Hostname: page-component-686fd747b7-n7dl9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-13T11:22:35.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Integrative emotion regulation: Process and development from a self-determination theory perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2019

Guy Roth ,
Maarten Vansteenkiste  and
Richard M. Ryan
Guy Roth
Affiliation:
Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
Maarten Vansteenkiste
Affiliation:
Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Richard M. Ryan*
Affiliation:
Institute for Positive Psychology and Education (IPPE), Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
*
Author for Correspondence: Richard M. Ryan, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education (IPPE), Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2059; E-mail: richard.ryan@acu.edu.au.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Grounded in self-determination theory's (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2017) organismic perspective, we present a process view of integrative emotion regulation. SDT describes three general types of emotion regulation: integrative emotion regulation, which focuses on emotions as carrying information that is brought to awareness; controlled emotion regulation, which is focused on diminishing emotions through avoidance, suppression, or enforced expression or reappraisal; and amotivated emotion regulation, in which emotions are uncontrolled or dysregulated. We review survey and experimental research contrasting these emotion regulation styles, providing evidence for the benefits of integrative emotion regulation for volitional functioning, personal well-being, and high-quality relationships, and for the costs of controlled emotion regulation and dysregulation. The development of emotion regulation styles is discussed, especially the role of autonomy-supportive parenting in fostering more integrative emotion regulation, and the role of controlling parenting in contributing to controlled or dysregulated emotion processing. Overall, integrative emotion regulation represents a beneficial style of processing emotions, which develops most effectively in a nonjudgmental and autonomy-supportive environment, an issue relevant to both development and psychotherapy.

Keywords

integrative emotion regulationself-determination theoryautonomymindfulnessemotion dysregulation
Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Special Issue 3: Emotion Dysregulation and Emerging Psychopathology , August 2019 , pp. 945 - 956
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, E. S., Grolnick, W. S., & Córdova, J. V. (2019). Evaluating a self-determination theory-based preventive parenting consultation: The Parent Check-In. Journal of Child and Family Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01309-0Google Scholar
Aronfreed, J. M. (1968). Conduct and conscience: The socialization of internalized control over behavior. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Assor, A., & Roth, G. (2012). The costs of parental pressure to express emotions: Conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of emotion regulation and intimacy. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 799–808. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.005Google Scholar
Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (2004). The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: A Self-Determination Theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72, 47–88.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 875–896.Google Scholar
Benita, M., Benish-Weisman, M., Matos, L., & Torres, C. (2019). Integrative and suppressive emotion regulation differentially predict well-being through basic need satisfaction and frustration: A test of three countries. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Benita, M., Levkovitz, T., & Roth, G. (2017). Integrative emotion regulation predicts prosocial behavior through the mediation of empathy. Learning and Instruction, 50, 14–20.Google Scholar
Ben-Naim, S., Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., & Mikulincer, M. (2013). An experimental study of emotion regulation during relationship conflict interactions: The moderating role of attachment orientations. Emotion, 13, 506–519.Google Scholar
Berenbaum, H., Raghavan, C., Le, H. N., Vernon, L., & Gomez, J. (1999). Disturbances in emotion. In Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 267–287). New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children's executive functioning. Child Development, 81, 326–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.xGoogle Scholar
Bindman, S. W., Pomerantz, E. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2015). Do children's executive functions account for associations between early autonomy-supportive parenting and achievement through high school? Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 756–770.Google Scholar
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins, W. A. (Ed.). The Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Development of cognition, affect, and social relations (Vol. 13). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2015). Perceived maternal autonomy support and early adolescent emotion regulation: A longitudinal study. Social Development, 24, 561–578.Google Scholar
Brenning, K., Vansteenkiste, M., De Clercq, B., Soenens, B., & Antrop, I. (2019). The transdiagnostic role of emotion regulation and psychological need experiences in (non)clinical adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.Google Scholar
Bunge, S., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1215–1229.Google Scholar
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. W., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003). The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion, 3, 48–67.Google Scholar
Calkins, S. D., & Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver influences on emerging emotion regulation: Biological and environmental transactions in early development. In Gross, J. J. & Gross, J. J. (Eds.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 229–248). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Vansteenkiste, M., Delesie, L. M., Mariman, A. N., Soenens, B., Tobback, E., … Vogelaers, D. P. (2015). Examining the role of psychological need satisfaction in sleep: A Self-Determination Theory perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 199–204.Google Scholar
Carmody, J. (2015). Reconceptualizing mindfulness: The psychological principles of attending in mindfulness practice and their role in well-being. In Brown, K. W., Creswell, J. D., & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 62–78). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560–572.Google Scholar
Chang, J. H., Huang, C. L., & Lin, Y. C. (2015). Mindfulness, basic psychological needs fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1149–1162.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 16–25.Google Scholar
Cleveland, E. S., & Morris, A. (2014). Autonomy support and structure enhance children's memory and motivation to reminisce: A parental training study. Journal of Cognition and Development, 15, 414–436. doi:10.1080/15248372.2012.742901Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Hall, S. E., & Hajal, N. J. (2013). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 341–373). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–80). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985a). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109–134.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985b). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Schultz, P. P., & Niemiec, C. P. (2015). Being aware and functioning fully: Mindfulness and interest-taking within self-determination theory. In Brown, K. W., Creswell, J. D., & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 112–129). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., & Vaughan, J. (2007). Effortful control and its socioemotional consequences. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 287–306). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Emery, A. A., Heath, H. L., & Mills, D. J. (2016). Basic psychological need satisfaction, emotion dysregulation, and non-suicidal self-injury engagement in young adults: An application of Self-Determination Theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 612–623.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B. (2006). Psychosocial therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 40–45.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frodi, A., Bridges, L., & Grolnick, W. (1985). Correlates of mastery-related behavior: A short-term longitudinal study of infants in their second year. Child Development, 56, 1291–1298.Google Scholar
Gendlin, E. T. (1978). Focusing. New York: Everest House.Google Scholar
Gewirtz, J. L., & Pelaez-Nogueras, M. (1991). Proximal mechanisms underlying the acquisition of moral behavior patterns. In Kurtines, W. M. & Gewirtz, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (pp. 153–182). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.Google Scholar
Greenberg, L. S. (2015). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Greenberg, L. S., & Vandekerckhove, M. (2008). Emotional experience, expression and regulation in psychotherapeutic processes. In Vandekerckhove, M., von Scheve, C., Ismer, S., Jung, S., & Kronast, S. (Eds.), Regulating emotions: Culture, necessity and biological inheritance (pp. 240–268). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Greenspan, S. I. (1979). Intelligence and adaptation. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In Grusec, J. E. & Kuczynski, L. (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values (pp. 135–161). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13, 359–365. doi:10.1037/a0032135Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 1–16.Google Scholar
Halperin, E. (2016). Emotions in conflicts. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In Baumeister, R. G. (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 87–116). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hodgins, H. S., & Knee, C. R. (2002). The integrating self and conscious experience. In Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 87–100). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Jaycox, L. H., & Foa, E. B. (1996). Obstacles in implementing exposure therapy for PTSD: Case discussions and practical solutions. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 176–184.Google Scholar
Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A., Larose, M-P., Briand, M., & Vitaro, F. (2018). How to talk so kids will listen & listen so kids will talk: A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of the how-to parenting program on children's mental health compared to a wait-list control group. BMC Pediatrics, 18, 257. doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1227-3Google Scholar
Joussemet, M., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Cote, S., Nagin, D. S., Zoccolillo, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Controlling parenting and physical aggression during elementary school. Child Development, 79, 411–425.Google Scholar
Kim, Y., Deci, E. L., & Zuckerman, M. (2002). The development of the self-regulation of withholding negative emotions questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 316–336.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 209–235.Google Scholar
Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Is coming out always a “good thing”? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 145–152.Google Scholar
Letzring, T., Block, J., & Funder, D. (2005). Ego-control and ego-resiliency: Generalization of self-report scales based on personality descriptions from acquaintances, clinicians, and the self. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 395–422.Google Scholar
Liu, J. S., Xiao, B., Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., Yang, P. P., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2018). Self-regulation, learning problems, and maternal authoritarian parenting in Chinese children: A developmental cascades model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 460–470.Google Scholar
Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Maassen, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Separation-individuation revisited: On the interplay of parent-adolescent relations, identity and emotional adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 89–106.Google Scholar
Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego-depletion: The moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024–1036.Google Scholar
Moller, A. C., Roth, G., Niemiec, C. P., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Mediators of the association between parents' conditional regard and the quality of their adult-children's peer-relationships. Motivation and Emotion. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s1103Google Scholar
Muraven, M., Gagné, M., & Rosman, H. (2008). Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality, and depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 573–585.Google Scholar
Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Theories, therapies, and taxpayers: On the complexities of the expressive writing paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 138–142.Google Scholar
Perry, N. B., Dollar, J. M., Calkins, S. D., Kean, S. P., & Shanahan, L. (2018). Childhood self-regulation as a mechanism through which early overcontrolling parenting is associated with adjustment in preadolescence. Developmental Psychology, 54, 1542–1554.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An up-dated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53, 873–932.Google Scholar
Roth, G. (2008). Perceived parental conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of young adults' self- versus other-oriented prosocial tendencies. Journal of Personality, 76, 513–534.Google Scholar
Roth, G., & Assor, A. (2012). The costs of parental pressure to express emotions: Conditional regard and autonomy support as predictors of emotion regulation and intimacy. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 799–808.Google Scholar
Roth, G., Assor, A., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1119–1142.Google Scholar
Roth, G., Benita, M., Amrani, C., Shachar, B. H., Asoulin, H., Moed, A., … Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2014). Integration of negative emotional experience versus suppression: Addressing the question of adaptive functioning. Emotion, 14, 908–919.Google Scholar
Roth, G., Shahar, B. H., Zohar-Shefer, Y., Benita, M., Moed, A., Bibi, U., … Ryan, R. M. (2018). Benefits of emotional integration and costs of emotional distancing. Journal of Personality, 86, 919–934, doi:10.1111/jopy.12366Google Scholar
Roth, G., Shane, N., & Kanat-Maymon, Y. (2017). Empathising with the enemy: Emotion regulation and support for humanitarian aid in violent conflicts. Cognition and Emotion, 31, 1511–1524.Google Scholar
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In Damon, W. & Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105–176). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In Coan, J. A. & Allen, J. J. B. (Eds.), The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 9–28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M. (2005). The developmental line of autonomy in the etiology, dynamics and treatment of borderline personality disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 987–1006. doi:10.10170S0954579405050467Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. In Fiske, S. (Ed.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 141–166). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psychology, 49, 186–193.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., Grolnick, W. S., & La Guardia, J. G. (2006). The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (2nd ed., pp. 295–849). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and method (3rd ed., pp. 385–438). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 139–170.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., La Guardia, J. G., Solky-Butzel, J., Chirkov, V. I., & Kim, Y. (2005). On the interpersonal regulation of emotions: Emotional reliance across gender, relationships, and culture. Personal Relationships, 12, 146–163.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340–356.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice. Counseling Psychologist, 39, 193–260.Google Scholar
Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). Toward a social psychology of authenticity: Exploring within-person variation in autonomy, congruence, and genuineness using self-determination theory. Review of General Psychology, 23(1), 99–112.Google Scholar
Savard, A., Joussemet, M., Pelletier, L. G., & Mageau, G. A. (2013). The benefits of autonomy support for adolescents with severe emotional and behavioral problems. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 688–700.Google Scholar
Schultz, P. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). The “why,” “what,” and “how” of healthy self-regulation: Mindfulness and well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. In Ostafin, B. D., Robinson, M. D., & Meier, B. P. (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 81–94). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Shahar, B-H., Kalman-Halevi, M., & Roth, G. (2018). Emotion regulation and intimacy quality: The consequences of emotional integration, emotional distancing, and suppression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0265407518816881Google Scholar
Shields, A., Cicchetti, D., & Ryan, R. M. (1994). The development of emotional and behavioral self-regulation and social competence among maltreated school-age children. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 57–75.Google Scholar
Shields, A., Ryan, R. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology, 37, 321–337.Google Scholar
Smits, I., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2010). Why do adolescents gather information or stick to parental norms? Examining autonomous and controlled motives behind adolescents’ identity style. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1343–1356.Google Scholar
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2005). Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 589–604.Google Scholar
Tausczick, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 24–54.Google Scholar
Thomsen, D. K., Tønnesvang, J., Schnieber, A., & Olesen, M. H. (2011). Do people ruminate because they haven't digested their goals? The relations of rumination and reflection to goal internalization and ambivalence. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 105–117. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9209-xGoogle Scholar
Utt, K., Saxon, E., & Bozman, R. (Producers), & Demme, J. (Director). (1991). The silence of the lambs [Motion picture]. Los Angeles: Orion Pictures.Google Scholar
Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Mabbe, E. (2017). Children's daily well-being: The role of mothers’, teachers’, and siblings’ autonomy support and psychological control. Developmental Psychology, 53, 237–251.Google Scholar
Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., Verstuyf, J., Boone, L., & Smets, J. (2014). Fostering self-endorsed motivation to change in patients with an eating disorder: The role of perceived autonomy support and psychological need satisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 585–600.Google Scholar
Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Petegem, S., Raes, F., & Soenens, S. (2016). On the integration of need-related autobiographical memories: The role of depressive symptoms and self-congruence. European Journal of Personality, 30, 580–593.Google Scholar
Van Petegem, S., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W. (2013). The Jingle-Jangle fallacy in adolescent autonomy in the family: In search of an underlying structure. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 994–1014.Google Scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010). The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: A historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions. In Urdan, T. C. & Karabenick, S. A. (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 16A—The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement (pp. 105–165). London: Emerald Group.Google Scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263–280.Google Scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., & Sheldon, K. M. (2006). There's nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 63–82. doi:10.1348/014466505X34192Google Scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., & Soenens, B. (2005). Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners: Vitalizing or immobilizing? Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 468–483.Google Scholar
Vasquez, A. C., Patall, E. A., Fong, C. J., Corrigan, A. S., & Pine, L. (2016). Parent autonomy support, academic achievement, and psychosocial functioning: A meta-analysis of research. Educational Psychology Review, 28, 605–644. doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9329-zGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping and, emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 374–385.Google Scholar
Weinstein, N., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2011). Motivational determinants of integrating positive and negative past identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 527–544.Google Scholar
Weinstein, N., & Hodgins, H. S. (2009). The moderating role of autonomy and control on the benefits of written emotion expression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 351–364.Google Scholar
Wolgast, M., Lundh, L., & Viborg, G. (2013). Experiential avoidance as an emotion regulatory function: An empirical analysis of experiential avoidance in relation to behavioral avoidance, cognitive reappraisal, and response suppression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 224–232.Google Scholar
Wuyts, D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Petegem, S., & Brenning, K. (2017). The role of separation anxiety in mothers’ use of autonomy support: An observational study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1949–1957.Google Scholar
Zeldman, A., Ryan, R. M., & Fiscella, K. (2004). Client motivation, autonomy support and entity beliefs: Their role in methadone maintenance treatment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 675–696.Google Scholar
Zuroff, D. C., Koestner, R., Moskowitz, D. S., McBride, C., & Bagby, R. M. (2012). Therapist's autonomy support and patient's self-criticism predict motivation during brief treatments for depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 903–932.Google Scholar
Zuroff, D. C., Koestner, R., Moskowitz, D. S., McBride, C., Marshall, M., & Bagby, M. R. (2007). Autonomous motivation for therapy: A new common factor in brief treatments for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 137–147.Google Scholar