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The Mediterranean diet: science and practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

Walter C Willett
Walter C Willett*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
*
*Corresponding author: E-mail walter.willett@channing.harvard.edu
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Abstract

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Objective

To provide an overview of research relevant to the Mediterranean diet.

Design

Personal perspectives.

Setting

International.

Subject

Populations in Europe, North America, Asia.

Results

Approximately 50 years ago, Keys and colleagues described strikingly low rates of coronary heart disease in the Mediterranean region, where fat intake was relatively high but largely from olive oil. Subsequent controlled feeding studies have shown that compared to carbohydrate, both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats reduce LDL and triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol. Importantly, these beneficial metabolic effects are greater in the presence of underlying insulin resistance. In a detailed analysis within the Nurses' Health Study, trans fat from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (absent in traditional Mediterranean diets) was most strongly related to risk of heart disease, and both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat were inversely associated with risk. Epidemiologic evidence has also supported beneficial effects of higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, and daily consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol. Together with regular physical activity and not smoking, our analyses suggest that over 80% of coronary heart disease, 70% of stroke, and 90% of type 2 diabetes can be avoided by healthy food choices that are consistent with the traditional Mediterranean diet.

Conclusion

Both epidemiologic and metabolic studies suggest that individuals can benefit greatly by adopting elements of Mediterranean diets.

Keywords

MediterraneanDietNutrition
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 9 , Issue 1a , February 2006 , pp. 105 - 110
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2006

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