As in music, stress and accent in natural language are phenomenal prominences. A phenomenal prominence is always the most salient aspect of an acoustic contrast. A stress or accent might consist of a higher pitch, a greater amplitude, or a longer duration. It might also arise from differences in aspiration, vowel quality, or voicing. The primary purpose of stress and accent is to indicate a form’s temporal structure. It does this by indicating the positions of metrical prominences on the metrical grid. When phenomenal prominences correspond to metrical prominences, as they do in both music and language, they indicate the locations of metrical prominences and overall temporal organization. The key difference between metrical patterns in music and metrical patterns in language is that the former are typically more cyclic – or repetitive – than the latter with a more even distribution of prominences. Metrical organization is always rich and constructed automatically. Even when presented with a series of identical isochronous pulses, a hearer will automatically construct an analysis with multiple metrical levels. Stress and accent indicate which metrical analysis a listener should construct. This typically requires minimal information. A single accent per form can distinguish between the four perfect grid patterns, the simplest binary metrical patterns.

Chapter 9 summarizes the main points addressed in previous chapters. The main issues addressed in Chapter 1 are phenomenal prominence, metrical prominence, and the relationship between them. Chapter 2 addresses the Prosodic Hierarchy and structural prominence. Chapter 3 examines the typology of word stress. Chapter 4 examines two correspondence relationships: the relationship between prosodic categories and grid entries and the relationship between syntactic categories and prosodic categories. Directionality effects are addressed in Chapter 5, and grid well-formedness are addressed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 examines boundary effects, and Chapter 8 focuses on feet.

The relationship between the metrical grid and the prosodic hierarchy and the relation between prosodic structure and syntactic structure are both relationships and relations of Correspondence. Correspondence is a representational link between two representational objects. Entries on the metrical grid and instances of prosodic categories may correspond, and instances of prosodic categories and instances of syntactic categories may correspond. Mapping is the correspondence relation between instances of prosodic categories and entries on the metrical grid. The mapping relation is one of the key factors influencing the grid’s construction. Mapping is governed by a handful of key principles, including Hierarchy Coordination. The prosodic hierarchy and the metrical grid are both hierarchies and they map to each other as hierarchies. Mapping is required by the violable MAP family of constraints, constraints that require prosodic categories to map to grid entries. The MATCH family of constraints requires faithful correspondence between prosodic categories and syntactic or morphological categories. It requires both that the correspondence relation exist and that that correspondents share key elements. Simple MATCH constraints require correspondents to have exactly the same set of terminal elements. LexMatch constraints require correspondents to have the same set of lexical terminal elements. LexMatch constraints ignore functional terminal elements.

Chapter 3 starts out with a physics motivation, as well as a mathematical statement of the problem that will be tackled in later sections. After a brief discussion of analytical differentiation, the bulk of the chapter is devoted to increasingly better finite-difference approximations, like the forward difference and the central difference. These are explicitly derived using Taylor expansions, and also applied to second derivatives and to points on a grid. A section introduces the useful tool of Richardson extrapolation, which reappears in later chapters. The chapter also includes an original discussion of automatic differentiation, which is built up from the concept of dual numbers. The chapter is rounded out by a physics project, which studies the kinetic energy in single-particle quantum mechanics, and a problem set. The physics project involves different wave functions and provides the groundwork for the project in the integrals chapter.

Chapter 8 links and compares two case studies. The sites of the Canadian and US internment or incarceration of people of Japanese origin were spatially initiated through their demarcation of a strip of land along the Pacific coast varying approximately inland as an exclusion area. The Canadian government moved “members of the Japanese race” in British Columbia, including Canadian citizens, into the mountainous terrain of the Kootenays region. Camps, named Assembly Centers and Relocation Centers, were designed as prison cities laid out in grid systems with repetitive rows of standard military barracks, using US Army Corps of Engineers standard plans. Using Manzanar and New Denver as case histories, the chapter examines how incarcerated civilian populations immediately set about altering the camp environments to make them more habitable.

This chapter combines developments in the emotion literature with developments in cross-cultural methodology in order to formulate four recommendations that can bridge the gap between relativist and universalist views on cultural variation in emotion. We recommend that researchers (1) specify the emotions or facets of emotions they study, preferably using a multi-componential approach to assessing emotions; (2) check the equivalence across languages and cultures of the emotion vocabulary they use, either by existing data bases or by including the measurement of meaning in their design; (3) specify the level at which they compare emotions across cultures ranging from descriptions of culture-specific constructs to direct comparisons of mean scores, and apply adequate methods to demonstrate the level of comparability claimed; and (4) account for both similarities and differences when they formulate hypotheses, as well as when they interpret their data. These recommendations are illustrated with historical and contemporary cross-cultural emotion research.

This chapter addresses five regulatory challenges in China’s electricity and communications markets and compares them to global practice. First, while China’s regulators are separate from operators, they often support the government’s goals of promoting state-owned enterprises over private and foreign firms, and national companies over local ones.

Second, firms in China enter and exit the market under significant government guidance, which can distort competition and decrease productivity.

Third, the goals of communications interconnection and electricity transmission and distribution regulation to promote market efficiency and economic growth can conflict with government’s ambitions that state-owned enterprises achieve international prestige.

Fourth, other issues compete with regulatory goals. Environmental policy influence electricity regulation. Ideological concerns about foreign and subversive media content influences communication regulation, especially Internet industries.

Finally, other chapters in this volume show the innovation in China’s nuclear power generators and ultra-high voltage transmission industries. These industries’ willing compliance with international safety regulation contributes to their export success. China has adopted many regulatory approaches considered best practice in today’s electricity and communications circles. At the same time, the government’s tendency to short circuit market competition by picking winners can undermine the benefits of these best practice approaches.

This study analyzes China’s telecommunications and electricity sector from three perspectives – market reforms, regulatory reforms, and their intersection with major challenges – and places each in a global context. Market reforms include changes in market structure, both globally and in China. Regulator reforms include changes in governance structure, both globally and in China, along with price reform. For telecom, the intersection is with Internet and media; for electricity, with the environment. China has implemented reforms in both sectors with significant success in terms of massive investment and increased subscribership. However, in both sectors there are longstanding problems that if unresolved will have significant opportunity costs in terms of growth and innovation.