An often overlooked, but important, influence on human memory is prior testing. In this chapter, search of associative memory (SAM) and retrieving effectively from memory (REM) models of effects of memory testing are described, as applied to recall and recognition procedures. In addition, problems associated with not taking into account the consequences of testing are illustrated through a discussion of ongoing research on the von Restorff effect.

This chapter discusses the ups and downs of the authors’ program of research on misinformation, which has involved creating “fake news” games and videos to reduce susceptibility to various common types of manipulation. Despite some successes, there are also substantial nuances to their work: limited cross-cultural generalizability, in some cases an unintentional effect of game-based interventions on people’s evaluation of “real news” or non-misinformation, a negligible impact of such interventions on people’s social media sharing behavior, and perhaps most importantly the (potentially rapid) disappearance of the intervention effect over time and the presence of testing effects: actively rehearsing the lessons from the interventions (e.g, about how to spot a particular manipulation technique) appears to be important for their longevity and effectiveness. These limitations have substantial implications for anyone who wants to design (and test) an intervention to counter misinformation.