generalize these results to the case of arbitrary characteristic.

We study the fluctuations in the distribution of zeros of zeta functions of a family of hyperelliptic curves defined over a fixed finite field, in the limit of large genus. According to the Riemann hypothesis for curves, the zeros all lie on a circle. Their angles are uniformly distributed, so for a curve of genus g a fixed interval ℐ will contain asymptotically 2g∣ℐ∣ angles as the genus grows. We show that for the variance of number of angles in ℐ is asymptotically (2/π2)log (2g∣ℐ∣) and prove a central limit theorem: the normalized fluctuations are Gaussian. These results continue to hold for shrinking intervals as long as the expected number of angles 2g∣ℐ∣ tends to infinity.

Using the polynomial method of Dvir [On the size of Kakeya sets in finite fields. Preprint], we establish optimal estimates for Kakeya sets and Kakeya maximal functions associated to algebraic varieties W over finite fields F. For instance, given an (n−1)-dimensional projective variety W⊂¶n(F), we establish the Kakeya maximal estimate for all functions f:Fn→R and d≥1, where for each w∈W, the supremum is over all irreducible algebraic curves in Fn of degree at most d that pass through w but do not lie in W, and with Cn,W,d depending only on n,d and the degree of W; the special case when W is the hyperplane at infinity in particular establishes the Kakeya maximal function conjecture in finite fields, which in turn strengthens the results of Dvir.

We show an arithmetic generalization of the recent work of Lazarsfeld–Mustaţǎ which uses Okounkov bodies to study linear series of line bundles. As applications, we derive a log-concavity inequality on volumes of arithmetic line bundles and an arithmetic Fujita approximation theorem for big line bundles.

We prove the parity conjecture for the ranks of p-power Selmer groups (p⁄=2) of a large class of elliptic curves defined over totally real number fields.

We study the asymptotical behaviour of the moduli space of morphisms of given anticanonical degree from a rational curve to a split toric variety, when the degree goes to infinity. We obtain in this case a geometric analogue of Manin’s conjecture about rational points of bounded height on varieties defined over a global field. The study is led through a generating series whose coefficients lie in a Grothendieck ring of motives, the motivic height zeta function. In order to establish convergence properties of this function, we use a notion of motivic Euler product. It relies on a construction of Denef and Loeser which associates a virtual motive to a first order logic ring formula.

Let ρ be a two-dimensional modulo p representation of the absolute Galois group of a totally real number field. Under the assumptions that ρ has a large image and admits a low-weight crystalline modular deformation we show that any low-weight crystalline deformation of ρ unramified outside a finite set of primes will be modular. We follow the approach of Wiles as generalized by Fujiwara. The main new ingredient is an Ihara-type lemma for the local component at ρ of the middle degree cohomology of a Hilbert modular variety. As an application we relate the algebraic p-part of the value at one of the adjoint L-function associated with a Hilbert modular newform to the cardinality of the corresponding Selmer group.

For the p-adic Galois representation associated to a Hilbert modular form, Carayol has shown that, under a certain assumption, its restriction to the local Galois group at a finite place not dividing p is compatible with the local Langlands correspondence. Under the same assumption, we show that the same is true for the places dividing p, in the sense of p-adic Hodge theory, as is shown for an elliptic modular form. We also prove that the monodromy-weight conjecture holds for such representations.

We investigate the special fibres of Siegel modular varieties with Iwahori level structure. On these spaces, we have the Newton stratification, and the Kottwitz–Rapoport (KR) stratification; one would like to understand how these stratifications are related to each other. We give a simple description of all KR strata which are entirely contained in the supersingular locus as disjoint unions of Deligne–Lusztig varieties. We also give an explicit numerical description of the KR stratification in terms of abelian varieties.