Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-vmclg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-16T01:44:17.067Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clostridium difficile: Responding to a New Threat From an Old Enemy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

L. Clifford McDonald
L. Clifford McDonald*
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
*
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS A35, Atlanta, GA 30333., Cmcdonaldl@cdc.gov
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 26 , Issue 8 , August 2005 , pp. 672 - 675
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2005

References

1.Hall, IC, OToole, E. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child 1935;49:390–402.Google Scholar
2.Bartlett, JG, Chang, T, Taylor, NS, Onderdonk, AB. Colitis induced by Clostridium difficile. Rev Infect Dis 1979;1:370–378.Google Scholar
3.Bartlett, JG. Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002;346:334–339.Google Scholar
4.Voth, DE, Ballard, JD. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:247–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Kyne, L, Warny, M, Qamar, A, Kelly, CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 2000;342:390–397.Google Scholar
6.Kyne, L, Warny, M, Qamar, A, Kelly, CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001;357:189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.McFarland, LV. What's lurking under the bed? Persistence and predominance of particular Clostridium difficile strains in a hospital and the potential role of environmental contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:639–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Samore, MH, Venkataraman, L, DeGirolami, PC, Arbeit, RD, Karchmer, AW. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med 1996;100:32–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Gerding, DN, Johnson, S, Peterson, LR, Mulligan, ME, Silva, J Jr.Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:459–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Johnson, S, Samore, MH, Farrow, KA, et al.Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. NEngl J Med 1999;341:1645–1651.Google Scholar
11.Layton, BA, McDonald, LC, Gerding, DN, Liedtke, LA, Strausbaugh, IJ. Perceived increases in the incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile disease: an emerging threat that continues to unfold. Presented at the 15th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; April 9-12, 2005; Los Angeles, CA. Abstract 66.Google Scholar
12.Dallai, RM, Harbrecht, BG, Boujoukas, AJ, et al.Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002;235:363–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Pepin, J, Valiquette, L, Alary, ME, et al.Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 2004;171:466–472.Google Scholar
14.McDonald, L, Kilgore, G, Thompson, A, Johnson, S, Gerding, D. Emergence of an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile in the United States 2001-4: potential role for virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance traits. Presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; September 30-October 3, 2004; Boston, MA. Abstract LB-2.Google Scholar
15.Warny, M, Pepin, J, Fang, A, Killgore, G, Thompson, A, McDonald, LC. Increased toxins A and B production in an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile. Presented at the 15th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; April 9-12, 2005; Los Angeles, CA. Abstract 313.Google Scholar
16.Eggertson, L, Sibbald, B. Hospitals battling outbreaks of C. difficile. CMAJ 2004;171:19–21.Google Scholar
17.Eggertson, L. C. difficile: by the numbers. CMAJ 2004;171:1331–1332.Google Scholar
18.Ross, E. British Authorities Probe Hospital Superbug. New York: ABC News; 2005. Available at abcnews.go.com/Healfh/wireStory?id=828758. Accessed July 5, 2005.Google Scholar
19.Sohn, S, Climo, M, Diekema, D, et al.Varying rates of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea at Prevention Epicenter Hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:676–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Palmore, TN, Sohn, S, Malak, SF, Eagan, J, Sepkowitz, KA. Risk factors for acquisition of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among outpatients at a cancer hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:680–684.Google Scholar
21.Modena, S, Bearelly, D, Swartz, K, Friedenberg, FK. Clostridium difficile among hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:685–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Rexach, CE, Tang-Feldman, YJ, Cohen, SH. Spatial and temporal analysis of Clostridium difficile infection in patients at a pediatric hospital in California. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:691–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Archibald, LK, Banerjee, SN, Jarvis, WR. Secular trends in hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile disease in the United States, 1987-2001. J Infect Dis 2004;189:1585–1589.Google Scholar
24.McDonald, LC, Banerjee, S, Jernigan, DB. Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in U.S. acute care hospitals, 1993-2001. Presented at the 14th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; April 17-20, 2004; Philadelphia, PA. Abstract 67.Google Scholar
25.Kralovic, SM, Danko, LH, Simbartl, LA, Roselle, GA. Clostridium difficile infection in VA medical centers nationwide. Presented at the 15th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; April 9-12, 2005; Los Angeles, CA. Abstract 284.Google Scholar
26.Delmee, M, Van Broeck, J, Simon, A, Janssens, M, Avesani, V. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a plea for culture. J Med Microbiol 2005;54(part 2):187–191.Google Scholar
27.Poutanen, SM, Simor, AE. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ 2004;171:51–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Gaynes, R, Rimland, D, Killum, E, et al.Outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:640–645.Google Scholar
29.Muto, CA, Pokrywka, MF, Shutt, K, et al.A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Garner, JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals: the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:53–80.Google Scholar
31.Boyce, JM, Pittet, D. Guideline for hand hygiene in healthcare settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23(suppl):S3–S40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed