Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-grxwn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T04:37:09.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ediacaran biota on Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

H. J. Hofmann ,
S. J. O'Brien  and
A. F. King
H. J. Hofmann
Affiliation:
1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Redpath Museum, McGill University, 3450 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada,
S. J. O'Brien
Affiliation:
2Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, NL A1B 4J6, Canada,
A. F. King
Affiliation:
3Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Newly found fossils in the Conception and St. John's groups of the Bonavista Peninsula considerably extend the known geographic distribution of the Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland. They occur in deepwater sediments and are preserved as epireliefs, forming census populations underneath volcanic ash layers throughout a more than 1 km thick turbiditic sequence. the exposed fossiliferous units comprise the Mistaken Point, Trepassey, Fermeuse, and Renews Head formations. the remains are tectonically deformed, with long axes of elliptical discs aligned parallel to cleavage strike; shortening of originally circular bedding surface features is on the order of 30-50% (averaging ~35%).

The assemblage includes Aspidella, Blackbrookia, Bradgatia, Charnia, Charniodiscus, Fractofusus, Hiemalora, and Ivesheadia. These occur throughout the succession, with Aspidella being the most common genus, followed by Charnia and Charniodiscus. Four new taxa are described, with candelabra-like fossils with a Hiemalora-like base referred to Primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n. gen. and sp., bush-like fossils to Parviscopa bonavistensis n. gen. and sp., ladder-like fossils to Hadryniscala avalonica n. gen. and sp., and string-like fossils with basal disc to Hadrynichorde catalinensis n. gen. and sp. the remains also include dubiofossils. The stratigraphic ranges of some taxa on the Bonavista Peninsula are longer than previously reported from the Avalon Peninsula, with Fractofusus spindles present in the Trepassey Formation, Bradgatia, Charnia, Charniodiscus, and Ivesheadia reaching as high as the Fermeuse Formation, and Aspidella extending into the middle of the Renews Head Formation. the spindles in the Trepassey Formation are comparable to those found mainly in the stratigraphically older Briscal Formation on the Avalon Peninsula.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , January 2008 , pp. 1 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aceñolaza, F. G. and Durand, F. 1973. Trazas fósiles del basamento cristalino del noroeste Argentino. Boletin Asociación Geológica de Córdoba, 2(1-2):44–55.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. M. 1978. Ediacaran fauna, p. 146–149. In Lapedes, D. N. (ed.), Yearbook of Science and Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. M. and Conway Morris, S. 1982. A review, with descriptions of four unusual forms, of the soft-bodied fauna of the Conception and St. John's groups (Late Precambrian), Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Third North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings, 1:1–8.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. M. and Misra, S. B. 1968. Fossils found in the Precambrian Conception Group in southeastern Newfoundland. Nature, 220:680–681.Google Scholar
Benus, A. P. 1988. Sedimentological context of a deep-water Ediacaran Fauna (Mistaken Point, Avalon Zone, eastern Newfoundland), p. 8–9. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum and Geological Survey Bulletin, 463.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1872. On some fossils from the Primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 6:465–479.Google Scholar
Bowring, S. A., Myrow, P., Landing, E., Ramenzani, J., and Grotzinger, J. 2003. Geochronological constraints on terminal Neoproterozoic events and the rise of metazoans. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 5:13219.Google Scholar
Boynton, H. E. 1978. Fossils from the Pre-Cambrian of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Mercian Geologist, 6(4):291–296.Google Scholar
Boynton, H. E. 2001. A very large Bradgatia fossil. Mercian Geologist, 15: 130–131.Google Scholar
Boynton, H. E. and Ford, T. D. 1995. Ediacaran fossils from the Precambrian (Charnian Supergroup) of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, England. Mercian Geologist, 13(4): 165–182.Google Scholar
Boynton, H. E. and Ford, T. D. 1996. Ediacaran fossils from the Precambrian (Charnian Supergroup) of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, England—revision of nomenclature. Mercian Geologist, 14(1):3.Google Scholar
Brasier, M. and Antcliffe, J. 2004. Decoding the Ediacaran enigma. Science, 305:1115–1117.Google Scholar
Clapham, M. E. and Narbonne, G. M. 2002. Ediacaran epifaunal tiering. Geology, 30:627–630.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, M. E., Narbonne, G. M., and Gehling, J. G. 2003. Paleoecology of the oldest known animal communities: Ediacaran assemblages at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland. Paleobiology, 29:527–544.Google Scholar
Clapham, M. E., Narbonne, G. M., Gehling, J. G., Greentree, C., and Anderson, M. M. 2004. Thectardis avalonensis: A new Ediacaran fossil from the Mistaken Point biota, Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 78:1031–1036.Google Scholar
Condon, D., Zhu, M., Bowring, S., Wang, W., Yang, A., and Jin, Y. 2005. U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China. Science, 308:95–98.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1989. Southeastern Newfoundland and adjacent areas, p. 7–39. In Cowie, J. W. and Brasier, M. D. (eds.), The Precambian-Cambrian Boundary. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. 1990. Late Precambrian—Early Cambrian diversification, p. 30–36. In Briggs, D. E. G. and Crowther, P. R. (eds.), Palaeobiology—A Synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cowie, J. W. and Bassett, M. G. (compilers). 1989. Global stratigraphic chart. Episodes, 12(2). supplement.Google Scholar
Duby, J. E. 1830. Aug. Pyrami de Candolle Botanicon gallicum seu Synopsis plantarum in Flora gallica descriptarum. Editio secunda. Ex herbariis et schedis Candollianis propriisque digestum. Pars secunda plantas cellulares continens. V. Desray, Paris, [I-VI +] 545-1068 + i-lviii p.Google Scholar
De, C. 2003. Possible organisms similar to Ediacaran forms from the Bhander Group, Vindhyan Supergroup, Late Neoproterozoic of India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4):387–395.Google Scholar
Dzik, J. 2003. Anatomical information content in the Ediacaran fossils and their possible zoological affinities. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43(1): 114–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, J., Vidal, G., Moczydlowska, M., Strauss, H., Ahlberg, P., and Siedlecka, A. 1992. Ediacaran fossils from the Innerelv Member (late Proterozoic) of the Tanafjorden area, northeastern Finnmark. Geological Magazine, 129(2): 181–195.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1980. New Precambrian Coelenterata in the north of the Russian Platform. Paleontological Journal (English version), 14(2): 1–10.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1981. Belomorskaya biota Venda (dokembriyskaya besskeletnaya fauna severa Russkoy platformy). Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. Transactions, 342:1–100.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1982. A new generic name for some Precambrian coelenterates. Paleontological Journal, 16(2): 127.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1983. Besskeletnaya fauna Podol'skogo Pridnestrov'ya, p. 128–139. In Velikanov, V. A., Aseyeva, Y. A., and Fedonkin, M. A. (eds.), Vend Ukrainy. Naukova dumka, Kiev.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1984. Promorfologiya vendskikh Radialia. Promorphology of Vendian Radialia, p. 30–58, 125. In Ivanovskiy, A. B. and Ivanov, I. B. (eds.), Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Earliest Phanerozoic. Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1985. Sistematicheskoye opisaniye vendskikh Metazoa, p. 70–106. In Sokolov, B. S. and Ivanovskiy, A. B. (eds.), Vendskaya sistema 1, istoriko-geologicheskoe i paleontologicheskoe obosnovanie paleontologiya. Volume 1. Nauka, Moscow.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1990. Systematic description of Vendian Metazoa, p. 71–120. In Sokolov, B. S. and Iwanovski, A. B. (eds.), The Vendian System. Volume 1. Paleontology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1992. Vendian faunas and the early evolution of Metazoa, p. 87–129. In Lipps, J. H. and Signor, P. W. (eds.), Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fedonkin, M. A. 1994. Vendian body fossils and trace fossils, p. 370–388. In Bengtson, S. (ed.), Early Life on Earth (Nobel Symposium No. 84). Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ford, T. D. 1958. Pre-Cambrian fossils from Charnwood Forest. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 3, Pt. 3(8):211–217.Google Scholar
Ford, T. D. 1999. The Precambrian fossils of Charnwood Forest. Geology Today, 15:230–234.Google Scholar
Gehling, J. G., Narbonne, G. M., and Anderson, M. M. 2000. The first named Ediacaran body fossil, Aspidella terranovica. Palaeontology, 43: 427–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehling, J. G. and Narbonne, G. M. 2007. Spindle-shaped Ediacara fossils from the Mistaken Point assemblage, Avalon Zone, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44:367–387.Google Scholar
Germs, G. J. B. 1973. A reinterpretation of Rangea schneiderhoehni and the discovery of a related new fossil from the Nama Group, South West Africa. Lethaia, 6:1–10.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. 1959. Precambrian Coelenterata from Australia. Nature, 183:1472–1473.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. 1961. Pre-Cambrian animals. Scientific American, 204:72–78.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. 1962. Precambrian fossils. Biological Reviews, 37:467–494, pl. 461.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Biogeography and biostratigraphy: Precambrian, p. 79–118. In Robison, R. A. and Teichert, C. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. A, Introduction, fossilization (taphonomy), biogeography and biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 569 p.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. 1984. The Dawn of Animal Life—A Biohistorical Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 244 p.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. and Daily, B. 1959. The geology and Late Precambrian fauna of the Ediacara fossil reserve. Records of the South Australian Museum, 13:369–407.Google Scholar
Glaessner, M. F. and Wade, M. 1966. The Late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia. Palaeontology, 9:599–628.Google Scholar
Grazhdankin, D. V. 2004. Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution. Paleobiology, 30:203–221.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gureev, Y. A. 1988. Besskeletnaya fauna venda, p. 65–81. In Ryabenko, V. A., Aseeva, E. A., Furtes, V. V., and et al. (eds.), Biostratigrafiya i paleogeograficheskie reconstruktzii dokembriya Ukrainy. Naukova dumka, Kiev.Google Scholar
Gürich, G. 1930. Die bislang ältesten Spuren von Organismen in Südafrika. 15th International Geological Congress, South Africa, 1929, Comptes Rendus:670–680.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1847. Paleontology of New York. State of New York, Albany, 1, 338 p.Google Scholar
Hatschek, Â. 1888. Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einhrung in das Stadium dieser Wissenschaft. Fischer, Jena, iv + 304 p.Google Scholar
Hayes, A. O. 1948. Geology of the area between Bonavista and Trinity bays, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Newfoundland, Bulletin 32(Pt. 1):1–37.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H. J. 1971. Precambrian fossils, pseudofossils, and problematica in Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 189:1–146.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H. J. and Mountjoy, E. W. 1998. New macrofossil occurrence in Neoproterozoic Miette Group (Windermere Supergroup), Western Canada. Inaugural Sprigg Symposium, University of Adelaide, Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts, Volume 51:5.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H. J., Hill, J., and King, A. F. 1979. Late Precambrian microfossils, southeastern Newfoundland, p. 83–98. In Current Research, Pt. B, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 79-1B.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H. J., Narbonne, G. M., and Aitken, J. D. 1990. Ediacaran remains from intertillite beds in northwestern Canada. Geology, 18:1199–1202.Google Scholar
Ichaso, A. A., Dalrymple, R. W., and Narbonne, G. M. 2007. Paleoenvironmental and basin analysis of the late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) upper Conception and St. John's groups, west Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44:25–41.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R. J. F. 1985. The enigmatic Ediacaran (late Precambrian) genus Rangea and related forms. Paleobiology, 11:336–355.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R. J. F. 1992. Functional and ecological aspects of Ediacaran assemblages, p. 131–176. In Lipps, J. H. and Signor, P. W. (eds.), Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R. J. F. 1996. Aspects of the geological setting and palaeobiology of the Ediacara assemblage, p. 33–45. In Davies, M., Twidale, C. R., and Tyler, M. J. (eds.), Natural History of the Flinders Ranges. Volume 7. Royal Society of South Australia, Richmond, South Australia.Google Scholar
King, A. F. 1980. The birth of the Caledonides: Late Precambrian rocks of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland and their correlatives in the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen, p. 3–8. In Wones, D. R. (ed.), The Caledonides in the U.S.A. Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Memoir 2, Blacksburg, VA.Google Scholar
King, A. F. 1988. Geology of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (parts of 1K, 1L, 1M, 1N, and 2 C). Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Map 88-01.Google Scholar
King, A. F. 1990. Geology of the St. John's area. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy—Geological Survey Branch, Report 90-2:1–88.Google Scholar
Laflamme, M., Narbonne, G. M., and Anderson, M. M. 2004. Morphometric analysis of the Ediacaran frond Charniodiscus from the Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology, 78:827–837.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laflamme, M., Narbonne, G. M., Greentree, C., and Anderson, M. M. 2007. Morphology and taphonomy of an Ediacaran frond: Charnia from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, p. 237–257. In Vickers-Rich, P. and Komarower, P. (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Geological Society, Special Publications, 286, London.Google Scholar
Lamouroux, J. V. F. 1813. Essai sur les genres de la famille des thalassiophytes non articulées, Paris. Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, 20:21–47, 115-139, 269-293, Plates 117-113.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., Myrow, P., Benus, A., and Anderson, M. M. 1988. Faunas and depositional environments of the upper Precambrian through lower Cambrian, southeastern Newfoundland, p. 18–52. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G. M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary. Volume 463. New York State Museum and Geological Survey Bulletin.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundam classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 10th ed.Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 p.Google Scholar
Lister, A. 1894. A monograph of the Mycetozoa being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 224 p.Google Scholar
Logan, W. E. 1860. On the track of an animal lately found in the Potsdam Formation. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 5(4):279–285.Google Scholar
Martin, M. W., Grazhdankin, D. V., Bowring, S. A., Evans, D. A. D., Fedonkin, M. A., and Kirschvink, J. L. 2000. Age of Neoproterozoic bilaterian body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for metazoan evolution. Science, 288:841–845.Google Scholar
McIlroy, D., Crimes, T. P., and Pauley, J. C. 2005. Fossils and matgrounds from the Neoproterozoic Longmyndian Supergroup, Shropshire, U.K. Geological Magazine, 142:441–455.Google Scholar
McMenamin, M. A. S. 1998. The Garden of Ediacara. Columbia University Press, New York, 295 p.Google Scholar
Misra, S. B. 1969. Late Precambrian (?) fossils from southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 80:2133–2140.Google Scholar
Murray, A., and Howley, J. P. 1881. Geological Survey of Newfoundland Reports 1864-1881. Edward Stanford, London, 536 p.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M. 1994. New Ediacaran fossils from the Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 68:411–416.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M. 1998. The Ediacara biota: A terminal Neoproterozoic experiment in the evolution of life. GSA Today, 8:1–6.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M. 2004. Modular construction of early Ediacaran complex life forms. Science, 305:1141–1144.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M. 2005. The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33: 421–442.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M. and Gehling, J. G. 2003. Life after snowball: The oldest complex Ediacaran fossils. Geology, 31:27–30.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M., Dalrymple, R. W., and Gehling, J. G. (compilers). 2001. Neoproterozoic fossils and environments of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada—Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting, Field Trip B5, 100 p.Google Scholar
Narbonne, G. M., Dalrymple, R. W., Laflamme, M., Gehling, J. G., and Boyce, W. D. 2005. Life after snowball: Mistaken Point Biota and the Cambrian of the Avalon, Field Trip Guidebook. North American Paleontological Convention 2005, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 100 p.Google Scholar
Nedin, C. and Jenkins, R. J. F. 1998. First occurrence of the Ediacaran fossil Charnia from the southern hemisphere. Alcheringa, 22(3-4):315–316.Google Scholar
Newberry, J. S., Torrey, J., and Gray, A. 1857. No. 2. General catalogue of the plants collected on the expedition; 1. Exogenous plants. United States, War Department, Washington, 65–90 p.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1873. Contributions to the study of the errant annelides of the older Paleozoic rocks. Royal Society of London, Proceedings, 21:288–290(also Geol. Mag., 210:309-310).Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J. and King, A. F. 2002. Neoproterozoic stratigraphy of the Bonavista Peninsula: Preliminary results, regional correlations and implications for sediment-hosted stratiform copper exploration in the Newfoundland Avalon Zone. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy—Geological Survey, Report 02-1:229–244.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J. and King, A. F. 2004a. Ediacaran fossils from the Bonavista Peninsula (Avalon Zone), Newfoundland: Preliminary descriptions and implications for regional correlation. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy—Geological Survey, Report 04-01:203–212.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J. and King, A. F. 2004b. Late Neoproterozoic to earliest Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Avalon Zone in the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland: An update. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy—Geological Survey, Report 04-01:213–224.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J., and King, A. F. 2005. Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) stratigraphy of Avalon Zone sedimentary rocks, Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland. Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Report 05-1:101–113.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J., King, A. F., and Hofmann, H. J. 2006. Lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic studies on the eastern Bonavista Peninsula: An update. Current Research, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Geological Report 06-1:257–263.Google Scholar
O'Brien, S. J., O'Brien, B. H., Dunning, G. R., and Tucker, R. D. 1996. Late Neoproterozoic evolution of Avalonian and associated peri-Gondwanan rocks of the Newfoundland Appalachians, p. 9–28. In Thompson, M. D. and Nance, R. D. (eds.), Avalonian and Related Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304.Google Scholar
Peron, F. and Lesueur, C.-A. 1810. Tableau des caractères génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espèces de méduses connues jusqu'à ce jour. Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 14:325–366.Google Scholar
Peterson, K. J., Waggoner, B., and Hagadorn, J. W. 2003. A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43:127–136.Google Scholar
Petrunkevitch, A. 1925. Descriptions of new or inadequately known American spiders. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 18:313–322.Google Scholar
Pflug, H. D. 1972. Zur Fauna der Nama-Schichten in Südwest-Afrika. III Erniettomorpha, Bau und Systematik. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 139(4-6): 134–170.Google Scholar
Retallack, G. J. 1994. Were the Ediacaran fossils lichens? Paleobiology, 20:523–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Runnegar, B. 1995. Vendobionta or Metazoa? Developments in understanding the Ediacara “fauna”. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaläontologie, Abhandlungen, 195(1-3):303–318.Google Scholar
Runnegar, B. N. and Fedonkin, M. A. 1992. Proterozoic metazoan body fossils, p. 369–388. In Schopf, J. W. and Klein, C. (eds.), The Proterozoic Biosphere—A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sarkar, S., Banerjee, S., and Bose, P. K. 1996. Trace fossils in the Mesoproterozoic Koldaha Shale, Central India, and their implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1996(7):425–438.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1989. Vendozoa: Organismic construction in the Proterozoic biosphere. Lethaia, 22:229–239.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. 1992. Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: Lost constructions of Precambrian evolution. Geological Society of London Journal, 149:607–613.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A. and Hemleben, C. 1966. Beiträge zur Sedimentation und Fossilführung des Hunsrückschiefers, Teil 14, Spurenfauna und Bildungstiefe des Hunsrückschiefers. Hessisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, 94:40–53.Google Scholar
Seilacher, A., Grazhdankin, D. V., and Leguota, A. 2003. Ediacaran biota: The dawn of animal life in the shadow of giant protists. Paleontological Research, 7:43–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serezhnikova, E. A. 2005. Novaya interpretatziya iskopaemykh otpechatkov Hiemalora iz Vendskikh otlozheniy Olenekskogo podnyatiya (severo-vostok Sibirskoy platformy. [New explanation of Hiemalora fossil prints from Vendian of Olenek Uplift (northeastern Siberian Platform)]. Byulletin Moskovskogo obchestva Ispytateley Prirody, Otdel Geologiya, 80(3):26–32.Google Scholar
Sokolov, B. S. 1997. Ocherki stanovleniya venda [Essays on the Advent of the Vendian System]. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 156 p.Google Scholar
Sprigg, R. C. 1947. Early Cambrian (?) jellyfishes from the Flinders Range, South Australia. Royal Society of South Australia, Transactions, 71:212–224.Google Scholar
Sprigg, R. C. 1949. Early Cambrian ‘jellyfishes’ of Ediacara, South Australia, and Mount John, Kimberley District, Western Australia. Royal Society of South Australia, Transactions, 73:72–99.Google Scholar
Stackhouse, J. 1797. Nereis britannica; continens species omnes fucorum in insulis britannicis crescentium: descriptione latine et anglico, necnon iconibus ad vivum depictis… S. Hazard; J. White, Bathoniae [Bath] & Londini [London], Fasc. 2. pp. ix–xxiv, 31-70, pls IX-XIII.Google Scholar
Steiner, M. and Reitner, J. 2001. Evidence of organic structures in Ediacara-type fossils and associated microbial mats. Geology, 29:1119–1122.Google Scholar
Stockwell, C. H. 1964. Fourth report on structural provinces, orogenies, and time-classification of rocks of the Canadian Precambrian Shield, p. 1–21. In Age determinations and geological studies, Pt. II, Geological Studies. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper, 64–17 (Pt. II).Google Scholar
Thorell, T. 1869. On European spiders, Pt. I, Review of the European genera of spiders, preceded by some observations on zoological nomenclature. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, (3) 7:1–108.Google Scholar
Vodanyuk, S. A. 1989. Ostatki besskeletnykh metazoa iz khatyspytskoy svity Olenekskogo podnyatiya—aktual'nye voprosy stratigrafii, p. 61–74. In Khomentovskiy, V. V. and Sovetov, Y. K. (eds.), Pozdniy dokembriy i ranniy paleozoy Sibiri. Institut geologii i geofiziki Sibirskogo otdelenia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Novosibirsk.Google Scholar
Waggoner, B. 1999. Biogeographic analyses of the Ediacara biota: A conflict with paleotectonic reconstructions. Paleobiology, 25:440–458.Google Scholar
Waggoner, B. 2003. The Ediacaran biotas in space and time. Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43:104–113.Google Scholar
Williams, H. and King, A. F. 1979. Trepassey map-area, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 24 p.Google Scholar
Wood, D. A., Dalrymple, R. W., Narbonne, G. M., Gehling, J. G., and Clapham, M. E. 2003. Paleoenvironmental analysis of the late Neoproterozoic Mistaken Point and Trepassey formations, southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40:1375–1391.Google Scholar
Zhuravlev, A. Y. 1993. Were Ediacaran Vendobionta multicellulars? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 190:299–314.Google Scholar