In theory

In 1957 Ward Goodenough created a new mandate for anthropologists. He directed our attention to knowledge and action by setting the anthropologists' task as that of accounting for “whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to … [society's] members” (Goodenough, 1957, p. 167). This passage has been repeatedly cited but it is worth doing so again for, in spite of repeated citations, scholars in anthropology and related fields have typically focused on the first element of this phrase “whatever it is one has to know or believe” to the exclusion of an account of the second and equally important element, “in order to operate in a manner acceptable.” What Goodenough's mandate requires is an account of knowledge and action in tandem: a dynamic approach to their complex interrelations. We argue that knowledge and action are each open to alteration by the other as behavior proceeds and that Goodenough's term whatever is not static and factual but is productive and conceptual.

In what follows we shall outline such an approach and apply it to a detailed example from blacksmithing in order to answer the question, What is it the smith needs to know in order to produce a specific artifact? Our goal in this research is to illuminate the complex interdependence of knowledge and action.

We start with the position that not only do ideas about the world affect action in the world, but ongoing perceptions of that action in the world affect the organization and content of ideas.