There has been growing interest in the vertical integration of physicians and hospitals during the past decade, as evidenced by multiple literature reviews and research investigations.1 Historically, physicians operated small firms that provided “physicians’ services” to patients who sometimes used facilities provided by separate hospital firms at which many physicians would have “privileges.” This interest in combining the two types of organizations culminated in a December 2020 issue of Health Services Research devoted to the topic that expressed surprise (and disappointment) that integration is not “a miracle cure”.2 Just months earlier, two of the major proponents of vertical integration published a study in the August issue of Health Affairs that came to a similar, “startling” conclusion: the financial integration of physicians and hospitals (e.g., via employment) had no impact on their clinical integration (and perhaps none on quality).