We present JKL-ECM, an implementation of the elliptic curve method of integer factorization which uses certain twisted Hessian curves in a family studied by Jeon, Kim and Lee. This implementation takes advantage of torsion subgroup injection for families of elliptic curves over a quartic number field, in addition to the ‘small parameter’ speedup. We produced thousands of curves with torsion $\mathbb{Z}/6\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/6\mathbb{Z}$ and small parameters in twisted Hessian form, which admit curve arithmetic that is ‘almost’ as fast as that of twisted Edwards form. This allows JKL-ECM to compete with GMP-ECM for finding large prime factors. Also, JKL-ECM, based on GMP, accepts integers of arbitrary size. We classify the torsion subgroups of Hessian curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ and further examine torsion properties of the curves described by Jeon, Kim and Lee. In addition, the high-performance curves with torsion $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/8\mathbb{Z}$ of Bernstein et al. are completely recovered by the $\mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}/8\mathbb{Z}$ family of Jeon, Kim and Lee, and hundreds more curves are produced besides, all with small parameters and base points.

Given a sextic CM field $K$, we give an explicit method for finding all genus-$3$ hyperelliptic curves defined over $\mathbb{C}$ whose Jacobians are simple and have complex multiplication by the maximal order of this field, via an approximation of their Rosenhain invariants. Building on the work of Weng [J. Ramanujan Math. Soc. 16 (2001) no. 4, 339–372], we give an algorithm which works in complete generality, for any CM sextic field $K$, and computes minimal polynomials of the Rosenhain invariants for any period matrix of the Jacobian. This algorithm can be used to generate genus-3 hyperelliptic curves over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ with a given zeta function by finding roots of the Rosenhain minimal polynomials modulo $p$.

Let $C/\mathbf{Q}$ be a curve of genus three, given as a double cover of a plane conic. Such a curve is hyperelliptic over the algebraic closure of $\mathbf{Q}$, but may not have a hyperelliptic model of the usual form over $\mathbf{Q}$. We describe an algorithm that computes the local zeta functions of $C$ at all odd primes of good reduction up to a prescribed bound $N$. The algorithm relies on an adaptation of the ‘accumulating remainder tree’ to matrices with entries in a quadratic field. We report on an implementation and compare its performance to previous algorithms for the ordinary hyperelliptic case.

For an elliptic curve $E$ over a local field $K$ and a separable quadratic extension of $K$ , motivated by connections to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, Kramer and Tunnell have conjectured a formula for computing the local root number of the base change of $E$ to the quadratic extension in terms of a certain norm index. The formula is known in all cases except some where $K$ is of characteristic $2$ , and we complete its proof by reducing the positive characteristic case to characteristic $0$ . For this reduction, we exploit the principle that local fields of characteristic $p$ can be approximated by finite extensions of $\mathbb{Q}_{p}$ : we find an elliptic curve $E^{\prime }$ defined over a $p$ -adic field such that all the terms in the Kramer–Tunnell formula for $E^{\prime }$ are equal to those for $E$ .

Let $F/\mathbf{Q}$ be a totally real field and $K/F$ a complex multiplication (CM) quadratic extension. Let $f$ be a cuspidal Hilbert modular new form over $F$ . Let ${\it\lambda}$ be a Hecke character over $K$ such that the Rankin–Selberg convolution $f$ with the ${\it\theta}$ -series associated with ${\it\lambda}$ is self-dual with root number 1. We consider the nonvanishing of the family of central-critical Rankin–Selberg $L$ -values $L(\frac{1}{2},f\otimes {\it\lambda}{\it\chi})$ , as ${\it\chi}$ varies over the class group characters of $K$ . Our approach is geometric, relying on the Zariski density of CM points in self-products of a Hilbert modular Shimura variety. We show that the number of class group characters ${\it\chi}$ such that $L(\frac{1}{2},f\otimes {\it\lambda}{\it\chi})\neq 0$ increases with the absolute value of the discriminant of $K$ . We crucially rely on the André–Oort conjecture for arbitrary self-product of the Hilbert modular Shimura variety. In view of the recent results of Tsimerman, Yuan–Zhang and Andreatta–Goren–Howard–Pera, the results are now unconditional. We also consider a quaternionic version. Our approach is geometric, relying on the general theory of Shimura varieties and the geometric definition of nearly holomorphic modular forms. In particular, the approach avoids any use of a subconvex bound for the Rankin–Selberg $L$ -values. The Waldspurger formula plays an underlying role.

We give an explicit description of the stable reduction of superelliptic curves of the form yn=f(x) at primes $\mathfrak{p}$ whose residue characteristic is prime to the exponent n. We then use this description to compute the local L-factor and the exponent of conductor at $\mathfrak{p}$ of the curve.

We prove a level raising mod $\ell =2$ theorem for elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$. It generalizes theorems of Ribet and Diamond–Taylor and also explains different sign phenomena compared to odd $\ell$. We use it to study the 2-Selmer groups of modular abelian varieties with common mod 2 Galois representation. As an application, we show that the 2-Selmer rank can be arbitrary in level raising families.

We investigate two kinds of Fricke families, those consisting of Fricke functions and those consisting of Siegel functions. In terms of their special values we then generate ray class fields of imaginary quadratic fields over the Hilbert class fields, which are related to the Lang–Schertz conjecture.

We prove a direct image theorem stating that the direct image of a Galois formula by a morphism of difference schemes is equivalent to a Galois formula over fields with powers of Frobenius. As a consequence, we obtain an effective quantifier elimination procedure and a precise algebraic–geometric description of definable sets over fields with Frobenii in terms of twisted Galois formulas associated with finite Galois covers of difference schemes.

Given a family of varieties $X\rightarrow \mathbb{P}^{n}$ over a number field, we determine conditions under which there is a Brauer–Manin obstruction to weak approximation for 100% of the fibres which are everywhere locally soluble.

In this paper we perform an extensive study of the spaces of automorphic forms for $\text{GL}_{2}$ of weight $2$ and level $\mathfrak{n}$, for $\mathfrak{n}$ an ideal in the ring of integers of the quartic CM field $\mathbb{Q}({\it\zeta}_{12})$ of twelfth roots of unity. This study is conducted through the computation of the Hecke module $H^{\ast }({\rm\Gamma}_{0}(\mathfrak{n}),\mathbb{C})$, and the corresponding Hecke action. Combining this Hecke data with the Faltings–Serre method for proving equivalence of Galois representations, we are able to provide the first known examples of modular elliptic curves over this field.

Supplementary materials are available with this article.

We introduce a common generalization of essentially all known methods for explicit computation of Selmer groups, which are used to bound the ranks of abelian varieties over global fields. We also simplify and extend the proofs relating what is computed to the cohomologically defined Selmer groups. Selmer group computations have been practical for many Jacobians of curves over  $\mathbb{Q}$ of genus up to 2 since the 1990s, but our approach is the first to be practical for general curves of genus 3. We show that our approach succeeds on some genus 3 examples defined by polynomials with small coefficients.

We express the number of points on the Dwork hypersurface $X_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}^{d}:x_{1}^{d}+x_{2}^{d}+\cdots +x_{d}^{d}=d\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}x_{1}x_{2}\cdots x_{d}$ over a finite field of order $q\not \equiv 1\,(\text{mod}\,d)$ in terms of McCarthy’s $p$-adic hypergeometric function for any odd prime $d$.

We extend the $p$-adic Gross–Zagier formula of Bertolini et al. [Generalized Heegner cycles and $p$-adic Rankin $L$-series, Duke Math. J.162(6) (2013), 1033–1148] to the semistable non-crystalline setting, and combine it with our previous work [Castella, On the $p$-adic variation of Heegner points, Preprint, 2014, arXiv:1410.6591] to obtain a derivative formula for the specializations of Howard’s big Heegner points [Howard, Variation of Heegner points in Hida families, Invent. Math.167(1) (2007), 91–128] at exceptional primes in the Hida family.

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve without complex multiplication (CM) over a number field $K$ , and let $G_{E}(\ell )$ be the image of the Galois representation induced by the action of the absolute Galois group of  $K$ on the $\ell$ -torsion subgroup of  $E$ . We present two probabilistic algorithms to simultaneously determine $G_{E}(\ell )$ up to local conjugacy for all primes $\ell$ by sampling images of Frobenius elements; one is of Las Vegas type and the other is a Monte Carlo algorithm. They determine $G_{E}(\ell )$ up to one of at most two isomorphic conjugacy classes of subgroups of $\mathbf{GL}_{2}(\mathbf{Z}/\ell \mathbf{Z})$ that have the same semisimplification, each of which occurs for an elliptic curve isogenous to $E$ . Under the GRH, their running times are polynomial in the bit-size $n$ of an integral Weierstrass equation for  $E$ , and for our Monte Carlo algorithm, quasilinear in $n$ . We have applied our algorithms to the non-CM elliptic curves in Cremona’s tables and the Stein–Watkins database, some 140 million curves of conductor up to  $10^{10}$ , thereby obtaining a conjecturally complete list of 63 exceptional Galois images $G_{E}(\ell )$ that arise for $E/\mathbf{Q}$ without CM. Under this conjecture, we determine a complete list of 160 exceptional Galois images $G_{E}(\ell )$ that arise for non-CM elliptic curves over quadratic fields with rational $j$ -invariants. We also give examples of exceptional Galois images that arise for non-CM elliptic curves over quadratic fields only when the $j$ -invariant is irrational.

In this paper we study the Oort conjecture concerning the non-existence of Shimura subvarieties contained generically in the Torelli locus in the Siegel modular variety ${\mathcal{A}}_{g}$. Using the poly-stability of Higgs bundles on curves and the slope inequality of Xiao on fibered surfaces, we show that a Shimura curve $C$ is not contained generically in the Torelli locus if its canonical Higgs bundle contains a unitary Higgs subbundle of rank at least $(4g+2)/5$. From this we prove that a Shimura subvariety of $\mathbf{SU}(n,1)$ type is not contained generically in the Torelli locus when a numerical inequality holds, which involves the genus $g$, the dimension $n+1$, the degree $2d$ of CM field of the Hermitian space, and the type of the symplectic representation defining the Shimura subdatum. A similar result holds for Shimura subvarieties of $\mathbf{SO}(n,2)$ type, defined by spin groups associated to quadratic spaces over a totally real number field of degree at least $6$ subject to some natural constraints of signatures.

We show that, by taking normalizations over certain auxiliary good reduction integral models, one obtains integral models of toroidal and minimal compactifications of PEL-type Shimura varieties which enjoy many features of the good reduction theory studied as in the earlier works of Faltings and Chai’s and the author’s. We treat all PEL-type cases uniformly, with no assumption on the level, ramifications, and residue characteristics involved.

For any number field we calculate the exact proportion of rational numbers which are everywhere locally a norm but not globally a norm from the number field.

The Bogomolov conjecture claims that a closed subvariety containing a dense subset of small points is a special kind of subvariety. In the arithmetic setting over number fields, the Bogomolov conjecture for abelian varieties has already been established as a theorem of Ullmo and Zhang, but in the geometric setting over function fields, it has not yet been solved completely. There are only some partial results known such as the totally degenerate case due to Gubler and our recent work generalizing Gubler’s result. The key in establishing the previous results on the Bogomolov conjecture is the equidistribution method due to Szpiro, Ullmo and Zhang with respect to the canonical measures. In this paper we exhibit the limits of this method, making an important contribution to the geometric version of the conjecture. In fact, by the crucial investigation of the support of the canonical measure on a subvariety, we show that the conjecture in full generality holds if the conjecture holds for abelian varieties which have anywhere good reduction. As a consequence, we establish a partial answer that generalizes our previous result.

We construct regular integral canonical models for Shimura varieties attached to Spin and orthogonal groups at (possibly ramified) primes $p>2$ where the level is not divisible by $p$. We exhibit these models as schemes of ‘relative PEL type’ over integral canonical models of larger Spin Shimura varieties with good reduction at $p$. Work of Vasiu–Zink then shows that the classical Kuga–Satake construction extends over the integral models and that the integral models we construct are canonical in a very precise sense. Our results have applications to the Tate conjecture for K3 surfaces, as well as to Kudla’s program of relating intersection numbers of special cycles on orthogonal Shimura varieties to Fourier coefficients of modular forms.