Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-qdpjg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-16T02:40:15.405Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2025

Owen Bowden-Jones
Affiliation:
University College London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Nitrous Oxide-Updated Harms Assessment (2023) Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6405b9db8fa8f527f110a3b2/ACMD_Nitrous_Oxide_Report_06_March.pdf.Google Scholar
Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2019) Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA): an updated harms assessment and a review of classification and scheduling under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and its Regulations 2. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/929909/FOR_PUBLICATION_-_ACMD_SCRA_report_final.pdf.Google Scholar
Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2015) Prevention of Drug and Alcohol Dependence – Summary. ACMD. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a80edaeed915d74e62313e3/ACMD-prevention-summary-250215.pdf.Google Scholar
Agrawal, A, Lynskey, MT (2006) The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence. Addiction, 101, 801812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agrawal, PR, Scarabelli, TM, Saravolatz, L, et al. (2015) Current strategies in the evaluation and management of cocaine-induced chest pain. Cardiology in Review, 23, 303–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akram, H, Mokrysz, C, Curran, HV (2019) What are the psychological effects of using synthetic cannabinoids? A systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(3), 271283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcoholics Anonymous (2015) The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. Available at: www.alcoholics-anonymous.org.uk/About-AA/The-12-Steps-of-AA.Google Scholar
ash (2021) Use of E-Cigarettes (Vapes) among Adults in Great Britain. Available at: https://ash.org.uk/uploads/Use-of-e-cigarettes-vapes-among-adults-in-Great-Britain-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Australian National Council on Drugs (2013) ANCD Position Paper. Drug Testing. Available at: www.atoda.org.au/wp-content/uploads/DrugTesting2.pdf.Google Scholar
Ball, J (2013) Silk Road: the online drug marketplace that officials seem powerless to stop. The Guardian, 22 March. Available at: www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/22/silk-road-online-drug-marketplace.Google Scholar
Blakemore, SJ (2012) Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain. NeuroImage, 61(2), 397406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blakemore, SJ, Choudhury, S (2006) Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 296312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnet, U, Specka, M, Soyka, M, et al. (2020) Ranking the harm of psychoactive drugs including prescription analgesics to users and others: a perspective of German addiction medicine experts. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borgelt, LM, Franson, KL, Nussbaum, AM, et al. (2013) The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33, 195209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borges, G, Orozco, R, Benjet, C, et al. (2020) (Internet) gaming disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: a case of the glass half empty or half full: (Internet) Le trouble du jeu dans le DSM-5 et la CIM-11: Un cas de verre à moitié vide et à moitié plein. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(5), 070674372094843.Google Scholar
Butt, A, John, E (2021) Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK – Office for National Statistics. Available at: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/causesofdeath/bulletins/alcoholrelateddeathsintheunitedkingdom/registeredin2020.Google Scholar
Case, A, Deaton, A. (2020) Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Castillo, D, Bonnet, P, Varescon, I (2023) Profiles of pornography use based on addictive mechanisms and psychopathological features. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01087-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Provisional Drug Overdose Data. [online] CDC. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm.Google Scholar
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2013) Appendix B. Urine Collection and Testing Procedures and Alternative Methods for Monitoring Drug Use. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64092/.Google Scholar
Cheeta, S, Halil, A, Kenny, M, et al. (2018) Does perception of drug-related harm change with age? A cross-sectional online survey of young and older people. BMJ Open, 8(11), e021109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crone, EA, Dahl, RA (2012) Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 636650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Souza, DC, DiForti, M, Ganesh, S, et al. (2022) Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2022.2038797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dargan, PI, Tang, HC, Liang, W, et al. (2014) Three months of methoxetamine administration is associated with significant bladder and renal toxicity in mice. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, PA), 52, 176180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Alarcón, R, de la Iglesia, J, Casado, N, Montejo, A (2019) Online porn addiction: what we know and what we don’t – a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deaton, A (2021) Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Department for Education (2013) Personal, Social, Health and Economic (PSHE) Education. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/personal-social-health-and-economiceducation-pshe/personal-social-health-and-economic-pshe-education.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2007) Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management. Department of Health (England), the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive.Google Scholar
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (2023) Trauma-informed approaches to supporting people experiencing multiple disadvantage: a Rapid Evidence Assessment. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/642af3a77de82b000c31350d/Changing_Futures_Evaluation_-_Trauma_informed_approaches_REA.pdf.Google Scholar
Di Forti, M, Marconi, A, Carra, E, et al. (2015) Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case–control study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 233238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Forti, M, Quattrone, D, Freeman, TP, et al. (2019) The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 427436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EMCDDA (2022) European Drug Report 2022: Trends and Developments. Available at: www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en.Google Scholar
European Commission (2014) Flash Eurobarometer 401: Young People and Drugs. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_401_present_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2014) EMCDDA–Europol 2013 Annual Report on the Implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2015) New Psychoactive Substances in Europe: An Update from the EU Early Warning System. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.Google Scholar
European Union Drug Agency (2024) New psychoactive substances – the current situation in Europe. Available at: www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/new-psychoactive-substances_en.Google Scholar
Faggiano, F, Monozzi, S, Versino, E, et al. (2014) Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 12, CD003020.Google Scholar
Freeman, TP, Groshkova, T, Cunningham, A, et al. (2019) Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16. Addiction, 114(6), 10151023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, TP, Winstock, AR (2015) Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 31813189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelernter, J, Polimanti, R (2021) Genetics of substance use disorders in the era of big data. Nature Reviews Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-021-00377-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
General Medical Council (2007) 0–18 Years: Guidance for All Doctors. Available at: www.gmc-uk.org/static/documents/content/0-18_years_-_English_1015.pdf.Google Scholar
General Pharmaceutical Council (2019) Guidance for registered pharmacies providing pharmacy services at a distance, including on the internet. Available at: www.pharmacyregulation.org/sites/default/files/document/guidance_for_registered_pharmacies_providing_pharmacy_services_at_a_distance_including_on_the_internet_april_2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Ghasemiesfe, M, Barrow, B, Leonard, S, Keyhani, S, Korenstein, D (2019) Association between marijuana use and risk of cancer. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1916318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glantz, MD, Anthony, JC, Berglund, PA, et al. (2009) Mental disorders as risk factors for later substance dependence: estimates of optimal prevention and treatment benefits. Psychological Medicine, 39, 13651377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gobbi, G, Atkin, T, Zytynski, T, et al. (2019) Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GOV.UK (2023) Prime Minister to create ‘smokefree generation’ by ending cigarette sales to those born on or after 1 January 2009. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-to-create-smokefree-generation-by-ending-cigarette-sales-to-those-born-on-or-after-1-january-2009.Google Scholar
Hailes, HP, Yu, R, Danese, A, Fazel, S (2019) Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 830839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajek, P, Phillips-Waller, A, Przulj, D, et al. (2019) A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(7), 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, JH, Pope, HG (2003) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: what do we know after 50 years? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69, 109119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, CR, Brown, A (2013) Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 44, 360366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasin, DS (2017) US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(1), 195212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Health and Social Care Information Centre (2015) Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England in 2014. National Statistics.Google Scholar
Higuchi, S, Osaki, Y, Kinjo, A, et al. (2021) Development and validation of a nine-item short screening test for ICD-11 gaming disorder (GAMES test) and estimation of the prevalence in the general young population. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(2), 263280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Home Office (2014) Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
icd.who.int (2024) ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%253a%252f%252fid.who.int%252ficd%252fentity%252f1041487064.Google Scholar
Johnson, EC, Demontis, D, Thorgeirsson, TE, et al. (2020) A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(12), 10321045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L, Miech, R, Patrick, M, et al. (n.d.) Monitoring Future National Survey Results 2022 Overview Sponsored by The National Institute on Drug Abuse at The National Institutes of Health Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Available at: https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/mtfoverview2022.pdf.Google Scholar
Kelmendi, B, Kaye, AP, Pittenger, C, Kwan, AC (2022) Psychedelics. Current Biology, 32(2), R63R67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, WK-W, Ngan, LH-M, Chan, RC-H, Wu, WK-K, Lau, BW-M (2021) Impact of COVID-19 on pornography use: evidence from big data analyses. PLOS ONE, 16(12), e0260386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leeman, RF, Potenza, MN (2012) Similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 219, 469490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindson, N, Butler, AR, McRobbie, H, et al. (2024) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. PubMed, 1, CD010216. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010216.pub8.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, M, Jiang, Y, Wedow, R, et al. (2019) Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nature Genetics, 51(2), 237244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, CS, Kumaran, H, Goh, KW, et al. (2022) Online pharmacies selling prescription drugs: systematic review. Pharmacy, 10(2), 42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahabee-Gittens, EM, Xiao, Y, Gordon, JS, Khoury, JC (2013) The dynamic role of parental influences in preventing adolescent smoking initiation. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 19051911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manolis, TA, Manolis, AA, Manolis, AS (2018) Cannabis associated high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: marijuana smoke like tobacco Smoke? A deja vu /deja vecu story? Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 18. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557518666181114113947.Google Scholar
Manrique-Garcia, E, Zammita, S, Dalmana, C, et al. (2012) Cannabis, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: 35 years of follow-up of a population-based cohort. Psychological Medicine, 42, 13211328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M, Allen, J, Goldblatt, P, et al. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives. The Marmot Review. UCL Institute of Health Equity.Google Scholar
Mcneill, A, Simonavicˇius, E, Brose, L, et al. (2022) Nicotine vaping in England: an evidence update including health risks and perceptions, 2022. A report commissioned by the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/633469fc8fa8f5066d28e1a2/Nicotine-vaping-in-England-2022-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Measham, F, Moore, K, Østergaard, J (2011) Mephedrone, ‘Bubble’ and unidentified white powders: the contested identities of synthetic ‘legal highs’. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 11, 137146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mentor-ADEPIS (2014) Quality Standards for Effective Alcohol and Drug Education. Alcohol and Drug Education and Prevention Information Service.Google Scholar
Miech, RA, Johnston, LD, O’Malley, PM, et al. (2015) Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2014. Volume 1, Secondary School Students. The University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Moreira, D, Azeredo, A, Dias, P (2023) risk factors for gambling disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10195-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mustonen, A, Niemelä, S, Nordström, T, et al. (2018) Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(4), 227233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Anthrax Outbreak Control Team (2011) An Outbreak of Anthrax Among Drug Users in Scotland, December 2009 to December 2010. Health Protection Scotland.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2007a) Interventions to Reduce Substance Misuse Among Vulnerable Young People (Public Health Guidance 4). NICE.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2007b) Drug Misuse in Over 16s: Psychosocial Interventions (CG51). NICE.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011) Psychosis with Coexisting Substance Misuse: Assessment and Management in Adults and Young People (CG120). NICE.Google Scholar
National Institute on Drug Abuse (2019) Genetics and Epigenetics of Addiction. Available at: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/genetics-epigenetics-addiction.Google Scholar
National Institute on Drug Abuse (2023) Drug Overdose Death Rates. Available at: https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.Google Scholar
Nawi, AM, Ismail, R, Ibrahim, F, et al. (2021) Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NHS Digital (2022) Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use among Young People in England, 2021: Data Tables. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/smoking-drinking-and-drug-use-among-young-people-in-england/2021/data-tables.Google Scholar
NICE (n.d.) Cannabidiol. Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/cannabidiol/.Google Scholar
NICE (n.d.) Cannabis Extract. Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/cannabis-extract/.Google Scholar
O’Nions, E, Petersen, IJ, Buckman, EJ, et al. (2023) Autism in England: assessing underdiagnosis in a population-based cohort study of prospectively collected primary care data. The Lancet Regional Health, 29(1), 100626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oetting, ER, Beauvais, F (1987) Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics, and adolescent drug use: a path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 205213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office for Health Improvement & Disparities (2022) Working definition of trauma-informed practice. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/working-definition-of-trauma-informed-practice/working-definition-of-trauma-informed-practice.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2019) E-cigarette use in Great Britain – Office for National Statistics. Available at: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/drugusealcoholandsmoking/datasets/ecigaretteuseingreatbritain.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2023) Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending June 2022. Available at: www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/drugmisuseinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2023.Google Scholar
Osaji, J, Ojimba, C, Ahmed, S (2020) The use of acceptance and commitment therapy in substance use disorders: a review of literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 12(10), 629633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özgen, H, Spijkerman, R, Noack, M, et al. (2020) International consensus statement for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescents with concurrent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder. European Addiction Research, 26(Suppl. 4–5), 223232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özgen, H, Spijkerman, R, Noack, M, et al. (2021) Treatment of adolescents with concurrent substance use disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(17), 3908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polimanti, R, Walters, RK, Johnson, EC, et al. (2020) Leveraging genome-wide data to investigate differences between opioid use vs. opioid dependence in 41,176 individuals from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(8), 16731687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Public Health England (2014) Drug Treatment in England 2013–14. PHE.Google Scholar
Public Health England (2015) Substance Misuse among Young People in England, 2013–14. PHE.Google Scholar
Realini, N, Rubino, T, Parolaro, D (2009) Neurobiological alterations at adult age triggered by adolescent exposure to cannabinoids. Pharmacological Research, 60, 132138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ressel, M, Thompson, B, Poulin, M-H, et al. (2020) Systematic review of risk and protective factors associated with substance use and abuse in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 24(4), 899918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, M, Mezey, G, Chapman, M, et al. (2005) Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder in a substance misusing clinical population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(3), 251258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (2007) Drugs – Facing Facts. RSA.Google Scholar
Rudkin, D (n.d.) Advice to pharmacy owners about risks relating to online services. General Pharmaceutical Council. Available at: https://mailchi.mp/pharmacyregulation.org/advice-to-pharmacy-owners-about-risks-relating-to-online-services.Google Scholar
Saunders, JB (2017) Substance use and addictive disorders in DSM-5 and ICD 10 and the draft ICD 11. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 227237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shulgin, A, Shulgin, A (1991) PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Transform Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, S, Suárez, L (2016) Substance abuse and trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 723734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staiger, PK, Kambouropoulos, N, Dawe, S (2007) Should personality traits be considered when refining substance misuse treatment programmes? Drug and Alcohol Review, 26, 1723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, L (2008) A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risktaking. Developmental Review, 28, 78106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2006) National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at: https://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov/dataset/national-survey-drug-use-and-health-2006-nsduh-2006-ds0001.Google Scholar
Taylor, R (2015) Ross Ulbricht: Silk Road creator convicted on drugs charges. BBC News, 2 February. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-31134938.Google Scholar
The Psychologist (2015) Teenagers debunked [transcript]. Available at: https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/teenagers-debunked.Google Scholar
Triggle, N (2023) Will Rishi Sunak’s plan to ban smoking in UK work? BBC News. 5 Oct. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-67018508.Google Scholar
Tsuang, MT, Lyons, MJ, Meyer, JM, et al. (1998) Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men: the role of drug-specific and shared vulnerabilities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 967972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNICEF-IRC (n.d.) The Adolescent Brain: A second window of opportunity: A Compendium. Available at: www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/adolescent_brain_a_second_window_of_opportunity_a_compendium.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013) The Challenge of New Psychoactive Substances. United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014) World Drug Report 2014. United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2022) World Drug Report 2022. United Nations. Available at: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024) World Drug Report 2024. United Nations. Available at: www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2024.html.Google Scholar
Whitty, C (2023) [Twitter] 30 May. Available at: https://twitter.com/CMO_England/status/1663576624611164160.Google Scholar
Wickware, C (2022) Online pharmacy boom prompts concern over patient safety. The Pharmaceutical Journal. Available at: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/feature/online-pharmacy-boom-prompts-concern-over-patient-safety.Google Scholar
Winstock, AR (2020) GDS2020 Key Findings Report: Global Drug Survey. Available at: www.globaldrugsurvey.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/GDS2020-Executive-Summary.pdf.Google Scholar
Winstock, AR, Barratt, MJ (2013) Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131, 106111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winstock, AR, Griffiths, P, Stewart, D (2001) Drugs and the dance music scene: a survey of current drug use patterns among a sample of dance music enthusiasts in the UK. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64, 917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winstock, AR, Wolff, K, Ramsey, J (2001) Ecstasy pill testing: harm minimization gone too far? Addiction, 96(8), 11391148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organisation (2022) ICD-11 – ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Available at: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f590211325.Google Scholar
World Health Organisation (2022) Overview. Available at: www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/overview.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2009) Interpersonal Violence and Illicit Drugs. WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014) Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014. WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2015a) Management of Substance Abuse: Harmful Use. WHO. Available at: www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/definition2/en.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2015b) Management of Substance Abuse: Dependence Syndrome. WHO. Available at: www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/definition1/en.Google Scholar
Yali, AM (2019) Social identity and substance use interventions. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 47(3), 179–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Owen Bowden-Jones, University College London
  • Book: How to Talk to Your Child About Drugs
  • Online publication: 13 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009374798.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Owen Bowden-Jones, University College London
  • Book: How to Talk to Your Child About Drugs
  • Online publication: 13 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009374798.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Owen Bowden-Jones, University College London
  • Book: How to Talk to Your Child About Drugs
  • Online publication: 13 February 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009374798.015
Available formats
×