Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-lrblm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T10:30:24.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Observations of planetary winds and outflows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2023

Leonardo A. Dos Santos Open the ORCID record for Leonardo A. Dos Santos [Opens in a new window]
Leonardo A. Dos Santos*
Affiliation:
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

We have recently hit the milestone of 5,000 exoplanets discovered. In stark contrast with the Solar System, most of the exoplanets we know to date orbit extremely close to their host stars, causing them to lose copious amounts of gas through atmospheric escape at some stage in their lives. In some planets, this process can be so dramatic that they shrink in timescales of a few million to billions of years, imprinting features in the demographics of transiting exoplanets. Depending on the transit geometry, ionizing conditions, and atmospheric properties, a planetary outflow can be observed using transmission spectroscopy in the ultraviolet, optical or near-infrared. In this review, we will discuss the main techniques to observe evaporating exoplanets and their results. To date, we have evidence that at least 28 exoplanets are currently losing their atmospheres, and the literature has reported at least 42 non-detections.

Keywords

(stars:) planetary systemsplanets and satellites: generaltechniques: spectroscopic
Type
Contributed Paper
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 17 , Symposium S370: Winds of Stars and Exoplanets , August 2021 , pp. 56 - 71
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

References

Allart, R., Bourrier, V., Lovis, C., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A58 Google Scholar
Allart, R., Bourrier, V., Lovis, C., et al. 2018, Science, 362, 1384 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Snellen, I. A. G., Czesla, S., et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A110 Google Scholar
Andretta, V. & Jones, H. P. 1997, ApJ, 489, 375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attia, O., Bourrier, V., Eggenberger, P., et al. 2021, A&A, 647, A40 Google Scholar
Ballester, G. E. & Ben-Jaffel, L. 2015, ApJ, 804, 116 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballester, G. E., Sing, D. K., & Herbert, F. 2007, Nature, 445, 511 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barragán, O., Aigrain, S., Kubyshkina, D., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 490, 698 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Jaffel, L. & Ballester, G. E. 2013, A&A, 553, A52 Google Scholar
Ben-Jaffel, L., Ballester, G. E., Garca Muñoz, A., et al. 2022, Nature Astronomy, 6, 141 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourrier, V., de Wit, J., Bolmont, E., et al. 2017 a, AJ, 154, 121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourrier, V., Dos Santos, L. A., Sanz-Forcada, J., et al. 2021, A&A, 650, A73 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., Allart, R., et al. 2017 b, A&A, 602, A106Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., King, G., et al. 2017 c, A&A, 597, A26Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., & Lecavelier des Etangs, A. 2015, A&A, 582, A65 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., et al. 2018 a, A&A, 615, A117 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V. & Lecavelier des Etangs, A. 2013, A&A, 557, A124 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Dupuy, H., et al. 2013, A&A, 551, A63 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Ehrenreich, D., et al. 2018 b, A&A, 620, A147 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Ehrenreich, D., Tanaka, Y. A., & Vidotto, A. A. 2016, A&A, 591, A121 Google Scholar
Bourrier, V., Wheatley, P. J., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 559 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carleo, I., Youngblood, A., Redfield, S., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 136 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carolan, S., Vidotto, A. A., Villarreal D’Angelo, C., & Hazra, G. 2021, MNRAS, 500, 3382 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casasayas-Barris, N., Orell-Miquel, J., Stangret, M., et al. 2021, A&A, 654, A163 Google Scholar
Casasayas-Barris, N., Pallé, E., Yan, F., et al. 2018, A&A, 616, A151 Google Scholar
Cauley, P. W., Redfield, S., & Jensen, A. G. 2017 a, AJ, 153, 217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauley, P. W., Redfield, S., & Jensen, A. G. 2017 b, AJ, 153, 81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cauley, P. W., Shkolnik, E. L., Ilyin, I., et al. 2019, AJ, 157, 69 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charbonneau, D., Brown, T. M., Noyes, R. W., & Gilliland, R. L. 2002, ApJ, 568, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, G., Casasayas-Barris, N., Pallé, E., et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A171 Google Scholar
Czesla, S., Lampón, M., Sanz-Forcada, J., et al. 2022, A&A, 657, A6 Google Scholar
Davis, T. A. & Wheatley, P. J. 2009, MNRAS, 396, 1012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debrecht, A., Carroll-Nellenback, J., Frank, A., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 1292 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deming, D., Stevenson, K. B., & Ehrenreich, D. 2021, in ExoFrontiers; Big Questions in Exoplanetary Science, ed. N. Madhusudhan, 7–1Google Scholar
Dos Santos, L. A., Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., et al. 2021, A&A, 649, A40 Google Scholar
Dos Santos, L. A., Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., et al. 2020 a, A&A, 640, A29 Google Scholar
Dos Santos, L. A., Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., et al. 2020 b, A&A, 634, L4 Google Scholar
Dos Santos, L. A., Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., et al. 2019, A&A, 629, A47 Google Scholar
Dos Santos, L. A., Vidotto, A. A., Vissapragada, S., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A62 Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., Bonfils, X., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, A18 Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., Wheatley, P. J., et al. 2015, Nature, 522, 459 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenreich, D., Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., & Delfosse, X. 2011, A&A, 529, A80 Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, D., Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., Hébrard, G., et al. 2008, A&A, 483, 933 Google Scholar
Erkaev, N. V., Kulikov, Y. N., Lammer, H., et al. 2007, A&A, 472, 329 Google Scholar
Erkaev, N. V., Lammer, H., Odert, P., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 460, 1300 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossati, L., France, K., Koskinen, T., et al. 2015, ApJ, 815, 118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossati, L., Guilluy, G., Shaikhislamov, I. F., et al. 2022, A&A, 658, A136 Google Scholar
Fossati, L., Haswell, C. A., Froning, C. S., et al. 2010, ApJ Letters, 714, L222 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossati, L., Koskinen, T., France, K., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
France, K., Duvvuri, G., Egan, H., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaidos, E., Hirano, T., Mann, A. W., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 495, 650 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaidos, E., Hirano, T., Omiya, M., et al. 2021, Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society, 5, 238 Google Scholar
Garca Muñoz, A., Fossati, L., Youngblood, A., et al. 2021, ApJ Letters, 907, L36 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garca Muñoz, A., Youngblood, A., Fossati, L., et al. 2020, ApJ Letters, 888, L21 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginzburg, S., Schlichting, H. E., & Sari, R. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 759 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, S. H. 1972, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 214 2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillot, T., Burrows, A., Hubbard, W. B., Lunine, J. I., & Saumon, D. 1996, ApJ Letters, 459, L35 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilluy, G., Andretta, V., Borsa, F., et al. 2020, A&A, 639, A49 Google Scholar
Gupta, A. & Schlichting, H. E. 2019, MNRAS, 487, 24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, A. & Schlichting, H. E. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 792 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirano, T., Krishnamurthy, V., Gaidos, E., et al. 2020, ApJ Letters, 899, L13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmström, M., Ekenbäck, A., Selsis, F., et al. 2008, Nature, 451, 970 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. G., Cauley, P. W., Redfield, S., Cochran, W. D., & Endl, M. 2018, AJ, 156, 154 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. G., Redfield, S., Endl, M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 751, 86 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasper, D., Bean, J. L., Oklopčić, A., et al. 2020, AJ, 160, 258CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khodachenko, M. L., Shaikhislamov, I. F., Lammer, H., et al. 2019, ApJ, 885, 67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G. W., Corrales, L., Wheatley, P. J., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 506, 2453 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G. W. & Wheatley, P. J. 2021, MNRAS, 501, L28 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J., Alam, M. K., López-Morales, M., & Zeng, L. 2020, AJ, 159, 115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, J., Dos Santos, L. A., López-Morales, M., et al. 2022, AJ, 164, 24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kislyakova, K. G., Holmström, M., Odert, P., et al. 2019, A&A, 623, A131 Google Scholar
Koskinen, T. T., Aylward, A. D., & Miller, S. 2007, Nature, 450, 845 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreidberg, L. & Oklopčić, A. 2018, Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society, 2, 44 Google Scholar
Krishnamurthy, V., Hirano, T., Stefánsson, G., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulow, J. R., France, K., Linsky, J., & Loyd, R. O. P. 2014, ApJ, 786, 132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lammer, H., Selsis, F., Ribas, I., et al. 2003, ApJ Letters, 598, L121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lampón, M., López-Puertas, M., Czesla, S., et al. 2021, A&A, 648, L7 Google Scholar
Lampón, M., López-Puertas, M., Lara, L. M., et al. 2020, A&A, 636, A13 Google Scholar
Lavie, B., Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., et al. 2017, A&A, 605, L7 Google Scholar
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. 2007, A&A, 461, 1185 Google Scholar
Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Bourrier, V., Wheatley, P. J., et al. 2012, A&A, 543, L4 Google Scholar
Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Ehrenreich, D., Vidal-Madjar, A., et al. 2010, A&A, 514, A72 Google Scholar
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A., Vidal-Madjar, A., & Desert, J. M. 2008, Nature, 456, E1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Vidal-Madjar, A., McConnell, J. C., & Hébrard, G. 2004, A&A, 418, L1 Google Scholar
Linsky, J. L., Yang, H., France, K., et al. 2010, ApJ, 717, 1291 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linssen, D., Oklopčić, A., & MacLeod, M. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2209.03677Google Scholar
Loyd, R. O. P., Koskinen, T. T., France, K., Schneider, C., & Redfield, S. 2017, ApJ Letters, 834, L17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallonn, M. & Strassmeier, K. G. 2016, A&A, 590, A100 Google Scholar
Mansfield, M., Bean, J. L., Oklopčić, A., et al. 2018, ApJ Letters, 868, L34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayor, M. & Queloz, D. 1995, Nature, 378, 355 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazeh, T., Holczer, T., & Faigler, S. 2016, A&A, 589, A75 Google Scholar
Moutou, C., Coustenis, A., Schneider, J., Queloz, D., & Mayor, M. 2003, A&A, 405, 341 Google Scholar
Murray-Clay, R. A., Chiang, E. I., & Murray, N. 2009, ApJ, 693, 23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021, Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press)Google Scholar
Ninan, J. P., Stefansson, G., Mahadevan, S., et al. 2020, ApJ, 894, 97 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nortmann, L., Pallé, E., Salz, M., et al. 2018, Science, 362, 1388 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oklopčić, A. 2019, ApJ, 881, 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oklopčić, A. & Hirata, C. M. 2018, ApJ Letters, 855, L11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öpik, E. J. 1963, Geophysical Journal, 7, 490 Google Scholar
Orell-Miquel, J., Murgas, F., Pallé, E., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A55 Google Scholar
Owen, J. E. & Alvarez, M. A. 2016, ApJ, 816, 34 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, J. E. & Lai, D. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 5012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, J. E., Murray-Clay, R. A., Schreyer, E., et al. 2021, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2111.06094Google Scholar
Owen, J. E. & Wu, Y. 2013, ApJ, 775, 105 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palle, E., Nortmann, L., Casasayas-Barris, N., et al. 2020, A&A, 638, A61 Google Scholar
Paragas, K., Vissapragada, S., Knutson, H. A., et al. 2021, ApJ Letters, 909, L10 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, E. N. 1958, ApJ, 128, 664 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillitteri, I., Micela, G., Maggio, A., Sciortino, S., & Lopez-Santiago, J. 2022, A&A, 660, A75 Google Scholar
Poppenhaeger, K. 2022, MNRAS, 512, 1751 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackham, B. V., Apai, D., & Giampapa, M. S. 2019, AJ, 157, 96 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackham, B. V., Espinoza, N., Berdyugina, S. V., et al. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2201.09905Google Scholar
Ridden-Harper, A. R., Snellen, I. A. G., Keller, C. U., et al. 2016, A&A, 593, A129 Google Scholar
Rockcliffe, K. E., Newton, E. R., Youngblood, A., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 116 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salz, M., Czesla, S., Schneider, P. C., et al. 2018, A&A, 620, A97 Google Scholar
Salz, M., Schneider, P. C., Czesla, S., & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2016, A&A, 585, L2 Google Scholar
Sánchez-López, A., Lin, L., Snellen, I. A. G., et al. 2022, A&A, 666, L1 Google Scholar
Schilling, G. 1996, Science, 273, 429 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlawin, E., Agol, E., Walkowicz, L. M., Covey, K., & Lloyd, J. P. 2010, ApJ Letters, 722, L75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seager, S. & Sasselov, D. D. 2000, ApJ, 537, 916 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sing, D. K., Fortney, J. J., Nikolov, N., et al. 2016, Nature, 529, 59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sing, D. K., Lavvas, P., Ballester, G. E., et al. 2019, AJ, 158, 91 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spake, J. J., Oklopčić, A., & Hillenbrand, L. A. 2021, AJ, 162, 284CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spake, J. J., Oklopčić, A., Hillenbrand, L. A., et al. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2209.03502Google Scholar
Spake, J. J., Sing, D. K., Evans, T. M., et al. 2018, Nature, 557, 68 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabó, G. M. & Kiss, L. L. 2011, ApJ, 727, L44 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripathi, A., Kratter, K. M., Murray-Clay, R. A., & Krumholz, M. R. 2015, ApJ, 808, 173 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidal-Madjar, A., Désert, J.-M., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., et al. 2004, ApJ Letters, 604, L69 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidal-Madjar, A., Huitson, C. M., Bourrier, V., et al. 2013, A&A, 560, A54 Google Scholar
Vidal-Madjar, A., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Désert, J.-M., et al. 2003, Nature, 422, 143 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidotto, A. A. & Bourrier, V. 2017, MNRAS, 470, 4026 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villarreal D’Angelo, C., Vidotto, A. A., Esquivel, A., Hazra, G., & Youngblood, A. 2021, MNRAS, 501, 4383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vissapragada, S., Knutson, H. A., Greklek-McKeon, M., et al. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2204.11865Google Scholar
Vissapragada, S., Knutson, H. A., Jovanovic, N., et al. 2020, AJ, 159, 278 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vissapragada, S., Stefánsson, G., Greklek-McKeon, M., et al. 2021, AJ, 162, 222 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkov, A. N., Johnson, R. E., Tucker, O. J., & Erwin, J. T. 2011, ApJ Letters, 729, L24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waalkes, W. C., Berta-Thompson, Z., Bourrier, V., et al. 2019, AJ, 158, 50 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, L. & Dai, F. 2018, ApJ, 860, 175 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, A. J., Donahue, T. M., & Walker, J. C. G. 1981, Icarus, 48, 150 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyttenbach, A., Ehrenreich, D., Lovis, C., Udry, S., & Pepe, F. 2015, A&A, 577, A62 Google Scholar
Wyttenbach, A., Mollière, P., Ehrenreich, D., et al. 2020, A&A, 638, A87 Google Scholar
Yan, D., Guo, J., Huang, C., & Xing, L. 2021 a, ApJ Letters, 907, L47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, F. & Henning, T. 2018, Nature Astronomy, 2, 714 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, F., Wyttenbach, A., Casasayas-Barris, N., et al. 2021 b, A&A, 645, A22Google Scholar
Zhang, M., Cauley, P. W., Knutson, H. A., et al. 2022 a, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2204.02985Google Scholar
Zhang, M., Knutson, H. A., Dai, F., et al. 2022 b, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2207.13099Google Scholar
Zhang, M., Knutson, H. A., Wang, L., Dai, F., & Barragán, O. 2022 c, AJ, 163, 67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, M., Knutson, H. A., Wang, L., et al. 2022 d, AJ, 163, 68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, M., Knutson, H. A., Wang, L., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 181 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Y., Snellen, I. A. G., Mollière, P., et al. 2020, A&A, 641, A161 Google Scholar