This is a collection of both newly written and republished papers about women in the Hospitaller Order. It contributes to a growing number of studies about Hospitallers and other military orders in the Middle Ages and breaks ground in a little-known and largely ignored area of medieval female religious life. This collection of seven essays with an overview by Anthony Luttrell and Helen J. Nicholson provides an excellent introduction to the subject of women's roles in military orders with no overarching theme or thesis.

Because military orders such as the Hospitallers were also religious orders, like other male religious orders they attracted in large numbers women hungering for religious life beyond cloistered contemplation. Based on general knowledge of women's religious orders in the Middle Ages, one might assume that women's particular mission with the Hopitallers would have been in nursing and other medical services. Instead, their role was to create recruiting networks to attract new male members, patrons, and donations, and to provide various types of administrative support.

As the editors point out in the introduction (1), since an early well-known and pioneering nineteenth-century study by Joseph Delaville de Roulx, Hospitaller women have received very little attention. But, as this collection of essays demonstrates, Dellaville's study perpetrated many misunderstandings regarding the role of the sisters that until recently were accepted and repeated. The impressive research of the scholars represented in this volume demonstrates that Hospitaller sisters were neither a separate branch of the Hospitallers nor a parallel institution nor Augustinian canonesses as previously thought. Hospitaller women were full-fledged members of the order. Although some lived in separate, regulated communities, this was not necessarily the case, and there were no regulations exclusively for Hospitaller women.

Since the archival materials are geographically dispersed, these essays cover a broad area in Europe and a number of centuries. The introduction by the editors is a lengthy and useful discussion of the subject and pulls together the disparate subject matter of these fine essays with an overview of the social and economic structure of the numerous houses of the order and the contributions of the female members. Hospitaller women were lay religious, and the order accepted women from wealthy as well as humble backgrounds, married women as well as couples. Obviously dowries varied, and some of the poorer women were accepted as servants. Some houses lived by a written Rule, others did not, and while many claimed to live by a Rule, they had no written copy. Some followed the Benedictine Rule, others the Augustinian, while still others adhered to the Hospital's Rule.

The volume includes a general essay by Alan Forey on “Women and the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries” which, like the introduction, will be particularly interesting and useful to the generalist. More specialized essays follow on the sisters of the Hospitaller Order in England, Aragon, Frisia, and Jerusalem. And while the essays are primarily concerned with the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, the final essay by Francesco Tommasi concerning female Hospitallers in Perugia demonstrates that the women continued to be attracted to the order until the early sixteenth century.

Several essays touch on recurrent themes in the study of the monastic lives of women: men and women living in adjoining houses of the same order and the relationships between the order and its patrons, who frequently had close ties to the women. The essays seem intended not only to refine our understanding of the Hospitaller Order but also to extend our knowledge of the variety of monastic options available to women in the high and late Middle Ages. Although these essays may appear somewhat out of the mainstream for church historians, the careful research and analysis of each one deepens our understanding of the possible variations in medieval religious life for women as well as men. Each of the essays whets one's appetite for even further research and analysis and demonstrates the need for continued exploration of the subject. One hopes that these essays will lead to a series of monographs regarding the contribution of the military orders to medieval society and a revision of accepted beliefs about women's religious life. This volume is a valuable contribution to the history of religious orders in the Middle Ages and to gender studies.