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The relationship between obsessive–compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2001

G. NESTADT ,
J. SAMUELS ,
M. A. RIDDLE ,
K.-Y. LIANG ,
O. J. BIENVENU ,
R. HOEHN-SARIC ,
M. GRADOS  and
B. CULLEN
G. NESTADT
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
J. SAMUELS
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
M. A. RIDDLE
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
K.-Y. LIANG
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
O. J. BIENVENU
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
R. HOEHN-SARIC
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
M. GRADOS
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
B. CULLEN
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract

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Objective. This study investigates the relationship of specific anxiety and affective disorders to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in a blind, controlled family study.

Method. Eighty case and 73 control probands, as well as 343 case and 300 control first-degree relatives of these probands, participated in the study. Subjects were examined by psychologists or psychiatrists using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety version (SADS-LA). Two experienced psychiatrists independently reviewed all clinical materials, and final diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV criteria, by consensus procedure.

Results. Except for bipolar disorder, all anxiety and affective disorders investigated were more frequent in case than control probands. Substance dependence disorders were not more frequent. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and recurrent major depression were more common in case than control relatives. These disorders occurred more frequently if the relative was diagnosed with OCD. Only GAD and agoraphobia were more frequent in case relatives independent of OCD.

Conclusion. GAD and agoraphobia share a common familial aetiology with OCD. The other anxiety and affective disorders, when comorbid with OCD, may emerge as a consequence of the OCD or as a more complex syndrome.

Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 31 , Issue 3 , April 2001 , pp. 481 - 487
Copyright
© 2001 Cambridge University Press