Abadinsky, H. 1988. Law and Justice. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar

Aizer, Anna. 2010, September. “The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence.” American Economic Review, 100: 1847–1859.Google Scholar

America’s Conference to End Coercive Control. November 13. “Hawaii and California Lead the Way Signing the First Coercive Control Bills in the Americas.” www.theacecc.com/post/hawaii-and-california-lead-the-way-signing-the-first-coercive-control-bills-in-the-americas.Google Scholar

Ammar, Nawal H., Orloff, Leslye E., Dutton, Mary Ann, and Haas, Giselle A.. 2012. “Battered Immigrant Women in the United States and Protection Orders: An Exploratory Research.” Criminal Justice Review, 37(3): 337–359.Google Scholar

Anderson, Jessica. 2020, March 29. “A Side Effect of Coronavirus: More Domestic Violence and Fewer Victims Seeking Help, Maryland Experts Warn.” Baltimore Sun. www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-domestic-violence-coronavirus.Google Scholar

Andrew, Scottie. 2020, October 27. “For Abuse Victims, Registering to Vote Brings a Dangerous Tradeoff.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/us/domestic-violence-voting-election-privacy-trnd/index.html.Google Scholar

Associated Press. 1996a, September 16. “Gingrich Backs Domestic-Abuser Gun Ban.” Chicago Tribune.Google Scholar

Associated Press. 1996, September 16b. “Gingrich: No guns for domestic abuser.” Boston Globe.Google Scholar

Associated Press. 2018, March 2. “Minnesota Not Enforcing Domestic Abuse Gun Law, Report Says.”Google Scholar

Ayres-Brown, Antonia. 2020, May 12. “Legal Aid Attorneys Strained by Increase in Virus-Related Cases: Including Domestic Violence and Jobless Claims.” Chicago Tribune. www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-coronavirus-legal-aid-volunteer-lawyers-20200511-gvfzuhvzova6jlna7vf5vudmle-story.html.Google Scholar

Ayres-Brown, Antonia. 2021, May 14. “Domestic Violence Advocates Describe Increased Demand for Support Services during Pandemic.” WBUR. www.wbur.org/news/2021/05/14/domestic-violence-coronavirus-isolation-newportGoogle Scholar

Bailey, Kimberly D. 2009. “The Aftermath of Crawford and Davis: Deconstructing the Sound of Silence.” Brigham Young University Law Review, 1: 1–56.Google Scholar

Bailey, Kimberly D. 2011. “Response to Beth Richie’s Black Feminism, Gender Violence and the Build-Up of a Prison Nation.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 37: 149–152.Google Scholar

Ballotpedia. 2022. “Georgia.” https://ballotpedia.org/Georgia.Google Scholar

Bassett, Laura and Wilkie, Christina. 2014, April 23. “The NRA Quietly Backs Down on Domestic Violence.” HuffingtonPost.com. www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/22/nra-domestic-violence_n_5191555.html.Google Scholar

Batlan, Felice. 2015. Women and Justice for the Poor: A History of Legal Aid, 1863–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bech, Erin. 2014, July 30. “Hearing Links Guns, Domestic Violence.” Charleston Gazette, A 1.Google Scholar

Beland, Daniel, Rocco, Philip, and Waddan, Alex. 2016. Obamacare Wars: Federalism, State Politics, and the Affordable Care Act. Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Belknap, Joanne, Graham, Dee L. R., Hartman, Jennifer, and Gail Allen, P.. 2000. Factors Related to Domestic Violence Court Dispositions in a Large Urban Area: The Role of Victim/Witness Reluctance and Other Variables. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Bendery, Jennifer. 2022, February 9. “Senators Unveil Bipartisan Bill to Renew the Violence Against Women Act.” Yahoo! News. https://news.yahoo.com/senators-unveil-bipartisan-bill-renew-011257332.html.Google Scholar

Bergen, Raquel K., Edleson, Jeffrey L., and Renzetti, Claire M.. 2011. Sourcebook on Violence Against Women. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar

Berry, Frances Stokes and Berry, William D.. 1990. “State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis.” American Political Science Review, 84(2): 395–415.Google Scholar

Berry, Frances Stokes and Berry, William D.. 1994. “The Politics of Tax Increases in the States.” American Journal of Political Science, 38(3): 855–859.Google Scholar

Berry, William D., Fording, Richard C., Ringquist, Evan J., Hanson, Russell L., and Klarner, Carl. 2010. “Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States: A Re-appraisal.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 10: 117–135.Google Scholar

Berry, William D., Fording, Richard C., Ringquist, Evan J., Hanson, Russell L., and Klarner, Carl. 2019. “SPID: A New Database for Inferring Public Policy Innovativeness and Diffusion Networks.” Policy Studies Journal, 48(2): 517–545.Google Scholar

Bose, Devna. 2020, October 9. “Don’t Let Them Take Your Voice Away: Domestic Violence Survivors Face Voting Challenges.” Charlotte Observer. www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article246265510.html.Google Scholar

Bosman, Julie. 2020, August 7. “Domestic Violence Calls Mount as Restrictions Linger: ‘No One Can Leave.’” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/domestic-violence-coronavirus.Google Scholar

Brautigan, Bailey. 2021, August 23. “Mink Shoals Deaths Being Investigated as Double Murder-Suicide.” www.wowktv.com/news/local/developing-kanawha-county-deputies-investigate-two-bodies-found-on-elkdale-drive/.Google Scholar

Breda, Cindy. 2018, January 8. “Man Arrested at Westlake Motel Friday Faces Domestic Violence, Weapons Charges.” Chronicle. www.chroniclet.com/cops-and-courts/2018/01/08/Man-arrested-at-Westlake-hotel-Friday-faces-multiple-domestic-violence-weapons-charges.html.Google Scholar

Brennan Center for Justice. 2021. “Voting Laws Roundup: October 2021. www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-october-2021.Google Scholar

Brieding, Matthew J., Smith, Sharon G., and Basile, Kathleen C.. 2015. “Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization: National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011.” MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(8). www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6308.pdf.Google Scholar

Brown, Nadia. 2014. Sisters in the Statehouse: Black Women and Legislative Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Browne, Angela and Williams, Kirk R.. 1989. “Exploring the Effect of Resource Availability and the Likelihood of Female-Perpetrated Homicides.” Law & Society Review, 23(1): 75–94.Google Scholar

Brownlee, Chip. 2022, February 18. “Bipartisan Deal over Violence Against Women Act Targets People Who Lie on Gun Background Checks.” The Trace. www.thetrace.org/2022/02/violence-against-women-act-reauthorization-background-checks/.Google Scholar

Buckley, Jack and Westerland, Chad. 2004. “Duration Dependence, Functional Form, and Corrected Standard Errors: Improving EHA Models of State Policy Diffusion.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 4(1): 94–113.Google Scholar

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2017. “National Crime Victimization Survey.” US Department of Justice. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv17.pdf.Google Scholar

Burling, Stacey. 2005, June 17. “Domestic Violence Is Down, but Problem Remains Huge,” Philadelphia Inquirer, A19.Google Scholar

Burns, Asia Simone. 2020, April 28. “Stay-at-Home Order Poses New Problems for Family Violence Victims, Shelters,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution. www.ajc.com/news/breaking-news/stay-home-order-poses-new-problems-for-family-violence-victims-shelters.Google Scholar

Campbell, Jacquelyn C., Glass, Nancy, Sharps, Phyllis W., Laughon, Kathryn, and Tina, Bloom. 2007. “Intimate Partner Homicide: Review and Implications of Research and Policy.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8(3): 246–269.Google Scholar

Campbell, Jacquelyn. C., Webster, Daniel, Koziol-McLain, Jane, et al. 2003. “Risk Factors for Femicide in Abusive Relationships: Results from a Multisite Case Control Study.” American Journal of Public Health, 93(7): 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.7.1089.Google Scholar

Campbell, Sean, Yablon, Alex, and Mascia, Jennifer. 2021, February 22. “Red Flag Laws: Where the Bills Stand in Each State.” The Trace. www.thetrace.org/2018/03/red-flag-laws-pending-bills-tracker-nra/.Google Scholar

Carlson, Jennifer. 2020. Policing the Second Amendment: Guns, Law Enforcement, and the Politics of Race. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021a. “The National Violence Death Reporting System.” https://wisqars.cdc.gov:8443/nvdrs/nvdrsDisplay.jsp.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021b. “Preventing Intimate Partner Violence.” www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/fastfact.html.Google Scholar

Charleston Gazette. 1998, December 5. “Domestic Violence by the Numbers.”Google Scholar

Charleston Gazette. 2002, August 27. “Hideous: Domestic Violence Horror,” A6.Google Scholar

Charleston Gazette. 2006, February 21. “Tragedy: Domestic Violence Rate,” A4.Google Scholar

Cheung, Kylie. 2020, September 8. “How Domestic Violence Is Also a Form of Voter Suppression.” Supermajority News. https://supermajority.com/2020/09/how-domestic-violence-is-also-a-form-of-voter-suppression/.Google Scholar

Clark, Paul O. 2010. “Mandatory Arrest for Misdemeanor Domestic Violence: Is Alaska’s Arrest Statute Constitutional?” Alaska Law Review, 27(2): 151–194. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=alr.Google Scholar

Condon, Meghan. 2010. “Bruise of a Different Color: The Possibilities of Restorative Justice for Minority Victims of Domestic Violence.” Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy, 17(3): 487–506.Google Scholar

Condon, Meghan, Filindra, Alexandra, and Wichowsky, Amber. 2016. “Immigrant Inclusion in the Safety Net: A Framework for Analysis and Effects on Educational Attainment.” Policy Studies Journal. 44(4): 424–448.Google Scholar

Congressional Record, 1994, June 21–June 28. Volume 140, Part 20., 13658. www.congress.gov.Google Scholar

Congressional Record, US Senate. 1996. “Lautenberg Amendments Nos. 5241–5243.” www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/09/11/CREC-1996-09-11-pt1-PgS10329.pdf.Google Scholar

Cook, Lindsey. 2014, September 25. “Domestic Violence Is as American as Apple Pie.” U.S. News and World Report.Google Scholar

Cook, Mike. 2014a, March 25. “Domestic Abusers Could Be Prohibited from Having a Gun.” St. Paul, MN: Minnesota House of Representatives.Google Scholar

Cook, Mike. 2014b, April 30. “Domestic Abusers, Stalkers Could Be Prohibited from Having a Firearm.” Minnesota House of Representatives.Google Scholar

Cook, Philip J. and Goss, Kristin A.. 2020. The Gun Debate: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cook, Rhona. 2016, September 4. “Judges Often Reluctant to Confiscate Guns in Domestic Violence Cases.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution. www.ajc.com/news/local/judges-often-reluctant-confiscate-guns-domestic-violence-cases/DjU7a74MsbPsxkr0ZmlvDI.Google Scholar

Costa, J. 2018, April 23. Pennsylvania Senate Legislative Journal, pp. 347–348. http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/SJ/2018/0/Sj20180423.pdf#page=13.Google Scholar

Crenshaw, W. Kimberlé. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241–1299.Google Scholar

Davis, Maxine Ohad Gilbar and Padilla-Medina, Diana M.. 2021. “Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration among U.S. Adults during the Earliest Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Violence and Victims, 36(5): 583–603.Google Scholar

Davis, Susan. 2021, March 17. “House Renews Violence Against Women Act, But Senate Hurdles Remain.” NPR. www.npr.org/2021/03/17/977842441/house-renews-violence-against-women-act-but-senate-hurdles-remain.Google Scholar

DeHart, Dana D. 2008. “Pathways to Prison: Impact of Victimization in the Lives of Incarcerated Women.” Violence Against Women, 14: 1362–1381.Google Scholar

DeHart, Dana D., Lynch, S., Belknap, J., Dass-Brailsford, P., and Green, B.. 2014. “Life History Models of Female Offending: The Roles of Serious Mental Illness and Trauma in Women’s Pathways to Jail.” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38: 138–151.Google Scholar

De La Cretaz, Britni. 2020, October 27. “Domestic Violence Is about Power & Control – It’s Also a Tool of Voter Suppression.” Refinery29. www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/10/10099003/domestic-violence-voter-suppression-2020-election.Google Scholar

Dellinger, Hannah. 2020, August 11. “Domestic Violence Cases Continue to Rise during Pandemic, Data Shows.” Houston Chronicle. www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/domestic-violence-continue-to-rise-pandemic-covid-15475751.php.Google Scholar

Dewar, Helen. 1996, July 22. “Domestic Abuse Bill Hits Snag Gun Control Issue Could Kill Measure.” Denver Post.Google Scholar

Dichter, Melissa E. 2015. “Women’s Experiences of Abuse as a Risk Factor for Incarceration: A Research Update.” VAWnet.org. www.researchgate.net/profile/Melissa-Dichter/publication.Google Scholar

Díez, Carolina, Kurland, Rachel P., Rothman, Emily F., et al. 2018. “State Intimate Partner Violence-Related Firearm Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in the United States, 1991 to 2015.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(8): 536–543. https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2654047/state-intimate-partner-violence-related-firearm-laws-intimate-partner-homicide.Google Scholar

Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs. 2022. Duluth, MN: Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs. www.theduluthmodel.org.Google Scholar

Donatelli, Joe and Samah, Assad. 2019, September 10. “What We Know about the Death of Aisha Fraser and the Arrest of Ex-Judge Lance Mason.” News 5 Cleveland. www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/cleveland-metro/everything-we-know-so-far-about-death-of-aish-fraser-and-arrest-of-ex-judge-lance-mason.Google Scholar

Dornblaser, Christopher. 2018, October 25. “Ex-York City Cop to Pay Fine in Domestic Assault Case.” York Dispatch. www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/crime/2018/10/25/ex-york-city-cop-pay-fine-domestic-assault-case/1760474002/.Google Scholar

Dugan, Laura. 2002. “Domestic Violence Legislation: Exploring Its Impact on Domestic Violence and the Likelihood That Police Are Informed and Arrest, Final Report.” National Institute of Justice. Document No.: 196853. https://nij.ojp.gov/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dugan, Laura, Nagin, Daniel S. and Rosenfeld, Richard. 2003, November. “Do Domestic Violence Services Save Lives? National Institute for Justice Journal, 250: 20– 25.Google Scholar

Duster, Chandelis. 2021, March 8. “Congress Moves to Reauthorize Violence Against Women Act.” CNN.com. www.cnn.com/2021/03/09/politics/vawa-reauthorization-house/index.html.Google Scholar

Ebbert, Stephanie. 2020, May 12. “When Is a Drop in Domestic Violence Bad News?” Boston Globe. www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/12/metro/when-is-drop-domestic violence-bad-news.Google Scholar

Elazar, Daniel J. 1966. American Federalism; A View from the States. New York: Crowell.Google Scholar

Epstein, Deborah. 1999. “Effective Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases: Rethinking the Roles of Prosecutors, Judges, and the Court system.” Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, 11 (1), 3–50. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlf/vol11/iss1/3.Google Scholar

Evans, Dabney P., Hawk, Shila Rene, and Ripkey, Carrie E.. 2021. “Domestic Violence in Atlanta, Georgia before and during COVID-19.” Violence and Gender, 8(3): 140–147.Google Scholar

Evans, Megan L., Lindauer, Margo, and Farrell, Maureen E.. 2020, December 10. “A Pandemic within a Pandemic: Intimate Partner Violence during Covid-19.” New England Journal of Medicine, 383: 2302–2304.Google Scholar

Everytown for Gun Safety. 2021, June 4. “Mass Shootings in America.” https://everytownresearch.org/maps/mass-shootings-in-america-2009-2019/.Google Scholar

Everytown for Gun Safety. “Navigator: Domestic Violence, Minnesota.” https://everytownresearch.org/navigator/states.html?dataset=domestic_violence&states=MN.Google Scholar

Everytown for Gun Safety. “Gun Law Navigator.” https://maps.everytown.org/navigator/states.html?dataset=domestic_violence&states=.Google Scholar

Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund. 2021. “Gun Law Navigator: Domestic Violence.” https://everytownresearch.org/navigator/index.html.Google Scholar

Farole, Donald J. Jr. and Langton, Lynn. 2007. “County-Based and Local Public Defender Offices, 2007.” Census of Public Defender Offices, 2007. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/clpdo07.pdfs.Google Scholar

Farris, Emily. 2022. “Address Confidentiality Programs.” www.addressconfidentiality.com/.Google Scholar

Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2022. Uniform Crime Reports. Database.Google Scholar

Few, April L. 2005. “The Voices of Black and White Rural Battered Women in Domestic Violence Shelters.” Family Relations, 54(4): 488–500.Google Scholar

Fording, Richard C. 2018. “Unpublished Supplement to 1998 AJPS Article.” https://rcfording.com/state-ideology-data/.Google Scholar

Fuchs, Erin. 2013, September 26. “Why Rape Is Much More Common in Alaska.” Business Insider. www.businessinsider.com/Google Scholar

Gendreau, LeAnne and Fuller, Michael. 2020, December 2. “Domestic Violence Cases in Conn. Increasing Amid Pandemic, through Holiday Season.” NBC Connecticut. www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/lt-gov-bysiewicz-to-bring-attention-to-rise-in-domestic-violence-cases-amid-pandemic-holiday-season/2374323/.Google Scholar

Georgia Commission on Family Violence. 2018. “Fatality Review Project.” https://gcfv.georgia.gov/.Google Scholar

Gilardi, Fabrizio and Wasserfallen, Fabio. 2019. “The Politics of Policy Diffusion.” European Journal of Political Research, 58(4): 1245–1256.Google Scholar

Godwin, Marcia L. and Schroedel, Jean Reith. 2000. “Policy Diffusion and Strategies for Promoting Policy Change: Evidence from California Local Gun Control Ordinances.” Policy Studies Journal, 28(4): 760–776.Google Scholar

Goodman, Lisa A. and Epstein, Deborah. 2008. “The Advocacy Response.” In Goodman, Lisa A. and Epstein, Deborah, eds., Psychology of Women. Listening to Battered Women: A Survivor-Centered Approach to Advocacy, Mental Health, and Justice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodmark, Leigh. 2018. Decriminalizing Domestic Violence. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gordon, Linda. 1988. Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence: Boston, 1880–1960. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Goss, Kristin A. 2015. “Defying the Odds on Gun Regulation: The Passage of Bipartisan Mental Health Laws across the States.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(3): 203–210.Google Scholar

Goss, Kristin A. 2020. The Paradox of Gender Equality. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Governor Tom Wolf. 2018, October 12. “Governor Wolf Signs Domestic Abuser Gun Ban, Urges Legislature to Close Gun Show Loophole.” www.governor.pa.gov/governor-wolf-signs-domestic-abuser-gun-ban-urges-legislature-close-gun-show-loophole/.Google Scholar

Graham, Erin R., Shipan, Charles R., and Volden, Craig. 2013. “The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science.” British Journal of Political Science, 43 (3): 673–701.Google Scholar

Granitz, Peter. 2013, March 22. “Murkowski Clarifies VAWA Dispute.” Alaska Public Media. www.alaskapublic.org/2013/03/22/murkowski-clarifies-vawa-dispute/.Google Scholar

Gray, Virginia. 1973. “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study.” American Political Science Review, 67(4): 1174–1185.Google Scholar

Grossback, Lawrence J., Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, and Peterson, David A. M.. 2004. “Ideology and Learning in Policy Diffusion.” American Politics Research, 32(5): 521–545.Google Scholar

Grumbach, Jake. M. 2018. “From Backwaters to Major Policymakers: Policy Polarization in the States, 1970–2014.” Perspectives on Politics, 16(2): 416–435.Google Scholar

Gupta, Alisha Haridasani and Stahl, Aviva. 2020, March 24. “For Abused Women, a Pandemic Lockdown Holds Dangers of Its Own.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/us/coronavirus-lockdown-domestic-violence.Google Scholar

Halstead, T. J. 2001. “Firearms Prohibitions and Domestic Violence Convictions: The Lautenberg Amendment.” Congressional Research Service. RL31143. congress.gov.Google Scholar

Hartman, Jennifer and Belknap, Joanne. 2003. “Beyond the Gatekeepers: Court Professionals Self-Reported Attitudes about and Experiences with Misdemeanor Domestic Violence Cases.” Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(3): 349–373.Google Scholar

Hays, Scott P. 1996. “Patterns of Reinvention: The Nature of Evolution during Policy Diffusion.” Policy Studies Journal, 24(4): 551–566.Google Scholar

Healy, Melissa. 2020, August 18. “Domestic Violence Rose during Lockdown – And Injuries Are Dramatically More Severe, Study Finds.” Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-08-18/intimate-partner-violence-spiked-80-after-pandemic-lockdown-began.Google Scholar

Heim, Shannon M. 2011. “Revisions to Minnesota Domestic Law Affords Greater Protection to Vulnerable Victims.” William Mitchell Law Review, 30(2): 950–970. https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=wmlr.Google Scholar

Helgeson, Baird. 2014, April 27. “Gun Restrictions on Domestic Abusers, Stalkers Gain Bipartisan Support in Minnesota.” Star Tribune. www.startribune.com/minnesota-is-close-to-new-gun-limits/256849681/.Google Scholar

Hess, Cynthia, Milli, Jessica, Hayes, Jeff, et al. 2015. The Status of Women in the States: 2015. Washington, DC: Institute of Women’s Policy Research. http://statusofwomendata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Status-of-Women-in-the-States-2015-Full-National-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Marc. J. and Rudolph, Thomas J.. 2015. Why Washington Won’t Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

“Hidden Problem.” 1977, July 1. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1923–2003). p. 32. http://login.library.coastal.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/july-1-1977-page-32-60/docview/1901785023/se-2?accountid=26722.Google Scholar

Hlavaty, Kaylyn and Bash, Homa. 2018, November 19. “Family Member: Aisha Fraser Was Attacked and Killed While Dropping Off Her Daughters.” News 5 Cleveland. www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-cuyahoga/aisha-fraser-killing-details.Google Scholar

Htun, Mala and Laurel Weldon, S.. 2018. The Logics of Gender Justice: State Action on Women’s Rights around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Htun, Mala and Jensenius, Francesa R.. 2020. “Comparative Perspectives on the Caregiving Crisis, Welfare States, and Men’s Roles.” APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, XXX( 2): 22–32.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2020, July 3. “Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences Regarding COVID-19 and the Increase of Domestic Violence against Women.” www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/03/submission-un-special-rapporteur-violence-against-women-its-causes-and-consequences.Google Scholar

Hunter, Michelle. 2020, September 29. “Woman Killed by Boyfriend and Man Shot by Deputies in Avondale Have Been Identified.” Nola.com. www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_eeb0bc78-0282-11eb-a25e-63577a550f2a.html.Google Scholar

Institute for Women’s Policy Research. 2015. “Status of Women in the States: 2015 Full National Report.” http://statusofwomendata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Status-of-Women-in-the-States-2015-Full-National-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Jones, Loring. 2008. “The Distinctive Characteristics and Needs of Domestic Violence Victims in a Native American Community.” Journal of Family Violence, 23(2): 113–118.Google Scholar

Joslyn, Mark R., Haider‐Markel, Donald P., Baggs, Michael, and Bilbo, Andrew. 2017. “Emerging Political Identities? Gun Ownership and Voting in Presidential Elections.” Social Science Quarterly, 98(2): 382–396.Google Scholar

Kansas City Star. 2018, February 19. “More Women Die When Domestic Abusers Own Guns. Do Kansas and Missouri Lawmakers Care?” www.kansascity.com/opinion/editorials/article200998154.html.Google Scholar

Karch, Andrew. 2012. “Vertical Diffusion and the Policy-Making Process: The Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research.” Political Science Research, 65(1): 48–61.Google Scholar

Karni, Annie. 2021, April 9. “Ghost Guns: What They Are, and Why They Are an Issue Now.” NewYork Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/us/politics/ghost-guns-explainer.html.Google Scholar

Kelley, Lauren. 2020, July 14. “Who Bears Witness to a Hidden Epidemic?” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/sunday/domestic-violence-coronavirus.Google Scholar

Kim, Junghack, McDonald III, Bruce D., and Lee, Jooho. 2018. “The Nexus of State and Local Capacity in Vertical Policy Diffusion.” The American Review of Public Administration, 48 (2): 188–200.Google Scholar

Kivisto, Aaron J., Magee, Lauren A., Phalen, Peter L. and Ray, Bradley R. 2019. “Firearm Ownership and Domestic versus Nondomestic Homicide in the U.S.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(3): 311–320.Google Scholar

Kluger, Jeffrey. 2021, February 3. “Domestic Violence Is a Pandemic within the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Time Magazine. https://time.com/5928539/domestic-violence-covid-19/.Google Scholar

Kolinovsky, Sarah. 2019. “House Republicans, at NRA’s Urging, Vote against Violence Against Women Act.” https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-republicans-nras-urging-vote-violence-women-act/story?id=62198856.Google Scholar

Krutz, Glen S. 2001. Hitching a Ride: Omnibus Legislating in the U.S. Congress. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar

Kueppers, Courtney. 2020, April 1. “Kemp Shares Number for State’s Domestic Violence Hotline for Those in Need.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution. www.ajc.com/news/kemp-shares-number-for-state-domestic-violence-hotline-for-those-need.Google Scholar

Lacombe, Matthew J. 2019. “Political Weaponization of Gun Owners.” Journal of Politics, 81 (4):1342–1356.Google Scholar

LaCombe, Scott J. and Boehmke, Frederick J.. 2020. “Learning and Diffusion Models.” In Curini, Luigi and Franzese, Robert, eds. The Sage Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 311–328.Google Scholar

Lang, Marissa J. 2020, March 27. “Domestic Violence Will Increase during Coronavirus Quarantines and Stay-at-Home Orders, Experts Warn.” Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/local/domestic-violence-will-increase-during-coronavirus-quarantines-and-stay-at-home-orders-experts-warn/.Google Scholar

Lasswell, Harold D. 2011 (1936). Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. Montreal, Canada: Literary Licensing.Google Scholar

Lauer, Hallie. 2020, June 16. “Abuse Hotlines Light up after Region’s Move to Green Phase.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2020/06/16/.Google Scholar

Laws of Alaska. 1996. “Domestic Violence Prevention and Victim Protection Act of 1996.” SLA 64. www.legis.state.ak.us/PDF/19/Bills/HB0314E.PDF, Section 12.Google Scholar

Laws of Alaska. 2006a. “Harassment/Assault/Stalking.” SLA Chapter 87. www.legis.state.ak.us/PDF/24/Bills/HB0343Z.PDF.Google Scholar

Laws of Alaska. 2006b. “Protective Order for Sexual Assault/Abuse.” SLA Chapter 36. www.legis.state.ak.us/PDF/24/Bills/SB0054Z.PDF.Google Scholar

Leckrone, J. Wesley. 2013. “State and Local Political Culture.” The American Partnership. https://theamericanpartnership.com/2013/12/18/state-and-local-political-culture/.Google Scholar

Levendusky, Matthew. S. 2009. “The Microfoundations of Mass Polarization.” Political Analysis, 17(2), 162–176.Google Scholar

Levy, Marc. 2018, March 21. “Senate OKs Bill to Toughen Gun Laws in Domestic Abuse Cases.” https://www.wfmj.com/story/37777329/pennsylvania-senate-oks-bill-to-toughen-gun-laws-in-domestic-abuse-cases.Google Scholar

Lundy, Rose. 2021, March 7. “Calls to Domestic Violence Were More Frequent – and Dire – during Pandemic.” Maine Monitor. www.themainemonitor.org/calls-to-domestic-violence-hotlines-were-more-frequent-and-dire-during-pandemic/.Google Scholar

MacDonald, Evan. 2018, December 7. “Aisha Fraser Mason’s Uncle Wants ‘11 Questions’ Law for Ohio to Help Protect Domestic Abuse Victims.” Cleveland.com. www.cleveland.com/expo/news/erry-2018/12/b9c33054881924/aisha-fraser-masons-brother-wa.html.Google Scholar

Mahoney, Scott. 2018, May 12. “Alwin King, 29, Gets 3 Years Probation for Shooting Woman in the Leg.” Chronicle. http://www.chroniclet.com/cops-and-courts/2018/05/12/Alwin-King-29-gets-3-years-probation-for-shooting-woman-in-the-leg.html.Google Scholar

Mallinson, Daniel J. 2019. “Who Are Your Neighbors? The Role of Ideology and Decline of Geographic Proximity in the Diffusion of Policy Innovations.” Policy Studies Journal, 49(1): 67–88.Google Scholar

Martin, Luke X. 2021, June 28. “New 2nd Amendment Protections In Missouri Split Law Enforcement.” NPR. www.npr.org/2021/06/28/1010320106/new-2nd-amendment-protections-in-missouri-split-law-enforcement.Google Scholar

Maryland Police Training and Standards Commission. 2016. “Lethality Assessment Program Report – In Response to House Bill 1371. https://mdle.net/pdf/HB1371-Report_regarding_Lethality_Assessment_Program_12–1-16.pdf.Google Scholar

Mason, Lilliana. 2015. “‘I Disrespectfully Agree’”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 59(1): 128–145.Google Scholar

Mason, Lilliana. 2018. “Ideologues without Issues: The Polarizing Consequences of Ideological Identities.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1): 280–301.Google Scholar

Mauer, Marc. 2013, February 27. “The Changing Racial Dynamics of Women’s Incarceration.” Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org/publications/the-changing-racial-dynamics-of-womens-incarceration/.Google Scholar

Messing, Jill T., Becerra, David, Ward-Lasher, Allison, and Androff, David K.. 2015. “Latinas’ Perceptions of Law Enforcement: Fear of Deportation, Crime Reporting, and Trust in the System.” Journal of Women and Social Work, 30(3): 328–340.Google Scholar

Messing, Jill. T., Campbell, Jacquelyn. C., Wilson, Janet. S., et al. (2014). Police Departments’ Use of the Lethality Assessment Program: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation. U.S. Department of Justice, Award No. 2008-WG-BX-0002.Google Scholar

Mettler, Suzanne. 1998. Dividing Citizens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Mettler, Suzanne and SoRelle, Mallory. 2014. “Policy Feedback Theory.” In Sabatier, Paul A. and Weible, Christopher M., eds. Theories of the Policy Process, 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar

Michener, Jamila. 2018. Fragmented Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Minard, Anna. 2013, June 12. “When Domestic Violence Becomes a Mass Shooting.” The Stranger.com. www.thestranger.com/seattle/when-domestic-violence-becomes-a-mass-shooting/Content?oid=17004357.Google Scholar

Minnesota Code of Laws. 2018. “Domestic Assault.” www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/609.2242.Google Scholar

Minnesota Code of Laws. 2022. Office of the Revisor of Statutes. revisor.mn.gov/laws.Google Scholar

Minnesota Statute 609.2242; Revised Code Washington 939.51. Revisor.mn.gov/laws.Google Scholar

Montana Domestic Violence Fatality Review Commission. 2020. https://leg.mt.gov/content/Committees/Interim/2019-2020/Law-and-Justice/Committee-Topics/Required-Reports/2019-domestic-violence-review-commission-report-doj.pdf.Google Scholar

Montana House Judiciary Committee. 2019. http://sg001-harmony.sliq.net/00309/Harmony/en/PowerBrowser/PowerBrowserV2/20170221/-1/34673?agendaId=143824#agenda.Google Scholar

Mooney, Christopher Z. 2001. “Modeling Regional Effects on State Policy Diffusion.” Political Research Quarterly, 54(1): 103–124.Google Scholar

Mooney, Christopher Z. 2020. The Study of US State Policy Diffusion: What Hath Walker Wrought?” New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moore, Katherine. 2015. “No More Simple Battery in West Virginia: The Newly Amended § 61-2-9 and § 61-2-28.” West Virginia Law Review, 117 W. Va. L. Rev. Online 21. https://wvlawreview.wvu.edu/west-virginia-law-review-online/2015/02/16/no-more-simple-battery-in-west-virginia.Google Scholar

Mozes, Alan. 2020, August 18. “Study Finds Rise in Domestic Violence during COVID.” WebMD. www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200818/radiology-study-suggests-horrifying-rise-in-domestic-violence-during-pandemic#1.Google Scholar

Murchison, Adrianne. 2020, June 25. “Police Work to Handle Rise in Domestic Violence Calls during Pandemic.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, www.ajc.com/news/local/police-work-handle-rise-domestic-violence-calls-during-pandeimc.Google Scholar

National Association of Confidential Address Programs. 2021. “Spring 2021 Newsletter.” www.nacap.org/uploads/8/8/9/9/88992652/nacap_spring_2021_newsletter.pdf.Google Scholar

National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence. 2008. “Timeline of the Battered Women’s Movement.” www.ncdsv.org/images/NYCHRADSS_TImelineBWM_2008.pdf.Google Scholar

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 2018, June 6. “Domestic Violence and the LGBTQ Community.” https://ncadv.org/blog/posts/domestic-violence-and-the-lgbtq-community.Google Scholar

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. 2021. “Statistics.” www.ncadv.org/learn/statistics.Google Scholar

National Congress of American Indians. 2018, March 20. “VAWA 2013’s Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction (SDVCJ) Five-Year Report.” www.ncai.org/resources/ncai-publications/SDVCJ_5_Year_Report.pdf.Google Scholar

National Congress of American Indians. 2021. “Demographics.” https://www.ncai.org/about-tribes/demographics.Google Scholar

National Council of State Legislatures. 2017. “Full-and Part-Time Legislatures.” National Conference of State Legislatures. www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/full-and-part-time-legislatures.aspx.Google Scholar

National Council of State Legislatures. 2019. “Domestic Violence/Domestic Abuse Definitions and Relationships.” www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/domestic-violence-domestic-abuse-definitions-and-relationships.aspx.Google Scholar

National Council of State Legislatures. 2021. “State Partisan Composition.” www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/partisan-composition.aspx#Timelines.Google Scholar

National Council of State Legislatures. “Partisan Composition of State Legislatures 1990–2000.” www.ncsl.org/documents/statevote/legiscontrol_1990_2000.pdf.Google Scholar

National Domestic Violence Hotline. 2021. “Types of Abuse.” www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/.Google Scholar

National LGBTQ Task Force. 2022, March 11. “President Biden Signs Violence Against Women Reauthorization.” www.thetaskforce.org/president-biden-signs-violence-against-women-reauthorization/.Google Scholar

National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. https://ncadv.org/signs-of-abuse.Google Scholar

Neumann, Janice. 2020, July 22. “Domestic Violence Advocates, Victims Face Special Challenges during Pandemic.” Chicago Tribune. www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/ct-sta-crisis-center-court-advocates-st-0723-20200722-cltfsmbshvfizipbskjhuhc27e-story.html.Google Scholar

Obeidallah, Dean. 2021, March 21. “The Shameful Vote by 172 Republicans.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2021/03/21/opinions/republicans-vote-against-vawa-women-obeidallah/index.html.Google Scholar

Office of Governor. 2021, October 8. “Governor Newsom Signs Legislation to Bolster California’s Nation-Leading Gun Safety Laws, Support Survivors of Domestic Violence.” www.gov.ca.gov/2021/10/08.Google Scholar

Office of Justice Programs. 2016. “National Institute of Justice Five Things about Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men.” https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249815.pdf.Google Scholar

Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. 2016. “West Virginia Domestic Violence Fatality Review Panel Annual Report.” www.wvlegislature.gov/legisdocs/reports/agency/H01_CY_2014_13578.pdf.Google Scholar

Office of Violence Against Women, 2019. “OVW Fiscal Year 2020 Improving Criminal Justice Responses to Domestic Violence, Dating Violence, Sexual Assault, and Stalking Grant Program.” www.justice.gov/ovw/page/file/1252371/download.Google Scholar

Office of Violence Against Women, 2020a. “Awards by State and Program.” www.justice.gov/ovw/awards.Google Scholar

Office of Violence Against Women, 2020b. “OVW Grants and Programs.” www.justice.gov/ovw/grant-programs.Google Scholar

Office of Violence Against Women, 2021. “Solicitation Program Guide.” www.justice.gov/ovw/page/file/1342606/download.Google Scholar

Orcutt, Ben. 2015, June 3. “Homicides Stun Cul-de-Sac: ‘Why His Own Daughter?’” Chesterfield Observer. www.chesterfieldobserver.com/articles/homicides-stun-cul-de-sac-why-his-own-daughter/.Google Scholar

Orloff, Leslye E. and Feldman, Paige. 2017. “Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Public Policy Timeline.” Washington, DC: American University College of Law.Google Scholar

Parker, Kim, Horowitz, Juliana, Igielnik, Ruth, Oliphant, Baxter, and Brown, Anna. 2017. “America’s Complex Relationship with Guns.” Pew Research Center. https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/06/06151541/Guns-Report-FOR-WEBSITE-PDF-6-21.pdf.Google Scholar

Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence (PCADV). 2005. “2004 Domestic Violence Fatality Report.” Harrisburg, PA: PCADV, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar

Pennsylvania State Senate. 2016, December 21. “Memorandum: Tierne’s Law – Enhanced Domestic Violence Protection.” www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/CSM/showMemoPublic.cfm?chamber=S&SPick=20170&cosponId=21562.Google Scholar

Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science, 40(3): 825–850.Google Scholar

Petrosky, Emiko, Blair, Janet M., Betz, Carter J., et al. 2017. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence – United States, 2003–2014.” MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66: 741–746. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6628a1.Google Scholar

Pinchevsky, Gillian M. 2017. “Understanding Decision-Making in Specialized Domestic Violence Courts: Can Contemporary Theoretical Frameworks Help Guide These Decisions?” Violence Against Women, 23(6): 749–771.Google Scholar

Piore, Adam. 1996a, March 21. “Bill Seeks to Keep Guns from Spouse Abusers.” Hackensack, NJ: The Bergen Record. www.loc.gov/item/sn84020452/.Google Scholar

Piore, Adam. 1996b, September 6. “Democrats Urge Gun Ban for Domestic Violence Offenders, Gingrich Asked to Pass Bill.” The Record.Google Scholar

Piquero, Alex R., Jennings, Wesley G., Jemison, Erin, Kaukinen, Catherine, and Knaul, Felicia Marie. 2021, February. “Domestic Violence during COVID-19: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” https://cdn.ymaws.com/counciloncj.org/resource/resmgr/covid_commission/Domestic_Violence_During_COV.pdf.Google Scholar

Pleck, Elizabeth. 1989. “Criminal Approaches to Family Violence, 1640–1980.” Crime and Justice, 11: 19–57.Google Scholar

The Progress-Index. 2015, June 18. “Police: Text Messages, Phone Calls, Reveal Stafford Shaw’s Confession to Killing Estranged Girlfriend, Their Infant Child.” www.progress-index.com/article/20150618/NEWS/150619663.Google Scholar

Primus, Eve Brensike. 2017. “Defense Counsel and Public Defense.” In Luna, Erik, ed. Vol. 3 of Reforming Criminal Justice: Pretrial and Trial Processes. Phoenix: Arizona State University, pp. 121–145.Google Scholar

Ptacek, James. 1999. Battered Women in the Courtroom: The Power of Judicial Responses. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar

Queram, Kate Elizabeth. 2021, October 4. “Why States Are Expanding Domestic Violence Laws to Include Emotional Abuse.” Route Fifty. www.route-fifty.com/health-human-services/2021/10/states-expanding-domestic-violence-coercive/185827/.Google Scholar

Quester, Nicole M. 2007. “Refusing to Remove an Obstacle to the Remedy: The Supreme Court’s Decision in Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales Continues to Deny Domestic Violence Victims Meaningful Recourse.” Akron Law Review 40(2): 391–434.Google Scholar

Raissian, Kerri M. 2016. “Hold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce Domestic Homicides?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 35(1): 67–93.Google Scholar

Reaves, Brian A. 2017. “Police Response to Domestic Violence, 2006–2015.” US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/prdv0615.pdf.Google Scholar

Resnik, Judith. 2002. “Reconstructing Equality: Of Justice, Justicia, and the Gender of Jurisdiction.” Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 14(393): 393–418.Google Scholar

Revised Code Washington State. 2019. “Domestic Violence Prevention: Definitions.” https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=26.50.Google Scholar

Root, Danielle. 2018, November 1. “Obstacles to Voting for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence.” Center for American Progress. www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/11/01/460377/obstacles-voting-survivors-intimate-partner-violence/.Google Scholar

Rosen, Andy. 2020, May 10. “Rollins Believes Many Domestic Violence, Child Abuse Cases Are Going Unreported.” Boston Globe. www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/10/nation/rollins-believes-many-domestic-violence-child-abuse-cases-are-going-unreported.Google Scholar

Rothman, Emily F., Hathaway, Jeanne, Stidsen, Andrea, and de Vries, Heather. F., 2007. “How Employment Helps Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Study.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2): 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.136.Google Scholar

Ryan, John B., Andrews, Talbot M., Goodwin, Tracy and Krupnikov, Yanna. 2020. “When Trust Matters: The Case of Gun Control.” Political Behavior, pp.1–24.Google Scholar

Ryzik, Melena and Benner, Katie. 2021, January 22. “What Defines Domestic Abuse? Survivors Say It’s More Than Assault.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/us/cori-bush-fka-twigs-coercive-control.html?smid=tw-share.Google Scholar

Sacco, Lisa N. 2019. “The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): Historical Overview, Funding, and Reauthorization.” Congressional Research Service. www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190423_R45410_672f9e33bc12ac7ff52d47a8e6bd974d96e92f02.pdf.Google Scholar

Sawer, Marion and Vickers, Jill. 2016. “Introduction: Political Architecture and its Gender Impact.” In Haussman, Melissa, Sawer, Marian, and Vickers, Jill, eds. Federalism, Feminism and Multilevel Governance. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Schechter, Susan. 1982. Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar

Schiller, Wendy J. and Sidorsky, Kaitlin N.. 2022. “Federalism, Policy Diffusion, and Gender Equality: Explaining Variation in State Domestic Violence Firearm Laws 1990–2017.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Schneider, Elizabeth M. 2000. Battered Women & Feminist Lawmaking. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seib, Gerald F. 2020. We Should Have Seen It Coming: From Reagan to Trump – A Front-Row Seat to a Political Revolution. New York: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar

Selvaratnam, Tanya. 2020, March 23. “Where Can Domestic Violence Victims Turn during Covid-19?” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/opinion/covid-domestic-violence.html?searchResultPosition=13.Google Scholar

Shipan, Charles R. and Volden, Craig. 2008. “The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(4): 840–857.Google Scholar

Shor, Boris and McCarty, Nolan. 2011. ”The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures.” American Political Science Review, 105: 530–551.Google Scholar

Sidorsky, Kaitlin. 2015. “Moving on Up? The Gendered Ambitions of State-Level Appointed Officials.” Political Research Quarterly, 68(4): 802–815.Google Scholar

Sidorsky, Kaitlin. 2019. All Roads Lead to Power. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar

Sidorsky, Kaitlin and Schiller, Wendy J.. 2020. “Litigating Lives and Gender Inequality: Public Defenders, Policy Implementation, and Domestic Violence Sentencing.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 41(3):320–333. www.tandfonline.com. DOI 10.1080-1554477x.2020.1800355.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda. 1995. Protecting Mothers and Soldiers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda and Williamson, Vanessa. 2016. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Kelly B. 2019. “Learning without Widespread Policy Adoption: Early Childhood Education in the American States.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 50(1): 3–29.Google Scholar

Smucker, Sierra. 2019. “(Strategically) Absent Advocates: How Domestic Violence-Related Firearms Policies Passed in Pro-Gun States, 2013–2015.” Interest Groups & Advocacy, 8: 121–164.Google Scholar

Sokoloff, Natalie J. 2008. “Expanding the Intersectional Paradigm to Better Understand Domestic Violence in Immigrant Communities.” Critical Criminology, 16: 229–255.Google Scholar

Sokoloff, Natalie J. and Dupont, Ida. 2005. “Domestic Violence at the Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender: Challenges and Contributions to Understanding Violence Against Marginalized Women in Diverse Communities.” Violence Against Women, 11(1): 38–64.Google Scholar

Sokoloff, Natalie J. and Pratt, Christina, eds. 2005. Domestic Violence at the Margins: Readings on Race, Class, Gender, and Culture. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Soler, Esta. 1987. “Domestic Violence Is a Crime: A Case Study – San Francisco Family Violence Project.” In Sonkin, Daniel J., ed. Domestic Violence on Trial: Psychological and Dimensions of Family Violence. New York: Springer, pp. 21–28.Google Scholar

Solnit, Rebecca. 2018, November 19. “How Many Husbands Control the Votes of Their Wives? We’ll Never Know.” Guardian. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/19/voter-intimidation-republicans-democrats-midterm-elections.Google Scholar

Southall, Ashley. 2020, April 17. “Why a Drop in Domestic Violence Reports Might Not Be a Good Sign.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/nyregion/new-york-city-domestic-violence-coronavirus.Google Scholar

Spangler, Todd. 2019, February 28. “Rep. Debbie Dingell: My Father Was ‘Mentally Ill,’ Shouldn’t Have Had a Gun.” USA Today. www.usatoday.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/02/28/gun-debate-debbie-dingell-father/3019595002/.Google Scholar

Speth, Linda E. 1982. “The Married Women’s Property Acts, 1839–1865: Reform, Reaction, or Revolution?” In Kelly Weisberg, D., ed. Women and the Law: A Social Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Spohn, Cassia and Holleran, David. 2001. “Prosecuting Sexual Assault: A Comparison of Charging Decisions in Sexual Assault Cases Involving Strangers, Acquaintances, and Intimate Partners.” Justice Quarterly, 18(3): 651–688.Google Scholar

Stevens, Holly R., Sheppard, Colleen E., Spangenberg, Robert, Wickman, Aimee, and Gould, Jon B.. 2010. “State, County and Local Expenditures for Indigent Defense Services Fiscal Year 2008.” www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/ls_sclaid_def_expenditures_fy08.authcheckdam.pdf.Google Scholar

St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1977, July 1. “A Hidden Problem.” stltoday.comGoogle Scholar

Staff, . 2020. “Deanna Walters – Domestic Violence Survivor.” Criminal Discourse Podcast. https://criminaldiscoursepodcast.com/deanna-walters/.Google Scholar

Stop Arming Felons Act. 1992. “Stop Arming Felons Act: Hearing on S.2304 before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, May 5, 1992.” www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/stop-arming-felons-act-hearing-s2304-us-senate-subcommittee.Google Scholar

Thomas, Alex. 2018, September 11. “Manchin Arms Himself in Latest Ads; NRA Issues Election Call to Arms.” WVMetroNews.com. wvmetronews.com/2018/09/11/manchin-arms-himself-in-latest-ads-nra-issues-election-call-to-arms/.Google Scholar

Tingley, Jane C. 2015. “Family and Intimate Partner Homicide.” Virginia Department of Health. www.vdh.virginia.gov/content/uploads/sites/18/2018/02/2015-FIPS-Annual-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Tjaden, Patricia G. and Thoennes, Nancy. 2000a. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf.Google Scholar

Tjaden, Patricia G. and Thoennes, Nancy. 2000b. “Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women.” Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https:nij.ojp.gov/library/publications.Google Scholar

Treisman, Rachel. 2022, June 23.“The Senate Gun Bill Would Close the ’Boyfriend Loophole.’ Here’s What That Means.” NPR.org. www.npr.org/2022/06/23/1106967037/boyfriend-loophole-senate-bipartisan-gun-safety-bill-domestic-abuse.Google Scholar

Uggen, Chris, Larson, Ryan, Shannon, Sarah, and Pulido-Nava, Arleth. 2020, October 30. “Locked Out 2020: Estimates of People Denied Voting Rights Due to a Felony Conviction.” The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org/publications/locked-out-2020-estimates-of-people-denied-voting-rights-due-to-a-felony-conviction/.Google Scholar

United States Congress. “H.R. 3756: Treasury, Postal Service, and General Appropriations Act, 1997.” https://www.congress.gov/amendment/104th-congress/senate-amendment/5241?s=1&r=40.Google Scholar

United States Senator for Alaska Lisa Murkowski. 2022. “Murkowski and Colleagues Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Reauthorize Violence Against Women Act.” www.murkowski.senate.gov/press/release/murkowski-and-colleagues-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-reauthorize-violence-against-women-act-.Google Scholar

US Census Bureau. 2018. “The American Community Survey.” Various years (2001–2017) www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs.html.Google Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Bridged-Race Population Estimates, United States July 1st Resident Population by State, County, Age, Sex, Bridged-Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2017. Available on CDC WONDER Online Database. http://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-race-v2017.html.Google Scholar

US Department of Justice. 2018. “Easy Access to FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: 1980–2016.” www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezashr/asp/off_selection.asp.Google Scholar

US Department of Justice. 2021. “Rural Program.” Office on Violence Against Women. www.justice.gov/ovw/page/file/1117481/download.Google Scholar

US Department of Justice. FY Budget 2022 Request; Addressing Gender-Based Violence. www.justice.gov/jmd/page/file/1398856/download.Google Scholar

US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. 2014. “Restrictions on the Possession of Firearms by Individuals Convicted of a Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence.” www.justice.gov/jm/criminal-resource-manual-1117-restrictions-possession-firearms-individuals-convicted.Google Scholar

US House of Representatives. 2022. “From Title 34: Crime Control and Law Enforcement.” https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:34%20section:10461%20edition:prelim).Google Scholar

Vigna, Ariane. 2021, May 17. “Domestic Violence Survivors Face More Obstacles during Pandemic.” Amherst Bulletin. www.amherstbulletin.com/Domestic-violence-survivors-in-pandemic-40413217.Google Scholar

Walters, Mikel L., Chen, Jieru and Breiding, Matthew J.. 2013. “The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation.” Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. cdc.gov.Google Scholar

Weisman, Jonathan. 2012, April 27. “Senate Votes to Reauthorize Domestic Violence Act.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2012/04/27/us/politics/senate-votes-to-renew-violence-against-women-act.html?searchResultPosition=20.Google Scholar

Weldon, S. Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Weldon, S. Laurel. 2006. “Women’s Movements, Identity Politics and Policy Impact: A Study of Policies on Violence against Women in the 50 United States.” Political Research Quarterly, 59(1): 111–122.Google Scholar

Whitesell, Anne. 2019. “Who Represents the Needs of Domestic Violence Survivors in State Welfare Policy?” Politics and Gender, 15(3): 514–546.Google Scholar

Wildavsky, Aaron. 1984. “Federalism Means Inequality: Political Geometry, Political Sociology, and Political Culture.” In Golembiewski, Robert, ed. The Costs of Federalism: In Honor of James W. Fesler. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Wolf, Robert V. 2020. “In Practice: Courts Respond as COVID-19 Fuels Rise in Domestic Violence.” Center for Court Innovation. www.courtinnovation.org/publications/courts-covid-dv.Google Scholar

Wooldredge, John and Thistlethwaite, Amy. 2002. “Reconsidering Domestic Violence Recidivism: Conditioned Effects of Legal Controls by Individual and Aggregate Levels of Stake in Conformity.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(1): 45–70.Google Scholar

Worden, Amy. 2005, November 30. “Unlikely Coalition behind Gun Law: The General Assembly Has Passed an Anti-Domestic Violence Bill to Give Judges the Power to Seize Firearms.” Philadelphia Inquirer, A1.Google Scholar

WWBT NBC12 News 2015. “Search Warrant Offers Details of Grisly Chesterfield Murder Scene.” www.nbc12.com/story/29229957/search-warrant-offers-details-of-grisly-chesterfield-murder-scene/.Google Scholar

Zeoli, April M., McCourt, Alexander, Buggs, Shani, et al. 2018. “Retracted: Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Homicide.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(7): 1449–1455.Google Scholar