This article explores the hitherto understudied development of long-distance telephony in early 20th century China. It first explores the development of long-distance telephony before 1927 when it first appeared in China and was developed by foreign actors, the Qing government and various warlord regimes. The article then turns to the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937) and compares the efforts of the Nationalist government in building long-distance telephone infrastructure with those of the Guangdong provincial government and other regional regimes. The article uses the case of long-distance telephony to make two larger arguments about state-building in Republican China (1912-1949). First, it brings in telecommunications development as a major element of state-building of both central and regional regimes. Second, building on recent work by scholars of Chinese Republican-era state-building, it emphasizes the importance of studying state-building from the vantage point of both central and regional regimes in Republican China. Additionally, the article demonstrates the value of an infrastructural approach to the study of political competition and formation in China during the Republican era.

This paper examines the rise of monitoring schemes to coordinate supervisors and market authorities in addressing the cross-industry challenges posed by large language models’ deployment. As artificial intelligence (AI) intersects with the core mandate of market authorities dealing with financial stability, data protection, intellectual property, competition and telecommunications, effective oversight requires collaboration and information sharing. Using examples such as the Canadian Digital Regulator’s Forum, the UK’s Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum and the European Union’s AI Act implementation process, the paper illustrates how national and international institutional coordination can help operationalizing the high level principles on AI governance which are currently discussed in international fora. Ultimately, this approach aims to ensure responsible AI development while addressing risks and maximizing its societal benefits.

This article concentrates on the interconnected past, present and future of telecommunications and the environment in the Arctic. It brings together discussions on the natural environment, sustainable development and connectivity in and through the Arctic and focuses on fixed-line infrastructure. This study builds on the theoretical literature on infrastructure, infrastructuring and pipeline ecologies and demonstrates how the peculiar features of the Arctic, such as coldness, snow and ice, ground frost and permafrost affect telecommunication lines, and how this infrastructure impacts the environment in which it is built. Similarly, the environmental conditions, paired with long distances, small populations and limited economic opportunities, affect the infrastructuring processes and the selection of technologies, as well as their spatial extent, quality and the speed of their expansion. While the construction of telecommunication lines supports the exploitation of natural resources in and beyond the different parts of the circumpolar North, it also plays a role in the observation and protection of the Arctic.

Emergency medical services (EMS) provides a critical role in the rapid treatment, stabilization, and transfer of patients in the prehospital setting. The national EMS provider for Israel has developed a robust and unique organization of volunteers with advanced telecommunication strategies to activate and direct them in order to improve these processes. The volunteers include local high school students, international college students, emergency medical technicians, on-call volunteers, motorcyclists, and Life Guardian first responders. The telecommunication strategies include pagers, push-to-talk over cellular, and sophisticated smartphone-based software applications. These are monitored and directed via a central command and control station. Such processes, both on an organizational as well as technical level, can be adapted to improve prehospital emergency care.

Introduction: Clear paramedic-physician telecommunications (patches) are critical in systems utilizing on-line medical control. In systems using extensive medical directives individual paramedics patch infrequently. Investigations of specific problem calls indicated that communication problems were more common than believed. Existing literature on this topic is sparse. This project is a quality assurance exercise undertaken to understand the extent and nature of problems in paramedic-physician telecommunications Methods: Retrospective analysis of anonymized transcriptions made from MP3 audio files recorded as part of normal operating procedures by the Central Ambulance Communication Centre during January-March 2014. All calls where telecommunication occurred between paramedics from 4 ambulance services and base hospital physicians providing on-line medical oversight during ambulance calls were included. Transcripts were read multiple times and data extracted onto spreadsheets for frequency analysis. Further thematic framework analysis of emergent themes was done. Results: All 42 patches were transcribed and used for analysis. 36 (85.7%) were for termination of resuscitation orders, 4 (9.5%) were for advice, and 2 (4.8%) were for orders not covered by medical directives. Communication problems were identified in 40 (95.2%) patches. Most had multiple problems. These included disconnections (23.8%), difficulty hearing one another (40.5%) - indicated by phrases such as “sorry?” “what?”, “I can’t hear you” - or caused by individuals interrupting each other (83.3%), and talking simultaneously (47.6%). Signaling the end of “talk turns” - such as “10-4” or “over” - was never used. Instead, terms like “yah” and “OK” were used. When communication went awry, time was spent trying to repair the mis/poor communication. This led to repeating information or attempting to ‘sell’ the case by providing information unnecessary for decision making - such as during a request for termination of resuscitation, “there is vomit on the floor”. Conclusion: Paramedic-physician telecommunication problems were extremely common. They involved technical (mechanical problems) and human factors (disorganized radio ‘technique’). The high incidence of telecommunication problems identified is concerning. Critical clinical decisions (e.g. ceasing resuscitation) depend on clear communication. Further study of these issues is warranted.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.18, Logistics, Information Technology, and Telecommunication in crisis Management of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to logistics, information Technology (IT), and crisis communication pertaining to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It iss presented in the following major sections: (1) issues; (2) lessons learned; (3)what was done well; (4)what could have been done better; and (5)conclusions and recommendations. Each major section is presented in four sub-sections: (1) needs assessments; (2) coordination; (3) filling the gaps; and (4) capacity building.

Within the last decade, various applications of two-way audio-visual telecommunication have been implemented in the Norwegian health care system to facilitate the delivery of medical services to patients located in rural areas away from the hospitals. This technology may also be useful to extend neuropsychological services to underserved areas and thereby reduce the patients' travel time and costs. In the current study, a total of 12 visual, verbal and performance tests were administered face-to-face and via videophones to 32 volunteer participants to examine the consistency and stability of test-scores when delivered via different formats. The obtained reliability coefficients ranged from .37 to .86 with a median value of .74. When testing for mean differences, the measures on verbal learning (WMS–Logical Memory I) and auditory attention (Seashore Rhythm Test) differed significantly due to administration format (t = 2.34, p = .024 and t = 2.37, p = .025, respectively). The findings imply that administration format does not appear to affect the reliability of measurement but neuropsychological test performance is significantly higher for the measures of attention and memory when delivered via videophone. Additional research on these cognitive domains is required, and if the observed differences due to testing format persist, separate normative data via telecommunication will be required before assessments are carried out. Also, since only normal participants were included in this study, the findings may have external validity for normal populations, but similar controlled trials with patients need to be completed before remote assessments can be implemented in regular clinical practice. (JINS, 2003, 9, 472–478.)