Introduction
This paper continues the author's study of the genus Menegazzia A. Massal., a conspicuous, species-diverse component of the lichen biota of temperate Australasia (Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas2012a, Reference Kantvilasb). Previous work concentrated mainly on the island of Tasmania, which, with 31 species, is an undisputed centre of speciation for the genus, especially in the moist cool temperate rainforests dominated by Nothofagus Blume. The genus is also well represented in temperate mainland Australia, particularly in upland areas along the eastern seaboard. These Australian species were first treated as a group by James & Galloway (Reference James and Galloway1992) but further species were subsequently added by Kantvilas & Louwhoff (Reference Kantvilas and Louwhoff2004), Elix (Reference Elix2007), Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas2012b) and McCarthy & Elix (Reference McCarthy and Elix2017). The most recent checklist of lichens for Australia and its island territories (McCarthy Reference McCarthy2018) lists 37 taxa, of which six are recorded solely from the mainland and one is restricted to Lord Howe Island, off the New South Wales coast.
In this paper, two further taxa are added, one of which is new to science, and a key to all the Australian (including Tasmanian) species is presented. A general introduction to the genus, including a discussion of previous research, diagnostic taxonomic characters, and ecological and distributional patterns was provided by Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas2012a) and is not repeated here.
Material and Methods
This work is based primarily on herbarium specimens held in the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) and the Queensland Herbarium (BRI). Hand-cut apothecial and thallus sections were routinely mounted in water for observation and measurement, but subsequently eluted with 15% KOH or ammoniacal erythrosin for further examination. Dimensions of ascospores given in the species description are based on at least 50 observations and presented in the format: 5th percentile–average–95th percentile, with outlying measurements given in brackets. Routine chemical analysis of all specimens was undertaken using standard methods of thin-layer chromatography (Orange et al. Reference Orange, James and White2010); solvent A was the preferred medium.
Medullary Chemistry in Menegazzia
After the basic morphological and anatomical characters such as general appearance, presence/absence and morphology of vegetative diaspores, and the number of ascospores per ascus, medullary chemistry is the critical taxonomic character in Menegazzia. Thin-layer chromatography is recommended for routine specimen identification.
The major chemosyndromes were summarized by Kantvilas (Reference Kantvilas2012a). The most common chemosyndrome in the Australian region is stictic acid, associated with some or all of a suite of biosynthetically-related compounds that include constictic acid, cryptostictic acid, menegazziaic acid and peristictic acid, some or all often only in trace concentrations, as well as minute traces of norstictic acid and 3-O-methylconsalazinic acid. However, there is consistent variation between the presence or absence of particular accessory compounds, such as lecanoric acid, in some taxa. An expanded inventory of chemosyndromes found in Australian and Tasmanian species is presented below.
Ia. Stictic acid syndrome: M. aeneofusca, M. bjerkeana, M. caesiopruinosa, M. corrugata, M. eperforata, M. fissicarpa, M. fortuita, M. hypogymnioides, M. kantvilasii, M. neozelandica, M. nothofagi, M. platytrema, M. subpertusa, M. subtestacea, M. williamsii.
Ib. Stictic acid syndrome, plus unknown orange pigments: M. athrotaxidis.
Ic. Stictic acid syndrome, plus echinocarpic acid and emodin pigments: M. caliginosa.
Id. Stictic acid syndrome, plus isopigmentosin and lacking menegazziaic acid: M. elongata, M. endocrocea, M. grandis, M. lordhowensis, M. subbullata.
Ie. Stictic acid syndrome, plus lecanoric acid: M. myriotrema, M. ramulicola.
IIa. Norstictic and connorstictic acids: M. norstictica, M. sanguinascens.
IIb. Norstictic and connorstictic acids plus lecanoric acid: M. tarkinea.
III. Caperatic acid: M. abscondita, M. confusa.
IVa. Protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids, plus skyrin: M. jamesii.
IVb. Protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids, plus secalonic acid: M. pertransita.
IVc. Protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids: M. minuta.
V. Lecanoric acid (with cortical usnic acid): M. globulifera.
VI. Fumarprotocetraric acid: M. conica, M. hypernota, M. petraea.
VII. Unknown fatty acids: M. inactiva.
VIII. Alectoronic acid: M. ultralucens.
IX. Thamnolic acid, plus calycin: M. enteroxantha.
The stictic acid chemosyndrome also predominates in other regions of the world, for example, the temperate Northern Hemisphere (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2003), East Asia (Aptroot et al. Reference Aptroot, Lai and Sparrius2003; Bjerke Reference Bjerke2004b; Moon et al. Reference Moon, Kurokawa and Kashiwadani2006; Bjerke & Sipman Reference Bjerke and Sipman2007), the Caribbean (Bjerke et al. Reference Bjerke, Tronstad and Pérez-Pérez2016) and the Neotropics (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2002). However, additional chemosyndromes are also known. For example, hypostictic, hypoconstictic and hyposalazinic acids occur in the New Zealand species M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (Galloway Reference Galloway2007) and the South American species M. dispora (Nyl. ex Crombie) R. Sant. (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2005). Psoromic acid is known from M. dielsii (Hillman) R. Sant. (Galloway Reference Galloway2007). Thamnolic acid characterizes M. wandae Bjerke from South America (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2005) and M. caviisidia Bjerke & P. James from Japan (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2004b). Also described from Japan is M. squamatica K. H. Moon et al., which contains squamatic acid (Moon et al. Reference Moon, Kurokawa and Kashiwadani2006). New Guinea taxa appear to be remarkably chemically uniform, with most containing the stictic acid syndrome (Ia above) (James et al. Reference James, Aptroot, Diederich, Sipman and Sérusiaux2001), but barbatic acid has been recorded consistently in M. dissoluta P. James et al. (Bjerke & Sipman Reference Bjerke and Sipman2007) as well as in M. opuntioides (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. from South America (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2005).
Distribution Patterns
Continental Australia represents a significant centre of speciation for Menegazzia with 20 species, including seven endemics. In comparison, Tasmania has 31 species with 13 endemics (Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas2012a; present paper) whereas New Zealand has 22 species with nine endemics (Galloway Reference Galloway2007; Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas2012a, Reference Kantvilasb; present paper). However, on the basis of a cursory examination of herbarium collections, additional undescribed taxa occur in the latter region.
Distribution patterns of the species studied are summarized and compared in Table 1, which illustrates, not surprisingly, that continental Australia has the greatest number of species in common with Tasmania. It is noteworthy, however, that no species is shared with New Guinea.
Table 1. Distribution patterns of the Australian species of Menegazzia.
1Excludes M. castanea which, in Australian territory, is known only from subantarctic Macquarie Island.
2Includes M. lordhowensis, endemic to Lord Howe Island off the coast of New South Wales.
The Australian endemics are all restricted to the coastal upland areas of New South Wales and Queensland where, with the exception of the saxicolous M. fortuita Elix & McCarthy, they occur as epiphytes in wet forests, usually dominated by Nothofagus moorei (Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas2012b; McCarthy & Elix Reference McCarthy and Elix2017; G. Kantvilas, pers. obs.). The highly localized M. lordhowensis Elix is endemic to Lord Howe Island, an island renowned for its remarkable biota (Hutton Reference Hutton1986), 600 m east of the New South Wales coast. There remain, however, some uncertainties regarding the distributions of a few putatively endemic Tasmanian taxa. For example, Galloway (Reference Galloway2007) lists M. inactiva P. James & Kantvilas as occurring in New Zealand but no New Zealand specimens of this taxon have been located, and this record is suspected to refer to the subsequently-described M. abscondita Kantvilas. Similarly, Bernasconi et al. (Reference Bernasconi, Calvelo and Adler2002) report M. kantvilasii P. James and M. subbullata P. James & Kantvilas from South America but these identifications are considered doubtful. In their description of the former, these authors (op. cit.) refer to “hooded soralia”, which are not present in M. kantvilasii, whereas in their description of M. subbullata, they do not mention the presence of isopigmentosin, the characteristic chemical marker for that species.
Additions
Menegazzia williamsii Kantvilas sp. nov.
MycoBank No.: MB 829912
Menegazziae elongatae P. James aliquantum similis et item sorediis destitutis, ascis 2-sporis, lobis fragillibus axillis constrictis sed isopigmentosum destituta, acidum menegazziaicum continenti et epihymenio crystallis minutis insperso differt.
Typus: Australia, New South Wales, Point Lookout, 30°29′24″S, 152°24′32·7″E, 1500 m alt., on twigs of Banksia integrifolia var. compar in scrub dominated by Banksia and Olearia, 16 April 2011, M. Renner 5298 (NSW—holotypus; AK—isotypus).
(Fig. 1)
Thallus loosely adnate, brittle and fragile, up to c. 7 cm wide, forming irregular rosettes on trunks and branches, or clasping small twigs, lacking soredia or isidia. Lobes 1·5–3 mm wide, loosely imbricate, inflated, mostly constricted at the axils, rather sparsely dichotomously branched as well as with short, toe-like laterals that arise ± perpendicularly to the main lobes. Upper surface perforate, grey-white, glossy, commonly streaked with black, especially along the lobe margins, epruinose, emaculate, smooth ± throughout and a little wrinkled only in the oldest parts. Perforations scattered, occasional, round, 0·15–0·3(–0·5) mm wide, with margins flush with the thallus surface or somewhat elevated, very rarely turned inwards. Medullary cavity byssoid, generally white in younger lobes, soon becoming blackened in older parts.
Fig. 1. Menegazzia williamsii (holotype). General habit showing inflated, loosely overlapping lobes and apothecia with an entire margin. Inset: toe-like laterals with constricted axils. Scale = 5 mm. In colour online.
Apothecia scattered or clustered, 1·5–3·5 mm wide, shortly pedicellate, rather obconical when young; thalline margin 0·2–0·5 mm thick, not inflated, smooth, glossy and entire, sometimes becoming a little crenulate and/or radially cracked when old; disc orange-brown to brown, epruinose, concave when young, later becoming ± plane. Hymenium 90–140 µm thick, orange-brown in the upper part, inspersed with minute crystals that fluoresce in polarized light and dissolve fleetingly yellowish in KOH; asci 2-spored; paraphyses with apices mostly unpigmented, 2–4 µm thick. Ascospores ovate to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally becoming brownish, (37–)38–46·3–54(–60) × (20–)22–28·3–34 µm.
Pycnidia scattered, immersed in the upper surface, mainly near the lobe tips, visible as minute black spots 0·5–0·8 mm wide. Conidia filiform to narrowly fusiform, 6–8 × 1 µm.
Chemistry
Atranorin (trace), stictic acid, constictic acid, cryptostictic acid (trace), peristictic acid (trace), menegazziaic acid (trace), 3-O-methylconsalazinic acid (trace); medulla K+ yellow, P+ orange, C−, KC−, UV−.
Etymology
This new species is named in honour of the renowned teacher, botanist and field naturalist, John Beaumont Williams (1932–2005), who co-collected some of the material on which the description is based and had an intimate knowledge of the botany of the New England region of northern New South Wales. The author fondly recalls excursions with John in 1988.
Remarks
This new species is highly distinctive, although it combines the salient features of several Menegazzia species. The fragile, inflated lobes, constricted axils, especially where the toe-like lateral lobes arise, and whitish grey, marginally black-streaked upper surface are all features suggestive of the Tasmanian endemic, M. elongata P. James. However, that species differs chemically by containing isopigmentosin and lacking menegazziaic acid (Kantvilas Reference Kantvilas2012a), and anatomically by lacking an inspersed hymenium, features also displayed by the fertile M. endocrocea Kantvilas and M. lordhowensis Elix, and by the sorediate M. grandis P. James and M. subbullata P. James & Kantvilas.
The inspersed hymenium is suggestive of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. and its relatives, M. confusa P. James, M. norstictica P. James and M. subpertusa P. James & D. J. Galloway, but these taxa all have more robust, non-inflated lobes that form neat, radiating rosettes. The abundance of toe-like laterals along the lobes of the new species is not dissimilar to the habit of M. pertransita (Stirt.) R. Sant., but that species and its relatives (e.g. M. jamesii Kantvilas & Louwhoff) have 8-spored asci. The enigmatic combination of characters displayed by the new species is illustrated by the many and varied species names that have been pencilled onto herbarium specimens in the past.
Distribution and ecology
The new species is highly localized in the Point Lookout area of New England, New South Wales, where it occurs as an epiphyte on trunks, branches and twigs in wet, sclerophyll-dominated scrub and forest, and in Nothofagus moorei-dominated rainforest. The author has not had the opportunity to study this species in the field and no additional data regarding associated species or microhabitat can be gleaned from herbarium specimen labels. It is quite remarkable that there are collections of this conspicuous species scattered throughout Australian herbaria spanning 40 years and several different collectors, all from this single locality.
Additional specimens examined
Australia: New South Wales: New England NP, 1971, R. D. Seppelt s. n. (MEL); adjacent to New England NP, Nothofagus gully W of radar tower, 30°29′S, 152°19′E, c. 1400 m alt., 1988, R. W. Rogers 10269 & J. Williams (BRI); radar tower near Point Lookout, 30°29′S, 152°20′E, c. 1500 m, 1988, R. W. Rogers 10233, 10258, 10258a, 10232, 10234a & J. Williams (BRI).
Menegazzia hypernota Bjerke
Syst. Biodivers
2: 45 (2004); type: New Zealand, Auckland Island, Terror Cove, on Cassinia, 10 Jan. 1963, P. W. James NZ1032/1, thallus 53 (holotype—BM!).
(Fig. 2)
Thallus loosely adnate, fragile, forming irregular, twig-clasping colonies of rather disorganized lobes, sorediate. Lobes 1–3 mm wide, inflated and cylindrical, with numerous, short, toe-like laterals and inflated, discrete apices. Upper surface perforate, grey-white, emaculate, smooth, streaked with black along the margins, brownish to black at the lobe apices. Perforations scattered, sparse to occasional, roundish, 0·1–0·8 mm wide, with margins flush with the thallus surface or elevated and cylindrical to conical. Medullary cavity byssoid, white in the younger lobes, becoming black in older parts. Soralia laminal or arising at the margins of the perforations, less commonly apical, ±roundish, 0·5–1 mm wide; soredia coarsely granular.
Fig. 2. Menegazzia hypernota (Kantvilas 228/16) habit. Scale = 5 mm. In colour online.
Apothecia not observed in Tasmanian material; asci reported as 2-spored with ascospores 26–32 × 14–18 µm (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2004a).
Pycnidia not seen.
Chemistry
Atranorin and fumarprotocetraric acid; medulla K−, C−, KC−, P+ red, UV−.
First described from New Zealand (Bjerke Reference Bjerke2004a), this species is recorded here for the first time from Tasmania. It was collected from the twigs of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in a low, scrubby, alpine rainforest copse, where it grew in a diverse lichen community typical for this situation. Associated lichen species included Coccotrema cucurbitula (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Leifidium tenerum (Laurer) Wedin, Lepra truncata (Kremp.) A. W. Archer & Elix, Megalospora lopadioides Sipman, Menegazzia corrugata P. James and Mycoblastus dissimilans (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Medullary fumarprotocetraric acid is a relatively uncommon chemosyndrome in the Australian region and found only in the fertile, non-sorediate taxa, M. petraea Kantvilas and M. conica P. James. The Tasmanian specimen is sterile and contains additional traces of two UV+ orange pigments, detectable by TLC. Additional illustrations and descriptive data are given by Bjerke (Reference Bjerke2004a) and Galloway (Reference Galloway2007).
Specimen examined
Australia: Tasmania: Crest Range, 43°17′28″S, 146°30′26″E, 980 m, 2016, G. Kantvilas 228/16 (HO).
Key to the species
1 Thallus sorediate or isidiate, with or without apothecia 2
Thallus neither sorediate nor isidiate, usually with apothecia 20
2(1) Thallus isidiate 3
Thallus sorediate 6
3(2) Thallus perforate 4
Perforations absent 5
4(3) Isidia inflated, subglobose, occurring in elevated, coralloid clusters that rupture or abrade and become sorediate; widespread on bark and rocks M. nothofagi
Isidia knob-like or, more commonly, elongate and cylindrical, simple or coralloid, never becoming sorediate; local in northern NSW rainforestM. bjerkeana
5(3) Upper surface olive-brown; medulla K−, P−, (protolichesterinic acid); isidia knob-like and resembling minute lobules; forming tiny thalli <1·5 cm wide on twigs; very rare Tasmanian endemic M. minuta
Upper surface pale olive-green to greyish green, brownish to black-brown at margins and apices; medulla K+ yellow, P+ orange (stictic acid); isidia soon becoming elongate and cylindrical; thallus typically forming rosettes to 8 cm wide on trunks; widespread M. eperforata
6(2) Upper surface yellow (usnic acid); soralia mostly in laminal, helmet-shaped vesicles; medulla C+ red (lecanoric acid); restricted to high elevations (Tasmania) M. globulifera
Upper surface a shade of brownish grey, grey or grey-green (atranorin); soralia in vesicles, pustules, at the margins of perforations or occurring directly on the upper surface; medullary reactions various but never C+ red 7
7(6) Lobes mostly ≤1·5 mm wide; upper surface brown, brownish green to grey-green; soralia typically congested in the thallus centre, derived from inflated, subglobose to elongate vesicles that become abraded 8
Lobes mostly >1·5 mm wide; upper surface a shade of pale grey; soralia scattered and various (laminal, vesicular or pustular) 9
8(7) Upper surface brownish green to grey-green, conspicuously white maculate, especially towards the lobe apices; soredia sparse; widespread on bark and rocks M. nothofagi
Upper surface brown; maculae absent or at most inconspicuous; soredia abundant and eventually spreading across the centre of the thallus; on rocks and soil, known only from the subantarctic islands M. castanea
9(7) Medulla and soralia P− 10
Medulla and soralia P+ orange or red 12
10(9) Medulla KC−, UV− (fatty acids); lobes typically very fragile and inflated 11
Medulla KC+ red, UV+ white (alectoronic acid); lobes relatively robust, not markedly inflated M. ultralucens
11(10) Containing caperatic acid; medulla in the throat of the perforations and elsewhere sometimes patchily pale orange M. abscondita
Containing four unidentified fatty acids; medulla white near the perforations M. inactiva
12(9) Medulla K−, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid) M. hypernota
Medulla K+ yellow or yellow→red, P+ orange (stictic, norstictic or echinocarpic acids) 13
13(12) Internal wall of medullary cavity orange-yellow, K+ purple, UV+ orange (emodin pigments); medulla containing echinocarpic acid M. caliginosa
Internal wall of medullary cavity white to blackened, never orange and K+ purple; echinocarpic acid absent 14
14(13) Medulla containing isopigmentosin (visible as a yellowish green, UV+ yellow spot on TLC plates) and lacking menegazziaic acid; lobes rather fragile and inflated 15
Isopigmentosin absent; menegazziaic acid present; lobes generally robust 16
15(14) Lobes constricted in sausage-like segments and at the axils, usually unoriented, dispersed or imbricate; soralia laminal or at the inner surface of the margins of the perforations, not vesicular; common in rainforest and subalpine scrub in Tasmania M. subbullata
Lobes forming rather loose, radiating rosettes, not sausage-like; soralia arising from elevated vesicles that rupture and flare; localized in New South Wales rainforest M. grandis
16(14) Soralia developing from globose, helmet-shaped vesicles; occurring mostly in drier locations M. caesiopruinosa
Soralia various, but never in helmet-shaped vesicles 17
17(16) Margins of perforations conspicuously turned upwards and developing crescent-shaped soralia 18
Margins of perforations ±flush with the thallus surface, generally not sorediate; soralia mostly laminal, scattered and convex 19
18(17) Soralia arising from abraded, scattered pustules which become sorediate and resemble perforations; very rare Tasmanian endemic M. kantvilasii
Pustules absent and all soralia developed at the margins of elevated perforations M. neozelandica
19(17) Medulla K+ yellow (stictic acid complex); very common and widespread on bark, wood and rocks M. subpertusa
Medulla K+ yellow→red (norstictic acid); rare M. sanguinascens
20(1) Asci 8-spored 21
Asci 2-spored 22
21(20) Medullary cavity at the lobe apices white with flecks of a bright yellow, K+ purple pigment (skyrin); highly localized in Tasmania and Victoria M. jamesii
Medullary cavity white or suffused yellowish, K− or K+ reddish brown (secalonic acid); widespread and common M. pertransita
22(20) Upper surface predominantly brownish, olive-brown, blackish brown or mottled grey-brown 23
Upper surface predominantly pale grey to greenish grey, with brownish tints restricted mainly to lobe apices 27
23(22) Lobes mostly 1·5–3·5 mm wide, mostly somewhat ‘puffy’ and inflated; apothecia with a swollen pedicel, conical to hemispherical; mostly corticolous at high elevations in Tasmania M. subtestacea
Lobes mostly <1·5 mm wide, not inflated; apothecia soon flat and discoid (sometimes absent); exclusively on rocks 24
24(23) Medulla P+ red, K− (fumarprotocetraric acid); rare at high elevations in Tasmania M. petraea
Medulla P+ orange, K+ yellow (stictic acid) 25
25(24) Lobes lacking perforations, with apices flattened and concave; very rare at high elevations in Tasmania M. hypogymnioides
Lobes perforate, with apices inflated to slightly flattened, not concave 26
26(25) Ascospores 25–50 × 20–36 µm; widespread and common M. aeneofusca
Ascospores 55–100 × 35–65 µm; restricted to the sandstone escarpments of eastern NSW M. fortuita
27(22) Perforations very numerous and forming a lace-like network; lobes mostly 0·5–1 mm wide, usually markedly flattened to concave at the apices M. myriotrema
Perforations sparse to abundant, scattered and not forming a lace-like network; lobes much broader, with apices inflated or only slightly flattened 28
28(27) Medullary cavity vivid yellow (calycin); thamnolic acid also present; restricted to the rainforests of NSW and Queensland M. enteroxantha
Medullary cavity blackened, white or at most with faintly orange pigment at the tips of the lobes; calycin and thamnolic acid absent 29
29(28) Medulla P− (caperatic acid) M. confusa
Medulla P+ orange or red (stictic, norstictic or fumarprotocetraric acids) 30
30(29) Medulla K− or dull brownish, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); restricted to the rainforests of NSW and Queensland M. conica
Medulla K+ yellow or yellow→red, P+ orange (stictic or norstictic acids) 31
31(30) Medulla K+ yellow→red (norstictic acid) 32
Medulla K+ yellow (stictic acid) 33
32(31) Medulla containing additional lecanoric acid; thallus compact, with very sparse perforations; very rare Tasmanian endemic M. tarkinea
Lecanoric acid absent; thallus forming neat, radiating rosettes, typically with numerous perforations; widespread M. norstictica
33(31) Margin of apothecia 0·5–1·5 mm wide, grossly inflated, corrugated and often obscuring the disc; lobes typically very wide (to 6 mm), inflated and conspicuously wrinkled; endemic to Tasmania M. corrugata
Margin of apothecia 0·2–0·5 mm wide, not inflated, entire, crenulate or radially cracked, with the disc clearly exposed; lobes typically 1–4 mm wide, smooth or only slightly wrinkled 34
34(33) Medulla containing isopigmentosin (visible as a yellowish green, UV+ yellow spot on TLC plates) and lacking menegazziaic acid; epihymenium not inspersed 35
Isopigmentosin absent, although other orange, UV+ orange pigments may be present; menegazziaic acid present; epihymenium inspersed with minute granules that fluoresce in polarized light and dissolve in KOH 37
35(34) Upper surface greenish, white maculate in the thallus centre; lobes not inflated; perforations sparse; endemic to Lord Howe Island M. lordhowensis
Upper surface pale to dull grey, not maculate; lobes inflated; perforations numerous; endemic to Tasmania 36
36(35) Lobes forming sausage-like segments with markedly constricted axils, generally unoriented, dispersed or imbricate; epiphytic in wet forest, especially at higher elevations M. elongata
Lobes not markedly constricted at the axils, generally in neat or irregular rosettes; restricted to granite rocks on coastal pinnacles M. endocrocea
37(34) Apothecia markedly conical and with a distinctly swollen pedicel; restricted to the rainforests of NSW and QueenslandM. fissicarpa
Apothecia generally concave when young and becoming plane, sessile or at most very shortly stalked at maturity 38
38(37) Medulla containing three orange, UV+ orange pigments; margins of perforations flush with the thallus surface or slightly upturned; restricted to highland areas in Tasmania, mostly on conifers M. athrotaxidis
No pigments present; margins of perforations usually flush or turned slightly inwards 39
39(38) Lobes highly fragile and inflated, with numerous toe-like laterals with constricted axils; restricted to northern NSW M. williamsii
Lobes robust, somewhat flattened and not inflated, lacking toe-like laterals 40
40(39) Medulla containing lecanoric acid in addition to stictic acid; thallus with very sparse perforations, typically very compact and enveloping twigs; rare Tasmanian endemic M. ramulicola
Lecanoric acid absent; thallus usually with abundant perforations, typically forming neat rosettes; widespread and common, mostly on wood and bark, but sometimes also on rocks M. platytrema
I thank the curators of BRI, MEL and NSW for their hospitality during my visits and for the loan of specimens. Jean Jarman is thanked for producing the figures. The specimen of M. hypernota was collected during a field survey co-funded by the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) and BHP Billiton under the Bush Blitz Programme. Laboratory work was supported by an ABRS Tactical Taxonomy Grant.
