The following study considers the ritual context of Colossians and Ephesians. The function of hymns in the integration of the communities is examined. The importance of ritual forms for the education of community members is highlighted. The investigation also considers the significance of the frequent allusions to baptism in both Colossians and Ephesians. The connection between the cosmic symbolism, apparently rooted in baptismal experience, and the ethical positions recommended by the writings is of particular interest.

Psalms, hymns and spiritual songs: communication and integration

In Part 1 it was useful to consider Paul's letters in terms of the ritual context of communities. Ritual was defined, in the language of Clifford Geertz, as ‘consecrated behaviour’ – behaviour set apart for contact with the sacred. Colossians and Ephesians possibly disclose more evidence of a ritual context than the authentic epistles. Both of these writings are heavily influenced by existing hymns and make frequent allusions to baptism. The proclaiming tone of Ephesians gives the reader the impression that the writing is closely linked to the gathering of a community for worship.

In Col 3:16 the addressees are told to let the word of God dwell in them richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, and singing psalms, hymns and spiritual songs with thankfulness in their hearts to God.