Figures
2.135 mm film with optical soundtrack (a), a close-up of a portion of the variable-area soundtrack (b), a close-up of a portion of the variable-density soundtrack (c) and a simplified schematic view of a variable-area recorder from the late 1930s (d), based on Figure 11 from L. E. Clark and John K. Hilliard, ‘Types of Film Recording’ (1938, 28). Note that there are four sprocket holes on each frame.
2.3A simplified block diagram of the Fantasound system (after Figure 2 in Garity and Hawkins 1941). PC indicates photocell, PA power amplifier and VGA variable-gain amplifier.
2.4A simplified diagram of the Dolby Stereo system. On the left side are the four source channels, in the centre are the two film soundtracks derived from them and on the right are the four output channels played in the cinema.
2.5Punched holes in the optical soundtrack. The punch in frame A is at the top of the frame, the punch in frame B is at the 3/8 frame position. Numbers at the left-hand side of the frame indicate the frame position for punches. (Note that the film is travelling downwards, so the numbering is from the bottom of the frame upwards.)
2.6Schematic illustration of the visual cue known as a streamer, shown running over nine frames.
2.7Ian Sapiro’s model of the overall processes associated with film scoring as a decision matrix.
3.1Detail from Erich Wolfgang Korngold’s score to The Sea Wolf, cue 4A. © WB MUSIC CORP. (ASCAP). All Rights Reserved. Reproduced by kind permission of Alfred Music (on behalf of Warner Bros.).
3.2Detail from Korngold’s score to Kings Row, cue 1D. © WB MUSIC CORP. (ASCAP). All Rights Reserved. Reproduced by kind permission of Alfred Music (on behalf of Warner Bros.).
3.3Detail from Korngold’s score to Kings Row, cue 1E. © WB MUSIC CORP. (ASCAP). All Rights Reserved. Reproduced by kind permission of Alfred Music (on behalf of Warner Bros.).
4.1A Hard Day’s Night: ‘We’re out!’ The British pop-music film’s liberation from imitative diegetic performance.
8.1Sheet-music cover (c. 1943) of Herman Hupfeld’s 1931 song ‘As Time Goes By’ (Chappell & Co. Ltd). Reproduced by permission of Faber Music Ltd.
9.1Happy Feet: the penguins make a heart-shaped formation around Norma Jean and Memphis.
9.2Happy Feet: Norma Jean and Memphis bring their beaks together, forming a heart shape.
16.1‘Private Bonzo’, about to escape from jail in Tanked, c. 1925.
16.2The Cultured Ape: the simian who likes to play minuets and jigs on his flute. (Score by Mátyás Seiber.)
19.1The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum: the original tone-row (‘A’) and its inversion in Hans Werner Henze’s manuscript sketch. Reprinted with the kind permission of Hans Werner Henze and the Paul Sacher Foundation.
21.2Ramesh Vinayakam’s recording session for Ramanujan (2014) at Bauer Studios, Germany.
