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2 results

The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance

The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance
  • Reform, Adaptation, and Collapse of the Warsaw Pact, 1985–1991
  • Mark Kramer
  • Published online:
    16 January 2025
    Print publication:
    13 February 2025
    • Element
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  • When Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, the Warsaw Pact was a robust military alliance. It was capable of waging a large-scale war in Europe and was an instrument of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe, keeping orthodox Communist regimes in power. The alliance over the years had also become an effective mechanism of political coordination and consultation. In April 1985, the Warsaw Pact leaders met in Warsaw and renewed the Pact for another thirty years. Yet only six years later, the alliance was disbanded, having been rendered obsolete by the political transformation of Eastern Europe in 1989–1990. This monograph recounts what happened to the Warsaw Pact during its final years and explains why the organization ceased to exist in 1991.

  • 7 - Collective Self-Defence Treaty Arrangements

  • James A. Green, University of the West of England, Bristol
  • Book:
    Collective Self-Defence in International Law
    Published online:
    04 January 2024
    Print publication:
    25 January 2024, pp 232-275

  • Summary

    This chapter examines collective self-defence treaty arrangements. It engages with a diverse range of examples of the collective self-defence treaties (or treaties that contain collective self-defence aspects) that have emerged since 1945 to draw out common themes as to the nature, process, and role of such arrangements, as well as to establish notable variations. The aim is to contribute an overall picture of collective self-defence today specifically in the context of treaty relationships. The chapter argues that such relationships inevitably impose only weak obligations on their parties to defend each other and also can cause notable issues related to overlapping memberships, bureaucracy, and antagonism amongst members (amongst other difficulties). Equally, these arrangements – of which there are now hundreds – are concluded for good reason(s). They provide a range of benefits, especially in terms of their deterrent effect.