Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Bannwart, C., Wahala, K., Brunow, G. & Hase, T. (1991 b). Isotope dilution gas chromatographic – mass spectrometric method for the determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human urine, including the identification of genistein. Clinica Chimica Acta 199, 263–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Bannwart, C., Wahala, K., Makela, T., Brunow, G. & Hase, T. (1986). Determination of urinary lignans and phytoestrogen metabolites, potential antiestrogens and anticar–cinogens, in the urine of women on various habitual diets. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 25, 791–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Heikkinen, R., Dwyer, J. T., Goldin, B. R., Gorbach, S. L., Lawson, A. M. & Setchell, K. D. R. (1981). Diet and urinary excretion of lignans in female subjects. Medical Biology 59, 259–261.Google ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Heikkinen, R., Dwyer, J. T., Woods, M., Goldin, B. R. & Gorbach, S. L. (1982). Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian postmenopausal women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet ii, 1295–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Kurzer, M. S., Wahala, K., Makela, T. & Hase, T. (1995). Isotope dilution gas chromatographic – mass spectrometric method for the determination of unconjugated lignans and isoflavonoids in human feces, with preliminary results in omnivorous and vegetarian women. Analytical Biochemistry 225, 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Fotsis, T., Lampe, J., Wahala, K., Makela, T., Brunow, G. & Hase, T. (1993 a). Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 53, Suppl. 215 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adlercreutz, H., Hamalainen, E., Gorbach, S. & Goldin, B. (1992). Dietary phyto-oestroeens and the menopause in Japan. Lancet 339, 1233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Honjo, H., Higasni, A., Fotsis, T., Hamalainen, E., Hasegawa, T. & Okada, H. (1991 a). Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 1093–1100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H., Markkanen, H. & Watanabe, S. (1993 b). Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 342, 1209–1210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aitken, J. M., Davidson, A., England, P., Govan, A. D. T., Hart, D. M., Kelly, A., Lindsay, R. & Moffatt, A. (1974). The relationship between menopausal vasomotor symptoms and gonadotrophin excretion in urine after oophorectomy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 81, 150–154.Google ScholarPubMed

Akiyama, T., Ishida, J., Nakagava, S., Ogawara, S., Watanabe, S., Itoh, N., Shiyba, M. & Fukami, Y. (1987). Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 5592–5595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Akiyama, K., Utsumi, T., Sato, E. F., Klostergaard, J., Inoue, M. & Utsumi, K. (1992). Role of tyrosyl phosphorylation in neutrophil priming by tumour necrosis factor-α and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 298, 703–709.Google Scholar

Anderson, J. J., Ambrose, W. W. & Garner, S. C. (1995). Orally dosed genistein from soy and prevention of cancellous bone loss in two ovariectomized rat models. Journal of Nutrition 125, 799S Abstr..Google Scholar

Anderson, T. J., Ferguson, D. J. P. & Raab, G. M. (1982). Cell turnover in the 'resting' human breast: influence of parity, contraceptive pill, age and laterality. British Journal of Cancer 46, 376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arora, P. D., Ma, J., Min, W., Cruz, A. & McCulloch, C. A. G. (1995). Interleukin-1-induced calcium flux in human fibroblasts is mediated through focal adhesions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 6042–6049.Google ScholarPubMed

Axelson, M. & Setchell, K. D. R. (1980). Conjugation of lignans in human urine. FEBS Letters 122, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Axelson, M., Sjovall, J., Gustafsson, B. E. & Setcheli, K. D. R. (1982). Origin of iignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants. Nature 298, 659–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnes, S., Grubbs, C., Setchell, K. D. R. & Carlson, J. (1990). Soyabeans inhibit mammary tumor growth in models of breast cancer, In Mutagens and Carcinogens in the Diet, pp. 239–253 [Pariza, M. W., editor]. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar

Bennetts, H. W., Underwood, E. J. & Shier, F. L. (1946). A specific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 22, 2–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burroughes, C. D., Mills, K. T. & Bern, H. A. (1985). Prolonged vaginal cornification and other changes in mice treated neonatally with coumestrol, a plant estrogen. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 15, 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burroughes, C. D., Mills, K. T. & Bern, H. A. (1990). Long-term genital tract changes in female mice treated neonatally with coumestrol. Reproductive Toxicology 4, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cardiovascular Review Group Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy 1994 Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Casper, R. F., Yen, S. S. C. & Wilkes, M. M. (1979). Menopausal flushes: a neuroendocrine link with pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion. Science 205, 823–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassidy, A. (1991). Plant oestrogens and their relation to hormonal status in women. PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Cassidy, A., Bingham, S. & Setchell, K. (1994). Biological effects of isoflavones present in soy in premenopausal women: Implications for the prevention of breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 333–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassidy, A., Bingham, S. & Setchell, K. (1995). Biological effects of isoflavones in young women: importance of the chemical composition of soyabean products. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 587–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cassidy, A., Bingham, S., Setchell, K. & Watson, D. (1990). Plant oestrogen excretion in a group of postmenopausal women. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 105 A.Google Scholar

Cheng, S. L., Zhang, S. F., Nelson, T. L., Warlow, P. M. & Civitelli, R. (1995). Stimulation of human osteoblast differentiation and function by ipriflavone and its metabolites. Calcified Tissue International 55, 356–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clevenger, S. (1964). Flower pigments. Scientific American 210, 84–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Constantinou, A., Kiguchi, K. & Huberman, E. (1990). Induction of differentiation and strand breakage in human HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cells by genistein. Cancer Research 50, 2618–2624.Google ScholarPubMed

Coward, L., Barnes, N. C., Setchell, K. D. R. & Barnes, S. (1993). The isoflavones genistein and daidzein in soy based foods from American and Asian diets. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 41, 1961–1967.Google Scholar

Dehennin, L., Reiffsteck, A., Jondet, M. & Thiber, M. (1982). Identification and quantitative estimation of a lignan in human and bovine semen. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 66, 305–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ferguson, D. J. P. & Anderson, T. J. (1981). Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the 'resting' human breast. British Journal of Cancer 44, 177–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finlay, E. M. H., Wilson, D. W., Adlercreutz, H. & Griffiths, K. (1991). The identification and measurement of 'phyto-oestrogens' in human saliva, plasma, breast aspirate or cyst fluid, and prostati; fluid using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Journal of Endocrinology 129, Suppl. 49 Abstr.Google Scholar

Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Redmond, C. D., Fisher, E. R., Wickerham, D. L. & Cronin, W. M. (1994). Endometrial cancer in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-14. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 865, 527–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fornander, T., Rutqvist, L. E. & Cedermark, B. (1989). Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer, occurrence of new primary cancers. Lancet i, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fotsis, T., Heikkinen, R., Adlercreutz, H., Axelson, M. & Setchell, K. D. R. (1982). Capillary gas chromatographic method for the analysis of lignans in human urine. Clinica Chimica Acta 121, 361–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fotsis, T., Pepper, M., Adlercreutz, H., Fleischmann, G., Hase, T., Montesano, R. & Schweigerer, L. (1993). Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 2690–2694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Francis, C. M. & Hume, I. D. (1971). The relationship between lignification and flavonoid production in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Biological Science 24, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerwirtz, D. A. (1991). Does bulk damage to DNA explain the cytostatic effects of topoisomerase II inhibitors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 42, 2253–2258.Google Scholar

Golder, M. P., Phillips, E. A., Fahmy, D. R., Preece, P. E., Jones, V., Henk, J. M. & Griffiths, K. (1976). Plasma hormones in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with Tamoxifen. European Journal of Cancer 12, 719–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hanson, C. H., Loper, G. M., Kohler, G. O., Bickoff, E. M., Taylor, K. W., Kehr, W. R., Stanford, E. H., Dudley, J. W., Pedersen, M. W., Sorensen, E. L., Carnahan, H. L. & Wilsie, C. P. 1965 Variation in coumestrol content of alfalfa, as related to location, variety, cutting, year, stage of growth and disease, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service technical bulletin no. 1333, 1–72Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.Google Scholar

Haworth, R. D. & Slinger, F. H. (1940). The constituents of natural phenolic resins. Part XVII. A synthesis of 1-matairesinol. Journal of the Chemical Society 1098–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawrylewicz, E. J., Huang, H. H. & Blair, W. H. (1991). Dietary soya bean isolate and methionine supplementation affect mammary tumour progression in rats. Journal of Nutrition 121, 1693–1698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Judd, H. L., Krailo, M. D. & Pike, M. C. (1985). Do regulatory ovulatory cycles increase breast cancer risk?. Cancer 56, 1206–1208.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, T. D., Dean, N. M., Mordan, L. J., Lau, A. F., Kanemitsu, M. Y. & Boynton, A. L. (1990). PDGF-induced activation of phospholipase C is not required for induction of DNA synthesis. Science 248, 1660–1663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirayama, T. (1979). Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet. National Cancer Institute Monograph 53, 149–155.Google Scholar

Hirayama, T. (1986). A large scale cohort study on cancer risks by diet – with special reference to the risk reducing effects of green-yellow vegetable consumption. In Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, pp. 41–53 [Hayashi, Y., Nagao, M., Sugimura, T., Takayama, S., Tomatis, L., Wallenberg, L. W. & Wogan, G. N., editor]. Tokyo: Japanese Scienlific Society Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Hirohata, T., Shigematsu, T., Nomura, A. M. Y. & Horie, A. (1985). Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to diet and reproduclive history: A case – control study in Fukuoka, Japan. National Cancer Institute Monograph 69, 187–190.Google ScholarPubMed

Hughes, R., Cassidy, A. & Bingham, S. (1994). Hormonal effects of lignans in a group of men. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 230A.Google Scholar

Jones, A. E., Price, K. R. & Fenwick, G. R. (1989). Development and application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of phytoestrogens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 46, 357–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jordan, V. C. (1990). The only true antiestrogen is a no estrogen. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 74, C91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jordan, V. C., Fritz, N. F. & Tormey, D. C. (1987). Endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and long-term Tamoxifen administration on node-positive patients with breast cancer. Cancer Research 47, 624–630.Google ScholarPubMed

Juniewicz, P. E., Pallante Morell, S., Moser, A. & Ewing, L. L. (1988). Identification of phytoestrogens in the urine of male dogs. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 31, 987–994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelly, G. E., Nelson, C., Waring, M. A., Joannou, G. E. & Reeder, A. Y. (1993). Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. Clinica Chimica Acta 223, 9–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kennedy, A. R. (1995). The evidence of soybean products as cancer prevention agents. Journal of Nutrition 125, 733S-743S.Google Scholar

Lamartiniere, C. A., Moore, J., Holland, M. B. & Barnes, S. (1995). Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 208, 120–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, H. P., Gourley, L., Duffy, S. W., Esteve, J., Lee, J. & Day, N. E. (1991). Dietary effects on breast cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet 337, 1197–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Makela, S. I., Pylkkanen, L. H., Santti, R. S. S. & Adlercreutz, H. (1995). Dietary soybean may be antiestrogenic in male mice. Journal of Nutrition 125, 437–445.Google ScholarPubMed

Markovitz, J., Linassier, C., Fosse, P., Couprie, J., Jaquemin-Sablon, A., Pecq, J. B. & Larson, A. K. (1989). Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Cancer Research 49, 5111–5117.Google Scholar

Martin, P. M., Horwitz, K. B., Ryan, D. S. & McGuire, W. L. (1978). Phytoestrogens interaction with estrogen receptors in human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 103, 1860–1867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Medlock, K. L., Branham, W. S. & Sheehan, D. M. (1995). Effects of coumestrol and equol on the developing reproductive tract of the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 208, 67–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Messina, M. J., Persky, V., Setchell, K. D. R. & Barnes, S. (1994). Soy intake and cancer risk: A review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutrition and Cancer 21, 113–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miyazawa, K. (1976). Incidence of endometriosis among Japanese women. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 48, 407–409.Google ScholarPubMed

Morley, F. H. & Francis, C. M. (1968). Varietal and environmental variations in isoflavone concentrations in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Science 19, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morton, M. S., Wilcox, G., Wahlqvist, M. L. & Griffiths, K. (1994). Determination of lignans and isofiavonoids in human female plasma following dietary supplementation. Journal of Endocrinology 142, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muir, C., Waterhouse, J., Mack, T., Powell, J. & Whelan, S. 1987 Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vol. 5 International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication no. 88 Lyon, France: IARC Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Murkies, A. L., Lombard, C., Strauss, B. J. G., Wilcox, G., Burger, H. G. & Morton, M. S. (1995). Dietary flour supplementation decreases postmenopausal hot flushes – effect of soy and wheat. Maturitas 21, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Naim, M., Gestetner, B., Zilkah, S., Birk, Y. & Bondi, A. (1974). Soybean isoflavones. Characterisation, determination and antifungal activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 22, 169–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nomura, A., Henderson, B. E. & Lee, J. (1978). Breast cancer and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 2020–2025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oishi, K., Okada, K., Yoshida, O., Yamabe, H., Ohno, Y., Hayes, R. B. & Schroeder, F. H. (1988). A case – contol study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits. Prostate 12, 179–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okura, A., Arakawa, H., Oka, H., Yoshinara, T. & Monden, Y. (1988). Effect of genistein on topoisomerase activity and on the growth of (Val 12) Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 157, 183–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1991). Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells – independence from estrogen receptors and multidrug resistance gene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 179, 661–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1993). Isoflavones inhibit growth of human prostate cancer cell lines without inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation. Prostate 22, 335–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phipps, W. R., Martini, M. C., Lampe, J. W., Slavin, J. L. & Kurzer, M. S. (1993). Effect of flaxseed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77, 1215–1219.Google ScholarPubMed

Price, K. R. & Fenwick, G. R. (1985). Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods – A review. Food Additives and Contaminants 2, 73–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rao, C. B. S. 1978 The Chemistry of Lignans, Waltair, India: Andhra University Press.Google Scholar

Sargeant, P., Farndale, R. W. & Sage, S. O. (1993). The tyrosine kinase inhibitors methyl 2,5-dihydroxy-cinnimate and genistein reduce thrombin-evoked tyrosine phosphorylation and Ca2-entry in human platelets. FEBS Letters 315, 242–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Setchell, K. D. R. (1985). Naturally occurring non-steroid estrogens of dietary origin. In Estrogens in the Environment II, Influences on Development, pp. 69–86 [MacLachan, J. A., editor]. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Setchell, K. D. R., Borriello, S. P., Hulme, P. & Axelson, M. (1984). Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone-dependent disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, 569–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Setchell, K. D. R., Gosselin, S. J., Welsh, M., Johnston, J. O., Balistreri, W. F., Kramer, L. W., Dresser, B. L. & Tarr, M. J. (1987 a). Dietary oestrogens – a probable cause of infertility and liver disease in captive cheetah. Gastroenterology 93, 225–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Setchell, K. D. R., Lawson, A. M., Conway, E., Taylor, N. F., Kirk, D. N., Cooley, G., Farrant, R. D., Wynn, S. & Axelson, M. (1981). The definitive identification of the lignans trans-2, 3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)-y-butynlactone and 2, 3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)-butane-l, 4-diol in human and animal urine. Biochemical Journal 197, 447–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Setchell, K. D. R., Lawson, A. M., McLaughlin, L. M., Patel, S., Kirk, D. N. & Axelson, M. (1983). Measurement of enterolactone and enterodiol, the first mammalian lignans, using stable isotope dilution and gas chromatography. Biomedical Mass Spearometry 10, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Setchell, K. D. R., Welsh, M. & Lim, C. K. (1987 b). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phytoestrogens in soy protein preparations with ultraviolet, electrochemical and thermospray mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography 386, 315–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Severson, R. K., Nomura, A. M. Y., Grove, J. S. & Stemmermann, G. N. (1989). A prospective study of demographics, diet and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Research 49, 1857–1860.Google ScholarPubMed

Sharma, O. P., Adlercreutz, H., Strandberg, J. D., Zirkin, B. R. & Coffey, D. S. (1992). Soy of dietary source plays a preventative role against the pathogenesis of prostatitis in rats. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 43, 557–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shultz, T. D., Bonorden, W. R. & Seaman, W. R. (1991). Effect of short term flaxseed consumption on lignan and sex hormone metabolism in men. Nutrition Research 11, 1089–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shutt, D. A. (1976). The effect of plant oestrogens on animal reproduction. Endeavour 35, 110–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shutt, D. A. & Cox, R. I. (1972). Steroid and phytoestrogen binding to sheep uterine receptors in vivo. Journal of Endocrinology 52, 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sirtori, C. R., Even, R. & Lovati, M. R. (1993). Soyabean protein diet and plasma cholesterol: From therapy to molecular mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 676, 188–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, D. C., Prentice, R. & Thompson, D. J. (1975). Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 293, 1164–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tanimura, M., Kobuchi, H., Utsumi, T., Yoshioka, T., Kataoka, S., Fujita, Y. & Utsumi, K. (1992). Neutrophil priming by granulocyte colony stimulating factor and its modulation by protein kinase inhibitors. Biochemical Pharmacology 44, 1045–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tataryn, I. V., Meldrum, D. R., Lu, K. H., Frumar, A. M. & Judd, H. L. (1979). LH, FSH and skin temperature during the menopausal hot flush. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 49, 152–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thompson, L. U., Robb, P., Serraino, M. & Cheung, F. (1991). Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutrition and Cancer 16, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Troll, W., Wiesner, R., Shellabarger, C. J., Holtzman, S. & Stone, J. P. (1980). Soybean diet lowers breast tumour incidence in irradiated rats. Carcinogenesis 1, 469–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Utsumi, T., Klostergard, J., Akimura, K., Edashige, K. & Sato, E. F. (1992). Modulation of TNF-alpha-priming and stimulation dependent superoxide generation in human neutrophils by protein kinase inhibitors. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 294, 271–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Verdeal, K., Brown, R. R., Richardson, T. & Ryan, D. S. (1980). Affinity of phytoestrogens for estradiol-binding proteins and effect of coumestrol on growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 64, 285–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wei, H., Wei, L., Frenkel, K., Bowen, R. & Barnes, S. (1993). Inhibition of tumour-promoter induced hydrogen peroxide formation by genistein in vitro and in vivo. Nutrition and Cancer 20, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Whitten, P. L., Lewis, C. & Naftolin, F. (1992). A phytoestrogen diet induces the premature anovulatory syndrome in lactationally exposed female rats. Biology of Reproduction 49, 1117–1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilcox, G., Wahlqvist, M. L., Burger, H. G. & Medley, G. (1990). Oestrogen effects of plant derived foods in postmenopausal women. British Medical Journal 301, 905–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilcox, J. N. & Blumenthal, B. F. (1995). Thrombotic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: Potential impact of soy proteins. Journal of Nutrition 125, 631S-638S.Google ScholarPubMed

Willis, K. J., London, D. R., Ward, H. W. C., Butt, W. R., Lynch, S. S. & Rudd, B. T. (1977). Recurrent breast cancer treated with the antiestrogen tamoxifen: correlation between hormonal changes and clinical course. British Medical Journal i, 425–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xu, X., Wang, H.-J., Murphy, P. A., Cook, L. & Hendrich, S. (1994). Daidzein is a more bioavailable soymilk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women. Journal of Nutrition 124, 825–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yamashita, Y., Kawada, S. & Nakano, H. (1991). Induction of mammalian topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage by non-intercalative flavonoids genistein and orobol. FEES Letters 288, 46–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuan, M.-J., Wang, Q.-S., Ross, R. K., Henderson, B. E. & Yu, M. C. (1995). Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. British Journal of Cancer 71, 1353–1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed