Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6dbcb7884d-t8hx9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-13T16:59:30.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Epidemiology of Women with Epilepsy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2024

By
Kristi McIntosh ,
Nathalie Jette  and
Leah J. Blank
Edited by
Esther Bui  and
P. Emanuela Voinescu
Esther Bui
Affiliation:
Toronto Western Hospital
P. Emanuela Voinescu
Affiliation:
Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
Get access

Summary

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions affecting women and men of all ages. This chapter explores population-level data collected in women with epilepsy (WWE). It begins with an overview of the epidemiology of epilepsy and differences between males and females, then examines common epilepsy comorbidities (depression and anxiety). Finally, this chapter looks at special issues females with epilepsy may encounter through the lifespan starting with childhood and adolescence, running through the reproductive years and into the menopausal transition. The data first introduced in this chapter will be expanded upon in subsequent subject-specific chapters (these are highlighted in each section below).

Type
Chapter
Information
Women with Epilepsy
A Practical Management Handbook
 , pp. 1 - 24
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banerjee, PN, Filippi, D, Hauser, WA. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: A review. Epilepsy Research. 2009;85(1):31–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collaborators, , GBDE. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(4):357–75.Google Scholar
Fiest, KM, Sauro, KM, Wiebe, S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology. 2017;88(3):296–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, J, Vestergaard, M, Pedersen, MG, et al. Incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in Denmark. Epilepsy Res. 2007;76(1):60–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngugi, AK, Bottomley, C, Kleinschmidt, I, et al. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):883–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forsgren, L, Beghi, E, Oun, A, Sillanpaa, M. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe: A systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(4):245–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Pondal-Sordo, M, Matijevic, S, Wiebe, S. National and regional prevalence of self-reported epilepsy in Canada. Epilepsia. 2004;45(12):1623–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobau, R, Zahran, H, Thurman, DJ, et al. Epilepsy surveillance among adults: 19 states, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(6):1–20.Google Scholar
Kotsopoulos, IA, Van Merode, T, Kessels, FG, de Krom, MC, Knottnerus, JA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence studies of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia. 2002;43(11):1402–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, J Kjeldsen, M.J., Andersen, H, Friis, M.L., and Sidenius, P Gender differences in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(6):956–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngugi, AK, Kariuki, SM, Bottomley, C, et al. Incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011;77(10):1005–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, WA, Annegers, JF, Kurland, LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984. Epilepsia. 1993;34(3):453–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesdorffer, DC, Logroscino, G, Benn, EKT et al. Estimating risk for developing epilepsy: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology. 2010;76(1):23–7.Google Scholar
Kalilani, L, Sun, X, Pelgrims, B, Noack-Rink, M, Villanueva, V. The epidemiology of drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2018;59(12):2179–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, DS, Thompson, W, Calderara, G. Molecular mechanisms of sex differences in epilepsy and seizure susceptibility in chemical, genetic and acquired epileptogenesis. Neurosci Lett. 2021;750:135753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Patten, SB, Jette, N, Williams, J, Wiebe, S, Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: A population-based analysis. Epilepsia. 2007;48(12):2336–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilner, AN, Sharma, BK, Soucy, A, Thompson, A, Krueger, A. Common comorbidities in women and men with epilepsy and the relationship between number of comorbidities and health plan paid costs in 2010. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;32:15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesdorffer, DC, Hauser, WA, Olafsson, E, Ludvigsson, P, Kjartansson, O. Depression and suicide attempt as risk factors for incident unprovoked seizures. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(1):35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesdorffer, DC, Ishihara, L, Mynepalli, L, et al. Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: A bidirectional association. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(2):184–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tellez-Zenteno, JF, Matijevic, S, Wiebe, S. Somatic comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population in Canada. Epilepsia. 2005;46(12):1955–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comorbidity in adults with epilepsy: United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(43):849–53.Google Scholar
Fuller-Thomson, E, Brennenstuhl, S. The association between depression and epilepsy in a nationally representative sample. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1051–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajinkya, S, Fox, J, Lekoubou, A. Trends in prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in adult patients with epilepsy in the United States. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;105:106973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanner, AM. Depression in epilepsy: Prevalence, clinical semiology, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment. Biological Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):388–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaus, V, Kiep, H, Holtkamp, M, Burkert, S, Kendel, F. Gender differences in depression, but not in anxiety in people with epilepsy. Seizure. 2015;32:37–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, AJ, Sharpe, L, Loomes, M, Gandy, M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of anxiety and depression in youth with epilepsy. J Pediatr Psychol. 2020;45(2):133–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiest, KM, Dykeman, J, Patten, SB, et al. Depression in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2013;80(6):590–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, AJ, Sharpe, L, Hunt, C, Gandy, M. Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2017;58(6):973–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjork, MH, Veiby, G, Reiter, SC, et al. Depression and anxiety in women with epilepsy during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective population-based cohort study on frequency, risk factors, medication, and prognosis. Epilepsia. 2015;56(1):28–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjork, MH, Veiby, G, Engelsen, BA, Gilhus, NE. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period in women with epilepsy: A review of frequency, risks and recommendations for treatment. Seizure. 2015;28:39–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaitatzis, A, Carroll, K, Majeed, A, Sander, JW. The epidemiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population. Epilepsia. 2004;45(12):1613–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O, Merikangas, KR, Walters, EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):617–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Manni, R, Terzaghi, M. Comorbidity between epilepsy and sleep disorders. Epilepsy Research. 2010;90(3):171–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Golde, EGA, Gutter, T, de Weerd, AW. Sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy: Prevalence, impact and treatment. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2011;15(6):357–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khatami, R, Zutter, D, Siegel, A. Sleep-wake habits and disorders in a series of 100 adult epilepsy patients: A prospective study. Seizure. 2006;15(5):299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safarpour Lima, B, Zokaei, A, Assarzadegan, F, Hesami, O, Zareh Shahamati, S. Prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with epilepsy: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;114(Pt A):107635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gogou, M, Haidopoulou, K, Eboriadou, M, Pavlou, E. Sleep apneas and epilepsy comorbidity in childhood: A systematic review of the literature. Sleep Breath. 2015;19(2):421–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quigg, M, Gharai, S, Ruland, J, et al. Insomnia in epilepsy is associated with continuing seizures and worse quality of life. Epilepsy Res. 2016;122:91–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Weerd, A, de Haas, S, Otte, A, et al. Subjective sleep disturbance in patients with partial epilepsy: A questionnaire-based study on prevalence and impact on quality of life. Epilepsia. 2004;45(11):1397–1404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pornsriniyom, D, Kim, H, Bena, J, et al. Effect of positive airway pressure therapy on seizure control in patients with epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;37:270–5.Google Scholar
Winawer, MR, Shinnar, S. Genetic epidemiology of epilepsy or what do we tell families? Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 10:24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vadlamudi, L, Milne, RL, Lawrence, K, et al. Genetics of epilepsy: The testimony of twins in the molecular era. Neurology. 2014;83(12):1042–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, RH, Berkovic, SF. The hidden genetics of epilepsy: A clinically important new paradigm. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(5):283–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tashkandi, M, Baarma, D, Tricco, AC et al. EEG of asymptomatic first-degree relatives of patients with juvenile myoclonic, childhood absence and rolandic epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epileptic Disord. 2019;21(1):30–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHugh, JC, Delanty, N. Chapter 2 Epidemiology and classification of epilepsy: Gender comparisons. International Review of Neurobiology. 2008;83:11–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waaler, PE, Blom, BH, Skeidsvoll, H, Mykletun, A. Prevalence, classification, and severity of epilepsy in children in western Norway. Epilepsia. 2000;41(7):802–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briellmann, RS, Jackson, GD, Mitchell, LA, et al. Occurrence of hippocampal sclerosis: Is one hemisphere or gender more vulnerable? Epilepsia. 1999;40(12):1816–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janszky, J. Medial temporal lobe epilepsy: Gender differences. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2004;75(5):773–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG. Catamenial epilepsy: Definition, prevalence pathophysiology and treatment. Seizure. 2008;17(2):151–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, AG, Harden, CL, Liporace, J, et al. Frequency of catamenial seizure exacerbation in women with localization-related epilepsy. Annals of Neurology. 2004;56(3):431–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
el-Khayat, HA, Soliman, NA, Tomoum, HY, et al. Reproductive hormonal changes and catamenial pattern in adolescent females with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49(9):1619–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quigg, M, Smithson, SD, Fowler, KM, Sursal, T, Herzog, AG. Laterality and location influence catamenial seizure expression in women with partial epilepsy. Neurology, 2009;73(3):223–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henning, OJ, Nakken, KO, Traeen, B, Mowinckel, P, Lossius, M. Sexual problems in people with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;61:174–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrell, MJ, Flynn, KL, Doñe, S, et al. Sexual dysfunction, sex steroid hormone abnormalities, and depression in women with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;6(3):360–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Coleman, AE, Jacobs, AR, et al. Relationship of sexual dysfunction to epilepsy laterality and reproductive hormone levels in women. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(4):407–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pack, AM. Implications of hormonal and neuroendocrine changes associated with seizures and antiepileptic drugs: A clinical perspective. Epilepsia. 2010;51:150–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svalheim, S, Taubøll, E, Bjørnenak, T, et al. Do women with epilepsy have increased frequency of menstrual disturbances? Seizure. 2003;12(8):529–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Friedman, MN. Menstrual cycle interval and ovulation in women with localization-related epilepsy. Neurology. 2001;57(11):2133–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Coleman, AE, Jacobs, AR, et al. Interictal EEG discharges, reproductive hormones, and menstrual disorders in epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2003;54(5):625–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, X, Wang, J, Dong, W, et al. A meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Epilepsy Research. 2011;97(1–2):73–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lofgren, E, Mikkonen, K, Tolonen, U, et al. Reproductive endocrine function in women with epilepsy: The role of epilepsy type and medication. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(1):77–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrell, MJ, Hayes, FJ, Sluss, PM, et al. Hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovary syndrome with valproate versus lamotrigine. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(2):200–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacEachern, DB, Mandle, HB, Herzog, AG. Infertility, impaired fecundity, and live birth/pregnancy ratio in women with epilepsy in the USA: Findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry. Epilepsia. 2019;60(9):1993–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Seibel, MM, Schomer, DL, Vaitukaitis, JL, Geschwind, N. Reproductive endocrine disorders in men with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43(4):347–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Seibel, MM, Schomer, DL, Vaitukaitis, JL, Geschwind, N. Reproductive endocrine disorders in women with partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Arch Neurol. 1986;43(4):341–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallace, H, Shorvon, S, Tallis, R. Age-specific incidence and prevalence rates of treated epilepsy in an unselected population of 2 052 922 and age-specific fertility rates of women with epilepsy. Lancet. 1998;352(9145):1970–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennell, PB, French, JA, Harden, CL, et al. Fertility and birth outcomes in women with epilepsy seeking pregnancy. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(8):962–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pack, AM. Infertility in women with epilepsy: What’s the risk and why? Neurology. 2010;75(15):1316–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopinath, M, Sarma, PS, Thomas, SV. Gender-specific psychosocial outcome for women with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;20(1):44–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, AG, Mandle, HB, Cahill, KE, Fowler, KM, Hauser, WA. Predictors of unintended pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 2017;88(8):728–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, EL, Burke, E, Wang, A, Pennell, PB. Unintended pregnancy, prenatal care, newborn outcomes, and breastfeeding in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 2018;91(11):e1031–e1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pack, AM, Davis, AR, Kritzer, J, Yoon, A, Camus, A. Antiepileptic drugs: Are women aware of interactions with oral contraceptives and potential teratogenicity? Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14(4):640–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennell, PB. Hormonal aspects of epilepsy. Neurologic Clinics. 2009;27(4):941–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, H, Bos, JH, de Jong–van den Berg, LT. Co-prescription of antiepileptic drugs and contraceptives. Contraception. 2012;85(1):28–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shorvon, SD, Tallis, RC, Wallace, HK. Antiepileptic drugs: Coprescription of proconvulsant drugs and oral contraceptives: A national study of antiepileptic drug prescribing practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(1):114–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vessey, M, Painter, R, Yeates, D. Oral contraception and epilepsy: Findings in a large cohort study. Contraception. 2002;66(2):77–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harden, CL, Pennell, PB, Koppel, BS, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy: Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review) III. Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia. 2009;50(5):1247–55.Google Scholar
Kaaja, E, Kaaja, R, Hiilesmaa, V. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;60(4):575–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrow, JI, Hunt, SJ, Russell, AJ, et al. Folic acid use and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: A prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2009;80(5):506–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittschieler, S, Brezinka, C, Jahn, B, et al. Spontaneous abortion and the prophylactic effect of folic acid supplementation in epileptic women undergoing antiepileptic therapy. J Neurol. 2008;255(12):1926–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, E, Hunt, S, Kinney, MO, et al. The effect of socioeconomic status on treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy in Scotland. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;28(3):354–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winterbottom, JB, Smyth, RM, Jacoby, A, Baker, GA. Preconception counselling for women with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD006645.Google ScholarPubMed
Winterbottom, J, Smyth, R, Jacoby, A, Baker, G. The effectiveness of preconception counseling to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome in women with epilepsy: What’s the evidence? Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14(2):273–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomson, T, Battino, D, French, J, et al. Antiepileptic drug exposure and major congenital malformations: The role of pregnancy registries. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;11(3):277–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artama, M, Auvinen, A, Raudaskoski, T, Isojarvi, I, Isojarvi, J. Antiepileptic drug use of women with epilepsy and congenital malformations in offspring. Neurology. 2005;64(11):1874–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meador, K, Reynolds, MW, Crean, S, Fahrbach, K, Probst, C. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Research. 2008;81(1):1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molgaard-Nielsen, D, Hviid, A. Newer-generation antiepileptic drugs and the risk of major birth defects. JAMA. 2011;305(19):1996–2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernandez-Diaz, S, Smith, CR, Shen, A, et al. Comparative safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. Neurology. 2012;78(21):1692–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, LB, Hernandez-Diaz, S. Newer anticonvulsants: Lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012;94(8):599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, S, Russell, A, Smithson, WH, et al. Topiramate in pregnancy: Preliminary experience from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. Neurology. 2008;71(4):272–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vajda, FJ, O’Brien, TJ, Lander, CM, Graham, J, Eadie, MJ. The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs: An update. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;130(4):234–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hvas, CL, Henriksen, TB, Ostergaard, JR, Dam, M. Epilepsy and pregnancy: Wffect of antiepileptic drugs and lifestyle on birthweight. BJOG. 2000;107(7):896–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viinikainen, K, Heinonen, S, Eriksson, K, Kalviainen, R. Community-based, prospective, controlled study of obstetric and neonatal outcome of 179 pregnancies in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47(1):186–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomson, T, Battino, D. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(9):803–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashwal, S, Michelson, D, Plawner, L, Dobyns, WB. Practice parameter: Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2009;73(11):887–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veiby, G, Daltveit, AK, Engelsen, BA, Gilhus, NE. Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol. 2014;261(3):579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meador, KJ, Baker, GA, Browning, N, et al. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(16):1597–1605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meador, KJ, Baker, GA, Browning, N, et al. Effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: Outcomes at age 4.5 years. Neurology. 2012;78(16):1207–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Wiggs, KK, Rickert, ME, Sujan, AC, et al. Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children. Neurology. 2020;95(24):e3232–e3240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, J, Pedersen, L, Sun, Y, et al. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(1):e186606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadebaum, C, Anderson, VA, Vajda, F, et al. Language skills of school-aged children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2011;76(8):719–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EURAP Study Group. Seizure control and treatment in pregnancy: Observations from the EURAP Epilepsy Pregnancy Registry. Neurology. 2006;66(3):354–60.Google Scholar
Vajda, FJE, Hitchcock, A, Graham, J, et al. Seizure control in antiepileptic drug-treated pregnancy. Epilepsia. 2008;49(1):172–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borthen, I, Eide, MG, Veiby, G, Daltveit, AK, Gilhus, NE. Complications during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: Population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2009;116(13):1736–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borthen, I, Eide, MG, Daltveit, AK, Gilhus, NE. Delivery outcome of women with epilepsy: A population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2010;117(12):1537–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borthen, I, Eide, MG, Daltveit, AK, Gilhus, NE. Obstetric outcome in women with epilepsy: A hospital-based, retrospective study. BJOG. 2011;118(8):956–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razaz, N, Tomson, T, Wikstrom, AK, Cnattingius, S. Association between pregnancy and perinatal outcomes among women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(8):983–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meador, KJ, Baker, GA, Browning, N, et al. Effects of breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2010;75(22):1954–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veiby, G, Engelsen, BA, Gilhus, NE. Early child development and exposure to antiepileptic drugs prenatally and through breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study on children of women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(11):1367–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erel, T, Guralp, O. Epilepsy and menopause. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2011;284(3):749–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harden, CL, Pulver, MC, Ravdin, L, Jacobs, AR. The effect of menopause and perimenopause on the course of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40(10):1402–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harden, CL, Koppel, BS, Herzog, AG, Nikolov, BG, Hauser, WA. Seizure frequency is associated with age at menopause in women with epilepsy. Neurology. 2003;61(4):451–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, P, Serje, A, Pezzullo, JC. Premature ovarian failure in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(12):1584–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reimers, A. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogens may reduce lamotrigine serum concentrations: A matched case-control study. Epilepsia. 2017;58(1):e6–e9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomson, T, Lukic, S, Ohman, I. Are lamotrigine kinetics altered in menopause? Observations from a drug monitoring database. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;19(1):86–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wegner, I, Wilhelm, AJ, Sander, JW, Lindhout, D. The impact of age on lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine kinetics: A historical cohort study. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;29(1):217–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vestergaard, P, Rejnmark, L, Mosekilde, L. Fracture risk associated with use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2004;45(11):1330–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, HH, Kung, PT, Wang, BR, Chiu, LT, Tsai, WC. Cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and impact of antiepileptic drugs on the risk of fracture in patients with epilepsy: A nationwide cohort study. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;103(Pt A):106851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pack, AM, Morrell, MJ, Randall, A, McMahon, DJ, Shane, E. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Neurology. 2008;70(18):1586–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×