Index

Luisa T. Schneider

doi:10.1017/9781009532990.014

Index

Page numbers referring to figures are italicised. An ‘n’ after the page number indicates a note number to follow (example: ‘134n5’ would mean note 5 on page 134).

Abacha Street, 28, 94, 96

abduction, 47–48, 51

abortion, 70n4, 104, 122, 126–127, 204

abstraction (in trials), 169, 187–188

acceptable violence, 6, 79, 89, 111

access, research, 19, 37–38, 40, 199–200

accommodation, 20, 21, 39, 69, 195, see also compounds

accusations

of child cruelty, 133

false, 211

in front of others, 64, 90

of infidelity, 37, 124, 132–133

of sexual offences, 36, 171, 192, 199, 211

of temptation, 107, 135–138

adulthood. See also big men; big women

blocked pathways to, 42, 45, 52, 54, 60

and committed relationships, 70

and criminal justice institutions, 218

as a marriage prerequisite, 42–43

and social position, 135

age

coming of, 11, 43, 52

of consent, 10, 172–173, 175, 179, 190

groups, 11, 25, 224

interpretations of, 129, 170, 189, 218

agency

‘domesticated’, 214

embedded nature of, 33, 77, 214

embodied, 49, 77

establishing spaces of, 148, 204, 209

gendered, 7, 76, 159, 166, 213, 227

limited, 220

and sociocentricity, 149

of young people, 10, 55, 175, 191–192

agreement relationships, 68–69, 224

aid, development, 14, 55, 226

Allentown (description), 1, 20, 23, 29

alliances, 11, 42–43, 45, 132, 150

analysis of friction, 13, 217

anger, 8, 116, 118, 140, 161

anonymity, 30, 36, 41, 56

ansa bɛlɛ (responsibility for pregnancy)

importance, 206, 224–225

initiation, 120, 204

meaning, 53, 71, 106, 183

problems, 73, 225

anthropology

insights from, 7, 12, 33, 76, 109, 212

language, 39

literature, 1, 5

methods, 3, 7, 39, 220, 228–229

arrest, 68, 195–196, 202, 205–206

ataya bases (coffee places), 28–29

authority, patriarchal, 107, 179, 186, 202, 216

autonomy

community, 142, 178, 227

personal, 16–17, 45n3, 117n6, 163, 222

availability (in relationships), 60, 65, 89, 122, 159

bambrusing (rough treatment), 48, 62, 90, 229, see also rape

beating

acceptability of, 81, 97, 127

children, 132, 147

intervention, 122, 124, 132

and masculinity, 48, 162, 167

normalised violence, 48

as prevention, 81, 131, 148

reporting, 115–116, 148

to show love, 82, 86, 88

term, 96–97

Benda-Beckman, Keebet von, 150, 219

big men

decisions of, 136

expectations of, 54, 70, 129, 136

process of becoming, 44, 225

responsibilities of, 56, 70, 73, 136, 218

big women

expectations of, 129

process of becoming, 44, 53, 70, 218, 225

responsibilities of, 56, 70, 218

binary conceptions, 46n4, 46, 159, 230

biographical research, 32, 223

blame

towards international community, 220

for laws, 191, 221

for male violence, 162

within mediation, 119, 123, 126, 134

for reporting to police, 155

from state bodies, 219

Bledsoe, Caroline, 43, 45n3, 105, 120, 163, 217

Bourdieu, Pierre, 159, 162–163

bribery, 186, 197, 201

bride price, 44–45, 53, 71, 225

brothels, 22, 31, 67

Burrill, Emily, 77, 111

bush wives, 7, 47

Calaba Town, 23, 28, 30

‘call name’, 105, 211

campaigns

official, 15, 110, 176, 182–183, 188

poster, 176, 226

on protection for girls, 10

against school bans, 16

case trajectories, 169, 184–187, 199

Center for Accountability and the Rule of Law (CARL), 154

Central Prison. See Pademba Road Prison

Certeau, Michel de, 194, 210, 226

child cruelty, 133–134, 158, 185, 190

child marriage, 135, 176

Christianity, 71, 102, 115, 117, 119, 125

CID (Criminal Investigation Department), 26, 30, 125, 158

citizens, responsible, 182–184

citizenship, 221, 226

civil society, 173n2, 175n5, 182, 187, 206, 221

civil war (1991–2002), 7, 14, 30, 46–52, 78, 145, see also Revolutionary United Front (RUF)

civil war, post (2002–)

analysis, 9n3

and coming of age, 44

and ‘crisis of youth’, 52

gangs, 30

government work, 229

imprisonment, 195

legal changes, 3, 9, 172, 225

marriage, 11, 42, 45–46, 60, 74, 224

club, social. See Eat as You Can (EAUC) club

cohabitation, 72, 85, 138

colonialism. See also neo-colonialism

foreign influence, 17, 142, 220

and incarceration, 195

and masculinity, 84, 160

and moral economy, 77

patriarchal structures, 83

and slavery, 14–15, 46, 78

structural violence, 16

Comaroff, Jean and John, 163, 187, 220–221

combatants, 47, 51n7, 188, 195

committed relationships, 11–12, 43, 69–72, 74, 225

common good, 15, 129, 149, see also sociocentric positioning

community involvement, 130–132

community mediation

basis of, 138–139, 142

case proceedings, 125–127

elders, 218

power of, 151

preserving relationships, 142

and social context, 8, 215, 218

social harmony, 112, 139

structures, 118–121

community, ideals of, 148–150, see also common good

compensation, 71, 121, 222

competing ideals, 148, 153–156

complementarity, gender

analysis of friction, 217

gender parallelism, 13

lived realities, 168, 217

metaphor, 2

relationship dynamics, 137, 164

compounds

chores within, 122, 130

descriptions of, 23–24, 108, 124

elders of, 121, 132

and food, 130

healing within, 19, 132

neighbouring, 121, 125, 139

prison, 196

visitors to, 126, 131–132, 134

confinement, 38, 42, 160, 198, 207–209

Connell, Raewyn, 32, 81–83

consent

age of, 173, 175, 179, 190, 207

in civil society, 221

global debate, 10

laws, 10, 16, 173, 175, 229

to other romances, 102

research on, 35–36, 41, 201

sexual, 9–10, 90, 135, 175, 188, 215

to terminate marriage, 67

to touch, 100

contextualisation, 40, 127–129, 219

contract relationships, 59, 72, 121, 128

control of intimacy, 4, 11, 212

control, state, 14

controlling minds, 7, 135, 137, 166

corrective measures, 80, 82, 102

court hearings, 37, 190, 192

courts, state, 7, 18, 113, 135, 135n12, 146, see also High Court; Magistrate’s Court

Cowan, Jane, 148–149, 152–153, 166

criminal justice institutions

data, 8

gendered forms of violence, 214

and maturity, 216, 218

overview, 209

powers, 209–210

reporting trajectories, 153

criminal justice system

abstraction, 169, 187, 218

access to the, 150, 156

capacity, 11, 210

enforcement, 203, 221

intervention, 219

jurisdiction, 15

and mediation, 25, 142, 182

perceptions, 215

restrictions, 7–8

criminalisation

of local norms, 188

and prison life, 194, 203

of sexual behaviour, 11–12, 191, 226

of sexual relationships, 10–11, 172, 174, 225

of violence in relationships, 146

crisis of masculinity, 13, 107, 162, 165, 212

‘crisis of youth’, 11, 52, 55n9, 223–226

cut and pass, 63–64, 90

cut and play, 63–64, 103

data collection, 31–41

focus groups, 19, 24–26, 32–33

informal discussions, 19, 34, 36, 39

interviews. See interviews

life histories, 19, 25, 27, 31–33, 38

love histories, 27, 32, 38, 74, 110

observation, 19–20, 26, 30, 34, 64

DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration programme), 47n6, 51n7, 51

debt

economic constraints, 56

power dynamics, 74

reciprocity, 42, 57

social navigation, 69, 226–227

social networks, 57, 65

development aid, 14, 55, 226

development discourses, 1, 16, 110, 136, 189, 229

Devolution of Estates Act (2007), 9, 146

dialectical framework, 34

Diggins, Jennifer, 60–61, 106

disguise, 67, 85–86, 111

divorce

with children, 134

division of resources, 44n1, 158

following domestic violence, 115, 144

registered marriages, 9, 66–67, 146

and shame, 147, 149

doctors, traditional, 102–103, 106, 137

domestic violence (DV)

definitions, 78, 93n1, 166

laws, 144–145

reporting, 144, 149–150, 157

sentencing for, 35

Domestic Violence Act (2007), 9, 146, 157

Don Bosco

library, 198

organisation, 26, 186, 196, 198–199, 206

shelters, 35

Eat As You Can (EAUC) club

accommodation, 20–22

fieldwork with, 24–25, 31, 65, 102

logo, 20

membership, 23–24

social activities, 22, 30, 61, 87, 123, 139

Ebola pandemic, 177–178, 190, 205

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 16, 229

economic constraints, 13, 53–54, 56, 73, 103, 224

education

access to, 10, 69, 175, 178, 183, 201

formal, 152

funding, 21

sexual, 189, 229

special, 178

superior, 207

egocentric positioning, 75, 149, 214

elders

community, 125–126, 129, 140

control of, 44, 47, 52, 55

expectations of, 12, 52, 54

explanations of, 38, 140, 189, 224

mediation judgements of, 112–113, 126–127, 129, 132, 136

as mediators, 117–121

punishment from, 80, 82, 214

responsibilities of, 45, 68, 71, 133, 218, 222

social status, 70, 127

emasculation, 48–49, 165, 167

emotional violence, 84–85, 158

emotions, communicating, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88

employment. See also unemployment

formal, 21, 56

gendered, 27, 54

and social status, 70, 128

engagement, 71–73, 204

equal rights, 9, 72, 146, 152

equality, 57, 83, 158, 173n2, 221, see also inequality

ethical duty, 149, 151–152

ethics, research, 19, 34–37, 39–41

ethnographic accounts, 6, 121–138, 194, 198

ethnographic methods

of analysis, 3, 10, 18, 33, 146

and biographical research, 32

overview, 19, 31

for practical relevancy, 94, 193, 227, 230

urban ethnography, 12, 212

ethnographic studies, 7, 43, 60, 85, 162

everyday interactions, 27, 29, 62, 103, 131, 166

everyday practices, 13, 19, 32, 61, 205, 217

exceptionalism, staged, 54, 56, 191, 224

exclusion, social, 10, 16, 151, 165, 198, 202–203

exploitation

during the civil war, 51

economic, 133

gerontocratic, 47

history of, 4, 17, 46–47

mitigation in research, 40

and moral economy, 77, 79

in relationships, 64, 73

familial contexts, violence in, 6, 212

familial control, 179

familial support

loss of, 74, 145, 148, 153, 167, 214

neglect, 136

without, 21

Family Support Units (FSUs)

fieldwork, 26, 30, 35, 199

investigations, 154

mediations, 156

visit, 147

family, extended, 21, 50, 56, 128, 179

fatherhood, 71, 105, 131

femininity, 99, 160, 164, 166

feminist perspectives, 2n1, 3, 16, 46, 216

Ferme, Mariane, 60–61, 85, 109, 163, 220

fighting (term), 96

fighting factions, 47–48

financial responsibility, 70–71, 105, 136

focus groups, 19, 24–33

food

distribution, 196, 198, 207

metaphor, 2, 160

obtaining, 69, 130, 151

preparation, 82

refusal, 87, 96, 101–108

selling, 28, 144

sharing, 21, 101, 120, 127, 200

spells through, 106, 137–138

during the war, 48, 50–51

foreign influences. See international influences

forgiveness, 87, 126–127, 139–140

‘forum shopping’, 150

Fourah Bay College (FBC), 29, 31, 40, 61, 66, 97

freedom

cost of, 68, 194

financial independence, 69

of fluid relationship forms, 74

irreconcilable desires for, 12

and masculinity, 161, 163

sexual, 215

of young people, 69, 226

Freetown (locations)

Abacha Street, 28, 94, 96

Allentown, 23, 40, 121

Calaba Town, 28

Central District, 20

Kroo Bay, 30

Naimbana Street, 20, 22–23, 40, 204

Western Freetown, 73, 175

friction, analysis of, 13, 217

friendship, 22, 61, 100, 207

future making, 13, 15, 17, 47, 55, 73

gangs, 23, 30, 67, 196–197, 200

garage, the, 27, 32, 51

gender complementarity. See complementarity, gender

gender dynamics, 12–13, 113, 166, 216, 223

gender justice

advancement, 168, 230

laws, 9, 26, 145–146, 154, 167, 193

gender parallelism

definition, 43, 84

and lived experiences, 13, 52

in the region, 160

as a strategy, 145, 165–166

gender relations

crisis of, 13, 145, 212

ideals of, 4, 155, 166, 211, 217

interpretations of, 13, 179, 212

and relationship dynamics, 137, 164

transformation of, 52

gender-based violence, 9, 36, 84, 93n1, 180, 206

gendered agency, 7, 76, 159, 166, 213, 227

gendered expectations

and agency, 77, 159

and lived realities, 50, 162–163, 216

and local cultures, 215

and reporting, 160–161, 166, 168

gendered ideals

of elders, 52

hegemonic, 163–164, 227

pressure of, 50, 84, 211

of the state, 179

gendered ideologies, 11–13, 69, 162–164, 166

generational tensions, 6, 55, 78, 223, see also intergenerational dynamics

Gibbs, James, 112, 139–140

gift economies, 57, 69, 74

‘girlfriend trap’, 190, 205

global agendas, 3, 7, 16–17, 46

gossip (kongosa)

punishment of men, 64, 101–102

against stability, 23, 118, 123, 151

and trust, 114, 139

government

conceptions, 178, 230

failures, 180, 229

institutions, 127

interests, 222

plans, 174, 182, 195

responsibilities, 225

work, 51n7, 229

grabbing, 99–100

grievances

airing, 8, 141, 154

and harmony, 140

managing, 116–117

‘swallowing’, 8, 112–113, 119, 140, 153

guardianship

of children, 140, 218

choice of, 123

of communities, 222

president, 179–180, 181, 222

of rights, 117n6

state, 221–222

‘harmony ideology’, 15, 142, 227

harmony, social, 8, 112–113, 134, 139–143, 227

health emergencies, 14, 16

hegemony, 163–164, 168, 217, 227

hierarchies

gendered, 160

household, 78, 202

kin, 52, 70

legalistic system, 142

offence, 127

prison, 194–195, 201

social, 166

High Court

age tests, 201

cases, 30, 33, 172, 199

judges, 155, 188, 190

legal representation, 153n8, 202

proceedings, 26

historical context

civil war, 42, 46, 52

colonialism, 14–17, 221

of female political leadership, 7

gender parallelism, 43, 160

influencing relationships, 59, 78, 83

and local lived experience, 4–5

and research methods, 33, 38, 227

ruptures, 8, 223–226

structural violence, 48, 212–213

histories, life, 19, 25, 27, 31–33, 38

histories, love, 27, 32, 38, 74, 110

household chores, 60, 69, 73, 130, 165–166

household mediation, 8, 117–118, 142, 218

human rights

activists, 187

culture, 136, 148, 152–153, 167, 220

discourse, 15, 152, 156, 198

ideals, 148–149, 183, 220–221

laws, 13, 15, 220, 229

principles, 117n6, 147, 152, 183, 215, 221

processes, 156, 188

universality, 2, 17, 148, 156, 158, 215

violations, 9n3, 11, 16, 81

Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone, 172, 198

humiliation, 49, 87

ideals, gendered. See gendered ideals

ideals, opposing, 13, 75, 148–150, 153–156, 217

Imaginary, The (Sartre), 208

‘imagined image’, 192, 208

‘imagined others’, 13–14, 16, 182n9, 187, 223

imprisoned people

age of, 202

communication between, 207

control within prison, 196–198

escape incident, 195

interviews with, 35–36, 198

legal representation, 35, 199, 202

new, 205

resources of, 196, 197n4

spaces of agency, 209

imprisonment, 190, 195–196, 202–203

incidents, 124–125, 129–130

independence. See post-independence era

independence (personal)

financial, 69, 122, 214, 226

‘masculine’, 2, 160–161, 167

inequality, 1, 47, 73

infidelity

accusations of, 37, 132–133

‘call name’, 105

contextualisation of, 128

recompense for, 129, 211

responsibility for, 161

suspicion of, 125n10, 134

informal discussions, 19, 34, 36, 39

injuries

examination of, 126, 184

healing of, 19, 97

lasting, 97, 158

severity of, 46, 97, 114, 192

showing, 108, 114, 144, 147

treatment of, 114, 132, 196

intention (violent acts), 79–80

interdependence, 2, 78, 214

intergenerational dynamics, 11, 25, 42

international development, 5, 226

international influences

defence against, 15, 142

and deferred responsibility, 191

on laws, 220–221, 226

and local agendas, 4, 173n2

ongoing, 14–15, 17, 160

international organisations (IOs), 145, 172, 227

intersectionality, 25, 38, 79, 81, 145, 213

interviews

access to, 38

analysis of, 59

and ethics, 40

methodology, 19, 32, 34, 39, 60

overview of, 26, 30, 35–37

themes from, 48, 50, 57, 117, 178, 206

intimacy

contemporary, 13

control of, 4, 10–11, 212

and economic constraints, 54

everyday, 7

politics of, 4, 12, 178

spaces of, 85

and violence, 5–6, 32, 134, 212

and vulnerabilities, 73

intimate relationships

agreement relationships, 224

conceptions of, 83

conduct in, 9, 146

mediation of, 15

and state institutions, 151

value of, 85

violence in, 4–5, 7, 76, 213, 230

Islam, 71, 119, 125

Jackson, Michael

economic constraints, 53, 103

gender roles, 159, 162

language, 109

lived realities, 76, 212

sociocentric consciousness, 141, 149

jealousy, 73, 81, 86–87, 99, 159

Jensen, Steffen, 187, 206

Kandiyoti, Deniz, 83, 136, 179

‘keeping face’, 65, 74

King George’s old age home, 26–27, 29, 68

kinship

hierarchies, 52, 179

meetings, 111

protective associations, 45, 113, 123, 225

reciprocity, 56

Koroma, Ernest Bai, 110, 173–175, 173n2, 179–180, 180–181

Kpelle, the, 105, 112, 120, 139

Kroo Bay, 30, 98, 104, 113, 121, 206

Kuranko, the, 141, 149, 159

language

analysis, 109–111, 179, 215

anthropological, 39

change of, 206

definition, 93

and development discourses, 109–110, 221

human rights, 17, 221

legal, 95, 109–110

terms, 94–95, 110, 155, 227

understanding the, 202

Law Reform Commission, 172

law, state. See state law

lawmakers, 3, 10, 14, 169

laws, new, 14, 18, 144, 192, see also Devolution of Estates Act (2007); Domestic Violence Act (2007); Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act (2009); Sexual Offences Act (SOA) 2012; Sexual Offences Amendment Act (SOAA) 2019

learned behaviour, 82–83

Legal Aid Board, 35, 190

legal language, 95, 109–110

legal pluralism, 33, 113, 142, 220, 227

legal reform

future making through, 13

historical processes, 33–34

international influences, 10, 226

and legal pluralism, 220

and relationships, 13, 94

summary, 3

legal representation

access to, 202–203, 210

free, 35, 147, 171, 190, 202

private, 153n8, 201

Liberia, 105, 112, 139

life histories, 19, 25, 27, 31–33, 38

lived realities, 159, 162, 164, 168, 216–217

local

context, 5, 17, 33, 168, 215, 226

groups, 25, 145, 172, 173n2

importance, 109, 150, 195

lived experience, 3, 5, 7, 93–94, 213, 221

meanings, 2–3, 84, 212

norms, 188, 221, 230

people, 11, 15, 177

perceptions, 76, 79, 109, 148, 179, 230

practices, 79, 110

terminologies, 59, 95, 110, 117, 227

love and violence relationship (context), 4–7

love histories, 27, 32, 38, 74, 110

love potions, 103, 106

lovers (definitions), 60–61, 72

Maada Bio (president of Sierra Leone), 10, 169, 174, 175n5, 181–182

Magistrate’s Court

age tests, 201

cases, 33, 184, 199

investigations, 157, 186–187

legal representation, 202

magistrate, 30

proceedings, 26

main partners, 59–61, 65, 73, 102

malicing, 96, 107

mammie queens, 118, 120

manipulation, 74, 104, 150, 211, 219

Mann, Bonnie, 49, 53, 98–99, 167

marginalisation, 16, 42, 203, 210, 213, 223

market women, 25, 29, 96, 103

markets, 27–28, 31

marriage registration, 9, 44n1, 66, 146

marriage, child, 135, 176

marriage, traditional, 44n1, 67, 89, 158

marriages, religious, 44n1, 67, 146

‘masculine domination’, 25, 159, 162–163

masculine ideals, 53, 167, 223

masculinity, crisis of, 13, 107, 162, 165, 212, see also emasculation

maturity, 17, 172, 189, 216–218

Mauss, Marcel, 57–58, 74

mediation practices, 34, 134

mediation systems, 33, 129, 142, 150, 178, 216

mediation, community. See community mediation

mediation, household. See household mediation

mediation, state, 156–157

medicine, 103, 106, 196, 198, see also love potions

men reporting violence, 158–160

Mende, the, 44, 85, 104, 106, 109, 163

mess, 7, 210, 217

metaphorical usage

and interpretation, 2n1

‘masculine domination’, 163

in speech, 110

teeth and the tongue. See teeth and the tongue (metaphor)

methods, research, 19, 31–32, 34, 37, 39, see also data collection, ethics, research

monitoring practices, 85–86, 159

moral economy

and gendered ideals, 84

local lived experience, 213

and pornography, 91–92

reciprocity, 90

of relationships, 52, 77–79, 78n1, 81, 93, 108

ruptures, 7, 80, 111, 214

of violence in relationships, 76, 83, 85, 88, 95, 109

music, 53, 63, 99, 106, 120

Nader, Laura, 15, 142

Naimbana Street. See also Eat As You Can (EAUC) club

accommodation, 23, 31, 40

description, 22

fieldwork, 24, 31

ghetto, 122

mosque, 50

narrative

counter, 11, 211

of deferred responsibility, 191

dominant, 163, 230

of interlocutors, 2, 5, 40

interviews, 32

simple, 3, 7

victim–perpetrator, 6, 213

Western, 209

national agendas, 10, 14, 215, 219, 226

national emergency, 10, 169, 172, 174, 175n5, 182

navigation, social, 58, 69, 226

neglect (in relationships), 76–88, 111, 133, 135–136, 138

neo-colonialism, 15, 17, 47

Newell, Sasha, 61, 67n2

NGOs (non-governmental organisations), 1, 13, 145, 189, 206, 227

nightclubs, 22n2, 22, 24, 31, 103

normalised violence, 11, 48, 51–52, 83

norms

established, 217

existing, 150

internationally inspired, 195

local, 15, 188, 221, 230

reconfiguration of, 206, 230

reproduction of, 163

social, 16, 67, 127

oaths, 104–106, 126, 131, 133

observation, 19–20, 26, 30, 34, 64

oppression, 2, 93, 164, 204, 209, 223

otherness, 169, 208, see also ‘imagined others’

‘owning the story’, 65, 74

Pademba Road Prison

convictions, 36, 190

description, 171, 184, 195–196, 198

experiences, 206–207, 209–210

leaving, 187, 206, 208

legal representation, 35

management style, 196

minors in, 18, 189, 202, 229

research in, 26, 33, 198, 200

resources, 196

palaver (conflict)

definition, 95, 118

examples, 67, 119, 131–133

Parikh, Shanti, 34, 179

parties (gatherings), 22, 24, 81, 99, 115–116, 120

‘passers-by’, 62–64, 90, 103, 121

passion, 86

patriarchal systems, 47, 55, 83, 89, 136, 179

penetration, sexual. See sexual penetration (SP)

personhood

construction, 2n1

demands on, 12

notions of, 69, 75, 154, 159, 166, 214

position of victim, 188

phenomenological perspectives, 3, 76, 153

phones, 62, 85–86, 98, 127, 185

Piot, Charles, 214, 223

police stations. See also Family Support Units (FSUs)

bribery, 186

confession, 202

giving statements at, 147, 184

handling of cases, 155, 158, 200

interpretations of age, 171, 189, 201

interviews, 35

reporting at, 134, 147, 151, 159, 171

policy

actors, 230

development of, 77, 93

discourses, 13, 221

effects of, 94, 213, 230

ethnography, 193

interventions, 14, 150

silos, 230

social, 5, 168, 213

study of, 5, 7

policy-makers

and ethnography, 3, 94

implications for, 9, 215

intentions of, 193

language of, 3, 17

notions of youth, 55

political developments, 173–175

politicians, 17, 26, 191

polygyny, 45, 47, 137

pornography, 90–91

positioning, researcher, 38, 40

possession, 44, 74, 89, 101, 106, 123

posters, 176–177, 180, 227–228

post-independence era, 14, 47, 220

potions, love, 103, 106

poverty, 12, 53, 84, 173n2

power dynamics, 5, 43, 74, 153, 167, 219

powerlessness, 49, 107

precarity

economic constraints, 12, 70

and masculine ideals, 223

from reporting, 141

within research environments, 39

and stigmatisation, 226

vulnerability of research collaborators, 38

pregnancy (gɛt bɛlɛ). See also abortion; trapping

acceptance, 71, 104–105, 129, 132

big women, 70, 218, 225–226

as proof, 211

reporting, 182–183, 185, 192

responsibilities, 53, 73, 104, 106, 204, 211

school ban. See school ban (SB)

shame, 183

teenage. See teenage pregnancy

violence during, 48, 115

President of Sierra Leone (role), 175, 179–180, 222, see also Koroma, Ernest Bai; Maada Bio (president of Sierra Leone)

pressures

to abstain from reporting, 192

from civil society groups, 175n5

contradictory, 5, 149, 153, 231

on court judges, 187

economic constraints, 53

to execute violence, 6, 84

international influences, 5, 17, 226

transitioning to adulthood, 70

to uphold gendered ideals, 77, 84, 165, 223

prison government, 196–198, 209

prison hierarchies, 194–195, 201

prison life, 194, 200, 203, 210, see also Pademba Road Prison

prisoner(s). See imprisoned people

private forms of violence, 75, 88, 94n1

private matters, 14, 94–95, 151, 155, 183, 215

private spaces, 17, 108, 185, 199, 203, 211

protective association, 43, 224

protest, 55, 132, 175n5, 194–195, 204

punishment. See also corrective measures

excessive, 142, 194, 211, 225

through imprisonment, 8, 10, 143, 169, 173, 203–204

from mediation, 8, 112, 116, 123, 219, 222

of men, 64, 102, 104, 171, 192

by partners, 83, 96, 98–99

in plural legal systems, 3, 5, 80, 230

state, 9, 80–81, 157, 187, 209, 222

violence as, 83, 108, 122, 214

of women, 113, 141

quarrelling, 73, 96, 105, 141, 192

Rainbo Centre, 26, 147, 154, 170, 178, 184

rape

cases, 169, 190, 192

during the conflict, 180

definitions, 11, 151, 227–229, 228

eradication of, 15, 174, 179, 184n10

and the law, 10, 174–175, 190, 192, 200

national emergency on, 10, 169, 172, 174n5, 182

prevention, 4, 10, 223, 225

reporting, 182–183, 192n14, 211

shared experiences, 39

rare gals (sex workers), 67–68, 67n2, 125

realities, lived, 159, 162, 164, 168, 216

reciprocity

everyday, 166

and gift economies, 58

kinship, 56

and moral economy, 83, 90–91

and social alliances, 42

and social pressure, 153

red bands, 197, 207, 209

reductionism, 188, 219

referrals, 17, 37–38

registered marriage, 9, 44n1, 66, 146

Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act (2009), 9, 44n1, 146

relationship dynamics

changing, 42, 136

complex, 60

contemporary, 5

and gender relations, 137, 164, 217

historical context, 42, 52

laws and, 4, 94

relationship practices

analysis of, 224

changes in, 45n3, 52, 216

diverse, 12–13, 42

influences on, 69, 75

post-war, 46, 52

wartime, 47

relationships, agreement, 68–69, 224

relationships, committed, 11–12, 43, 69–72, 74, 225

relationships, contract, 59, 72, 121, 128

relationships, loving, 213

relationships, preserving, 84, 86, 134, 142

religious institutions, 21, 44n1, 115–117, 126, 206, 214

religious marriages, 44n1, 67, 146

reporting trajectories, 153–156

reporting violence, 113–121, 145, 147–148, 150–153, 158–160, 167

reputation, 59, 61, 64, 101, 150, 165

research collaborators (summary), 26, 31, 115

research ethics, 19, 34–37, 39–41

research methods. See methods, research

research, sites of, 19, 25, 31, 39

resistance, 46, 161, 191, 200, 203–205

resolution, 127–129

resources

ability to gain, 54, 57, 215, 225

control of, 25, 52, 158, 163

lack of, 59, 156, 178

mobilising, 9, 57

obtaining, 22, 163

prison, 196, 210

scarcity of, 154–156

social, 56, 197n4

state, 17, 158

responsibility, financial, 70–71, 105, 136

responsibility, social, 12, 15, 43, 76, 132

responsible citizens, 182–184

restoration, 83, 86, 120, 139, 202, 222

revenge, 64, 90, 102–103, 117, 140, 150

Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 9n3, 47n5, 47

‘rites of terror’, 194, 202–203

routines, daily, 22, 61, 85, 120, 137

rupture

criminal justice system, 221

historical context, 11, 223–224

in intergenerational relations, 11

long-term, 140

of pathways to adulthood, 52

prevention of, 119, 142

in relationships, 8, 87, 113, 143

state, 7, 9

unacceptable violence, 80, 214

rural areas

gender parallelism, 13

marriage in, 73, 225

relationships in, 42, 45n3, 60, 69

Saleh-Hanna, Viviane, 46n4, 46

salons, hair and beauty, 29

sanctions

community, 58, 81, 89, 219

by elders, 130

gendered, 104, 141, 211

scholars (sex workers), 67–68

school ban (SB)

consequences, 10, 14, 171, 223, 225–226

criticisms, 190, 229

discussion from, 222

effectiveness, 178

implementation, 178

overview, 170, 176–178, 225

secrecy, 25, 44–45, 123–124, 128

security

through community, 12, 75, 128, 219

in daily life, 56

financial, 32, 45, 54, 152

of marriage, 43, 52, 123

prison, 196

selling goods, 27

seniority, 27, 120, 132, 134, 138, 218

separation, relationship

from children, 131

without divorce, 66, 123

equal rights, 72

prevention of, 75, 116

whilst in prison, 211

after reporting, 214

sex as pollution, 179–193

sex work, 31, 63, 67n2, 67, 102

sex, withholding, 89–90

sexing, 62, 89, 98, 124, 189

sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), 9, 36

sexual consent, 9–10, 172, 215, see also availability (in relationships)

sexual harassment, 9, 100, 157

sexual offences, 14, 34, 169, 195, 199, 203

Sexual Offences Act (SOA) 2012

consequences, 183, 194, 211, 215, 225–226, 229

convictions, 194–195, 210

criticism of, 188–193, 211, 219

discussion from, 215, 222

effectiveness, 178, 211, 215–216, 219, 221

implementation, 172, 178, 182, 227

imprisonment under the, 10, 194, 196, 206

overview, 169, 172–175, 215

Sexual Offences Amendment Act (SOAA) 2019, 10, 15, 95, 169, 174, 195n2

sexual penetration (SP)

cases, 170–172, 178, 184–186

definition, 173

imprisonment, 10, 169, 174, 202

sexual practices (terms), 62–64

sexual violence (perceptions), 88, 90, 158–159, 189, 229

sexuality, control over, 175, 179–180, 182, 191, 223

shadowing, 34

shame

economic constraints, 53

pregnancy, 183

and protective masculinity, 49

public, 81, 97–98, 124, 165

reporting to police, 147, 149

around sexual behaviour, 182n8

unemployment, 135

‘shopping forums’, 150

‘show face’, 70, 73, 204

side-chick, 59–62, 65, 72

Sierra Leone (overview), 3, 221, 226

Sierra Leonean state, 44n1, 95, 179, 221, 226

slapping, 96–100, 127, 139–140, 167

slavery, 14–15, 17, 46–47, 78

snatching, 65, 74

social bonds, 8, 131, 209, 224

social capital, 69, 164, 197

social media, 26, 30, 62, 91, 123

social networks

and debt, 57

of elders, 218

and pressures, 84

in prison, 211

and relationship separation, 65, 75

trusted, 62, 154

of women, 101, 152

social organisation, 11, 123, 225

social position, 3, 6, 64, 90, 134–135, 213

social relations

analysis of, 111

binary conceptions of gender, 159

complementarity, 217

cultivation of, 12, 107, 134, 209, 214

of elders, 218

around marriage, 45

metaphor of, 59

reproduction of, 42, 213

social responsibility, 12, 15, 43, 76, 132

social status, 70, 75, 85, 99, 107, 138

sociocentric positioning, 75, 141, 149, 184, 214

socioeconomic positions, 16, 21, 40, 42, 55, 107

sodality, 44–45, 52, 126, 189

songs, 63, 99, 106, 120

speech, 17n4, 81, 109–110, 208

spells, 102–104, 106–107, 137

stability

community, 116, 134, 219

financial, 42

household, 118, 134

long-term, 60

ontological, 210

relationship, 75, 86

Star Motors Garage, 27, 32, 51

Stasik, Michael, 53, 67, 85

state courts, 7, 18, 113, 135n12, 135, 146

state institutions

and autonomy of communities, 139, 142, 145, 215, 227

challenges for, 8, 14, 178, 227

distance from, 152, 178

human rights culture, 152, 183, 214

implementation of laws, 179, 182, 220, 222

mediation systems, 33, 219

punishments, 80, 151, 219

reporting to, 9, 15, 150, 182

views of, 5, 135, 169

state intervention, 80, 113, 141, 151, 227

state law

ambivalence towards, 14, 178, 205

criminalisation of sexual behaviour, 12, 215

historical context, 16, 205

‘weak legal pluralism’, 33, 142

state mediation, 156–157

state strategy, 209–210

statistics

crime, 157

interpreting, 9, 33, 177–178, 177n7, 229

prison, 202

status, social, 70, 75, 85, 99, 107, 138

stigmatisation, 10–11, 71, 147, 182n8, 226

strategy, state, 209–210

structural violence, 12, 16–17, 42, 48, 212–213

subject positions

of the criminal, 194, 203

gendered, 216

of guardians, 181

multiple, 38, 187, 208–209

negotiation of, 40, 128, 155, 204, 209–210

responsibilities with, 218

unequal, 219

of the victim, 188

subjectivity, 32, 38, 69, 194, 211

subordination, 83, 164, 167, 217, 223, 227

sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 7, 52, 135

community, 74, 116, 133, 148–149, 179

emotional, 38, 114, 147, 149, 154

familial. See familial support

financial, 67, 72, 103, 145, 222

institutional, 9, 153

organisational, 196

outside the community, 15

systems, 37, 136, 150, 156

survival, 48, 58, 60

survivors of sexual violence, 26, 35, 154

‘swallowing’ grievances, 8, 112–113, 120, 133, 139–143, 153

‘swearing’, 71n5, 130, 211

symbolic violence, 84, 97, 164

symbolism, 44–45, 50, 71, 140, 208

teenage pregnancy

data, 176–177

development goals, 173

eradication of, 15, 179, 182

government failures, 229

national emergency, 10, 172

prevention, 4, 9

school ban, 16, 229

state language around, 178, 215

stigmatisation, 11

teeth and the tongue (metaphor), 1–2, 141, 164, 217, 231

Temne, the, 30, 44, 48, 61n1

temptation, 106–108, 135–138, 192n13

terminologies, local, 59, 95, 110, 117, 227

traditional doctors, 102–103, 106, 137

traditional marriage, 44n1, 67, 89, 158

transactional relationships, 12, 42, 54, 67–68

trapping, 102, 104, 107–108

trauma

long history of, 46, 223

and research ethics, 35

secondary, 39

from sexual violence, 182

wartime, 50–51

trust

character witnesses, 119, 139

during the civil war, 51

food, 107

and phones, 85

of research collaborators, 40

and sexual harassment, 100

in the state, 154, 157, 205

in young people, 15

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

aims, 9n3, 220

blame towards the, 191

data, 178

following the, 9, 220

recommendations, 169, 172, 174, 220, 226

report, 145, 172, 180

24 (room), 22, 31, 87, 100, 101, 139

Uganda, 14, 39, 179

unemployment, 29, 70, 122, 135

UNICEF, 176–177, 227, 227

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 175, 176, 177

unity, 15, 22, 142, 227

university, 29–30, 68, 102, see also Fourah Bay College (FBC)

urban ethnography, 12, 212

victim–perpetrator relationship, 6, 8, 187, 213, 219

Vigh, Henrik, 24, 58

violence in relationships (conceptions), 4–7, 159

violence, acceptable, 6, 79, 89, 111

violence, acts of

and affection, 75

as communicating emotions, 84

as corrective measures, 82

gendered, 95, 213

terms describing, 93, 95, 109–110, 218

violence, emotional, 84–85, 158

violence, gender-based, 9, 36, 84, 93n1, 180, 206

violence, normalised, 11, 48, 51–52, 83

violence, private forms of, 75, 88, 94n1

violence, sexual. See sexual violence (perceptions)

violence, unacceptable

defining, 6, 79–81

mediation, 112, 134

and moral economy, 111

neglect, 111

reporting, 111, 113–121, 143–144, 214

violence, visible

and acceptability, 97

contemporary intimacy, 13

and emotional support, 114

and gender, 99, 109

insulting, 96

traceability, 7

violence, war-time, 7, 145

virginity, 14, 62, 79, 186, 201

visible violence. See violence, visible

vulnerabilities

age of consent, 10, 175

and emotional support, 38

and intimacy, 73

through reporting, 155

within research, 31, 34, 39

socioeconomic positions, 40

Wardlow, Holly, 32, 216

war-time violence, 7, 145, see also civil war (1991–2002)

weak legal pluralism, 142, 227

West Africa, 15–16, 212, 229

Western Freetown, 73, 175

witness statements

in court, 147, 157, 199

in mediation, 119, 134, 137

‘women trouble’, 45, 47, 69

youth, crisis of. See ‘crisis of youth’

‘youth’ definition, 53

‘youth’, social construct of, 54–58

youthhood, 42–43, 52–53, 70, 189

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