Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-grxwn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-10T03:18:17.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

EPA Guidance on Tobacco Dependence and Strategies for Smoking Cessation in People with Mental Illness

Part of: EPA Guidance Papers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2014

T. Rüther ,
J. Bobes ,
M. De Hert ,
T.H. Svensson ,
K. Mann ,
A. Batra ,
P. Gorwood  and
H.J. Möller
T. Rüther*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336Munich, Germany
J. Bobes
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Psychiatry Area, University of Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Cibersam, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
M. De Hert
Affiliation:
University Psychiatric Centre Catholic University Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Department Neuroscience KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070Kortenberg, Belgium
T.H. Svensson
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
K. Mann
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
A. Batra
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Addiction Medicine and Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
P. Gorwood
Affiliation:
Sainte-Anne Hospital (CMME), University Paris-DescartesParis, France
H.J. Möller
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336Munich, Germany
*
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 89 5160 5707; fax: +49 89 5160 5809. E-mail addresses: tobias.ruether@med.uni-muenchen.detrue@gmx.org (T. Rüther).
Get access

Abstract

Tobacco dependence is the most common substance use disorder in adults with mental illness. The prevalence rates for tobacco dependence are two to four times higher in these patients than in the general population. Smoking has a strong, negative influence on the life expectancy and quality of life of mental health patients, and remains the leading preventable cause of death in this group. Despite these statistics, in some countries smokers with mental illness are disadvantaged in receiving intervention and support for their tobacco dependence, which is often overlooked or even tolerated. This statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) systematically reviews the current evidence on tobacco dependence and withdrawal in patients with mental illness and their treatment. It provides seven recommendations for the core components of diagnostics and treatment in this patient group. These recommendations concern: (1) the recording process, (2) the timing of the intervention, (3) counselling specificities, (4) proposed treatments, (5) frequency of contact after stopping, (6) follow-up visits and (7) relapse prevention. They aim to help clinicians improve the care, health and well-being of patients suffering from mental illness.

Keywords

Mental disordersTobacco use cessationSmokingTobacco dependenceSchizophreniaAffective disorders
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , February 2014 , pp. 65 - 82
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, D.B., Niaura, R., Brown, R.A., Emmons, K.M., Goldstein, M.C., Monti, P.M.The tobacco dependence treatment handbook. A guide to the best practice New York: Guilford; 2003.Google Scholar
Acton, G.S., Kunz, J.D., Wilson, M., Hall, S.M.The construct of internalization: conceptualization, measurement, and prediction of smoking treatment outcome. Psychol Med 2005;35:395–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, L.E., Olincy, A., Waldo, M., Harris, J.G., Griffith, J., Stevens, K.et al.Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr Bull 1998;24:189–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alessi, S.M., Petry, N.M., Urso, J.Contingency management promotes smoking reductions in residential substance abuse patients. J Appl Behav Anal 2008;41:617–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, M.H., Debanne, M., Lazignac, C., Adam, E., Dickinson, L.M., Damsa, C.Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on agitation in smokers with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:395–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alpert, H.R., Connolly, G.N., Biener, L.A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation. Tob Control 2013;22:32–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders 2004 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2006.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed, text revision) (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.Google Scholar
Anda, R.F., Williamson, D.F., Escobedo, L.G., Mast, E.E., Giovino, G.A., Remington, P.L.Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective. JAMA 1990;264:1541–1545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreas, S., Batra, A., Behr, J., Berck, H., Chenot, J.F., Gillissen, A.et al.Tabakentwöhnung bei COPD - S3 Leitlinie herausgegeben von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin. Pneumologie 2008;62:255–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreasen, J.T., Nielsen, E.O., Christensen, J.K., Olsen, G.M., Peters, D., Mirza, N.R.et al.Subtype-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists enhance the responsiveness to citalopram and reboxetine in the mouse forced swim test. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:1347–1356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anghelescu, I.Successful smoking cessation and improvement of negative symptoms with varenicline in a stable schizophrenia patient. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;21:102–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apollonio, D.E., Malone, R.E.Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill. Tob Control 2005;14:409–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apollonio, D., Philipps, R.L.B.Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association, A.P.Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with nicotine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1–31.Google Scholar
Association A.P.. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with substance use disorders. American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders 2004, 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2006.Google Scholar
Baca, C.T., Yahne, C.E.Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment: what you need to know. J Subst Abuse Treat 2009;36:205–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baethge, C., Tondo, L., Lepri, B., Baldessarini, R.J.Coffee and cigarette use: association with suicidal acts in 352 Sardinian bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:494–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banham, L., Gilbody, S.Smoking cessation in severe mental illness: what works?. Addiction 2010;105:1176–1189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, T.R., Mutsatsa, S.H., Hutton, S.B., Watt, H.C., Joyce, E.M.Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:237–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batra, A.[Tobacco use and smoking cessation in the psychiatric patient]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2000;68:80–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batra, A., Schütz, C.G., Lindinger, P.Tabakabhängigkeit. In: Schmidt, L.G., Gastpar, M., Falkai, P., Gaebel, W., editors. Evidenzbasierte Suchtmedizin Behandlungsleitlinie Substanzbezogene Störungen. Köln: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 2006. p. 91–142.Google Scholar
Benowitz, N.L.The use of biologic fluid samples in assessing tobacco smoke consumption. NIDA Res Monogr 1983;48:6–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Berlin, I., Said, S., Spreux-Varoquaux, O., Olivares, R., Launay, J.M., Puech, A.J.Monoamine oxidase A and B activities in heavy smokers. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:756–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, I., Spreux-Varoquaux, O., Said, S., Launay, J.M.Effects of past history of major depression on smoking characteristics, monoamine oxidase-A and -B activities and withdrawal symptoms in dependent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997;45:31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, I., Chen, H., Covey, L.S.Depressive mood, suicide ideation and anxiety in smokers who do and smokers who do not manage to stop smoking after a target quit day. Addiction 2010;105:2209–2216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bien, T.H., Burge, R.Smoking and drinking: a review of the literature. Int J Addict 1990;25:1429–1454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blalock, J.A., Robinson, J.D., Wetter, D.W., Schreindorfer, L.S., Cinciripini, P.M.Nicotine withdrawal in smokers with current depressive disorders undergoing intensive smoking cessation treatment. Psychol Addict Behav 2008;22:122–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobes, J., Arango, C., Garcia-Garcia, M., Rejas, J.Healthy lifestyle habits and 10-year cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an analysis of the impact of smoking tobacco in the CLAMORS schizophrenia cohort. Schizophr Res 2010;119:101–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobo, J.K.Nicotine dependence and alcoholism epidemiology and treatment. J Psychoactive Drugs 1992;24:123–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N., Kilbey, M.M., Andreski, P.Nicotine dependence and major depression. New evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:31–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N., Schultz, L.R., Johnson, E.O., Peterson, E.L., Davis, G.C.Smoking and the risk of suicidal behavior: a prospective study of a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:328–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S., Inskip, H., Barraclough, B.Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:212–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budney, A.J., Higgins, S.T., Hughes, J.R., Bickel, W.K.Nicotine and caffeine use in cocaine-dependent individuals. J Subst Abuse 1993;5:117–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahill, K., Stead, L.F., Lancaster, T.Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD006103.Google ScholarPubMed
Cahill, K., Stead, L.F., Lancaster, T.Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4:CD006103.Google Scholar
Carmody, T.P., Duncan, C., Simon, J.A., Solkowitz, S., Huggins, J., Lee, S.et al.Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:811–818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, C.P., Jones, L., Woolson, R.F.Medical comorbidity in women and men with schizophrenia: a population-based controlled study. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:1133–1137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, F., McEvoy, J.P., Yang, Y.K., Wilson, W.H.Smoking and psychosis in patients with bipolar I disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43:63–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerimele, J.M., Durango, A.Does varenicline worsen psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder?. A review of published studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:e1039–e1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaiton, M.O., Cohen, J.E., O’Loughlin, J., Rehm, J.A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2009;9:356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, S., Ragg, M., McGeechan, K.Citation bias in reported smoking prevalence in people with schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009;43:277–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chengappa, K.R., Levine, J., Gershon, S., Kupfer, D.J.Lifetime prevalence of substance or alcohol abuse and dependence among subjects with bipolar I and II disorders in a voluntary registry. Bipolar Disord 2000;2:191–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, J.G., Stein, M.D., McGarry, K.A., Gogineni, A.Interest in smoking cessation among injection drug users. Am J Addict 2001;10:159–166.Google ScholarPubMed
Colton, C.W., Manderscheid, R.W.Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3:A42.Google ScholarPubMed
Compton, M.T., Kelley, M.E., Ramsay, C.E., Pringle, M., Goulding, S.M., Esterberg, M.L.et al.Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:1251–1257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, J.L., Cooney, N.L., Pilkey, D.T., Kranzler, H.R., Oncken, C.A.Effects of nicotine deprivation on urges to drink and smoke in alcoholic smokers. Addiction 2003;98:913–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, N.L., Cooney, J.L., Perry, B.L., Carbone, M., Cohen, E.H., Steinberg, H.R.et al.Smoking cessation during alcohol treatment: a randomized trial of combination nicotine patch plus nicotine gum. Addiction 2009;104:1588–1596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cormac, I., Brown, A., Creasey, S., Ferriter, M., Huckstep, B.A retrospective evaluation of the impact of total smoking cessation on psychiatric inpatients taking clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010;121:393–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corvin, A., O’Mahony, E., O’Regan, M., Comerford, C., O’Connell, R., Craddock, N.et al.Cigarette smoking and psychotic symptoms in bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:35–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalack, G.W., Meador-Woodruff, J.H.Smoking, smoking withdrawal and schizophrenia: case reports and a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 1996;22:133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalack, G.W., Meador-Woodruff, J.H.Acute feasibility and safety of a smoking reduction strategy for smokers with schizophrenia. Nicotine Tob Res 1999;1:53–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalack, G.W., Healy, D.J., Meador-Woodruff, J.H.Nicotine dependence in schizophrenia: clinical phenomena and laboratory findings. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1490–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalack, G.W., Becks, L., Hill, E., Pomerleau, O.F., Meador-Woodruff, J.H.Nicotine withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms in cigarette smokers with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;21:195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, S.O., Mellemkjaer, L., Olsen, J.H., Mortensen, P.B., Johansen, C.Depression and cancer risk: a register-based study of patients hospitalized with affective disorders, Denmark, 1969–1993. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:1088–1095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dani, J.A., Harris, R.A.Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:1465–1470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, K.L., Kahn, R.S., Ko, G., Davidson, M.Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1474–1486.Google ScholarPubMed
De Hert, M., Dekker, J.M., Wood, D., Kahl, K.G., Holt, R.I., Moller, H.J.Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:412–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hert, M., Vancampfort, D., Correll, C.U., Mercken, V., Peuskens, J., Sweers, K.et al.Guidelines for screening and monitoring of cardiometabolic risk in schizophrenia: systematic evaluation. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199:99–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J.Smoking and vulnerability for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:405–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decina, P., Caracci, G., Sandik, R., Berman, W., Mukherjee, S., Scapicchio, P.Cigarette smoking and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Biol Psychiatry 1990;28:502–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Degenhardt, L., Hall, W.The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Nicotine Tob Res 2001;3:225–234.Google ScholarPubMed
Depatie, L., O’Driscoll, G.A., Holahan, A.L., Atkinson, V., Thavundayil, J.X., Kin, N.N.et al.Nicotine and behavioral markers of risk for schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:1056–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desai, H.D., Seabolt, J., Jann, M.W.Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs 2001;15:469–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz, F.J., James, D., Botts, S., Maw, L., Susce, M.T., de Leon, J.Tobacco smoking behaviors in bipolar disorder: a comparison of the general population, schizophrenia, and major depression. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:154–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diehl, A., Nakovics, H., Croissant, B., Smolka, M.N., Batra, A., Mann, K.Galantamine reduces smoking in alcohol-dependent patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;44:614–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiFranza, J.R., Guerrera, M.P.Alcoholism and smoking. J Stud Alcohol 1990;51:130–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, L.B., Medoff, D., Goldberg, R., Lucksted, A., Kreyenbuhl, J., DiClemente, C.et al.Is implementation of the 5 A's of smoking cessation at community mental health centers effective for reduction of smoking by patients with serious mental illness?. Am J Addict 2009;18:386–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., Sutherland, I.Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004;328:1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, K.E., Sigmon, S.C., Thomas, C.S., Heil, S.H., Higgins, S.T.Voucher-based contingent reinforcement of smoking abstinence among methadone-maintained patients: a pilot study. J Appl Behav Anal 2008;41:527–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutra, S.J., Stoeckel, L.E., Carlini, S.V., Pizzagalli, D.A., Evins, A.E.Varenicline as a smoking cessation aid in schizophrenia: effects on smoking behavior and reward sensitivity. Psychopharmacology 2012;219:25–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eissenberg, T.Measuring the emergence of tobacco dependence: the contribution of negative reinforcement models. Addiction 2004;99(Suppl. 1):5–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Guebaly, N., Cathcart, J., Currie, S., Brown, D., Gloster, S.Smoking cessation approaches for persons with mental illness or addictive disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:1166–1170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EPA EMA. European Medicines Agency confirms positive benefit-risk balance for Champix. 2011.Google Scholar
Etter, J.F., Stapleton, J.A.Nicotine replacement therapy for long-term smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Tob Control 2006;15:280–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, M., Mohr, S., Garin, C., Etter, J.F.Stages of change in smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in the general population. Schizophr Bull 2004;30:459–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evins, A.E., Goff, D.C.Varenicline treatment for smokers with schizophrenia: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evins, A.E., Cather, C., Deckersbach, T., Freudenreich, O., Culhane, M.A., Olm-Shipman, C.M.et al.A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:218–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evins, A.E., Cather, C., Culhane, M.A., Birnbaum, A., Horowitz, J., Hsieh, E.et al.A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bupropion sr added to high-dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:380–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evins, A.E., Culhane, M.A., Alpert, J.E., Pava, J., Liese, B.S., Farabaugh, A.et al.A controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in adults with unipolar depressive disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:660–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagerstrom, K., Furberg, H.A comparison of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and smoking prevalence across countries. Addiction 2008;103:841–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagerstrom, K.O., Schneider, N.G.Measuring nicotine dependence: a review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. J Behav Med 1989;12:159–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagerstrom, K.O., Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T.Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J 1990;69:763–765.Google ScholarPubMed
Fagerstrom, K.O., Kunze, M., Schoberberger, R., Breslau, N., Hughes, J.R., Hurt, R.D.et al.Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers. Tob Control 1996;5:52–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatemi, S.H.Varenicline efficacy and tolerability in a subject with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008;103:328–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiore, M.C.Treating tobacco use and dependence: an introduction to the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline. Respir Care 2000;45:1196–1199.Google ScholarPubMed
Fiore, M., Jaén, C., Baker, T.Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical Practice Guideline US: Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; 2008.Google Scholar
Freedman, R.Exacerbation of schizophrenia by varenicline. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W., Moller, H.J.European guidance: a project of the European Psychiatric Association. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:65–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W., Becker, T., Janssen, B., Munk-Jorgensen, P., Musalek, M., Rossler, W.et al.EPA guidance on the quality of mental health services. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:87–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Portilla, M.P., Saiz, P.A., Benabarre, A., Florez, G., Bascaran, M.T., Diaz, E.M.et al.Impact of substance use on the physical health of patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010;121:437–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehricke, J.G., Loughlin, S.E., Whalen, C.K., Potkin, S.G., Fallon, J.H., Jamner, L.D.et al.Smoking to self-medicate attentional and emotional dysfunctions. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9(Suppl. 4):S523–S536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelkopf, M., Noam, S., Rudinski, D., Lerner, A., Behrbalk, P., Bleich, A.et al.Nonmedication smoking reduction program for inpatients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized control design study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2012;200:142–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, T.P., Ziedonis, D.M., Feingold, A., Pepper, W.T., Satterburg, C.A., Winkel, J.et al.Nicotine transdermal patch and atypical antipsychotic medications for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1835–1842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, T.P., Vessicchio, J.C., Termine, A., Bregartner, T.A., Feingold, A., Rounsaville, B.J.et al.A placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, T.P., Vessicchio, J.C., Sacco, K.A., Weinberger, A.H., Dudas, M.M., Allen, T.M.et al.A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion combined with nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:1092–1096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gierisch, J.M., Bastian, L.A., Calhoun, P.S., McDuffie, J.R., Williams, J.W., Wing, L. Comparative effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments for patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Evidence VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports. 2010.Google Scholar
Gierisch, J.M., Bastian, L.A., Calhoun, P.S., McDuffie, J.R., Williams, J.W.Smoking cessation interventions for patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2011;27:351–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, D.G., McClernon, F.J., Rabinovich, N.E., Dibb, W.D., Plath, L.C., Hiyane, S.et al.EEG, physiology, and task-related mood fail to resolve across 31 days of smoking abstinence: relations to depressive traits, nicotine exposure, and dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;7:427–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, D.G., McClernon, F.J., Rabinovich, N.E., Plath, L.C., Masson, C.L., Anderson, A.E.et al.Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:142–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, A.H., Helzer, J.E., Covey, L.S., Cottler, L.B., Stetner, F., Tipp, J.E.et al.Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. JAMA 1990;264:1546–1549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goff, D.C., Henderson, D.C., Amico, E.Cigarette smoking in schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and medication side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1189–1194.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, B.I., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D.A., Goldstein, T.R., Esposito-Smythers, C., Strober, M.A.et al.Significance of cigarette smoking among youths with bipolar disorder. Am J Addict 2008;17:364–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Gutierrez, M., Ezcurra, J., Aizpuru, F., Mosquera, F., Lopez, P.et al.Tobacco smoking and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:225–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, B.F., Hasin, D.S., Chou, S.P., Stinson, F.S., Dawson, D.A.Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1107–1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimshaw, G.M., Stanton, A.Tobacco cessation interventions for young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimshaw, G.M., Stanton, A.Smoking cessation services for young people. BMJ 2008;337.Google ScholarPubMed
Gulliver, S.B., Kalman, D., Rohsenow, D.J., Colby, S.M., Eaton, C.A., Monti, P.M.Smoking and drinking among alcoholics in treatment: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships. J Stud Alcohol 2000;61:157–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hajek, P., Stead, L.F., West, R., Jarvis, M., Lancaster, T.Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD003999.Google ScholarPubMed
Hall, S.M., Prochaska, J.J.Treatment of smokers with co-occurring disorders: emphasis on integration in mental health and addiction treatment settings. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2009;5:409–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, S.M., Munoz, R.F., Reus, V.I., Sees, K.L.Nicotine, negative affect, and depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:761–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, S.M., Munoz, R.F., Reus, V.I., Sees, K.L., Duncan, C., Humfleet, G.L.et al.Mood management and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: a therapeutic contact and placebo-controlled study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64:1003–1009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, S.M., Tsoh, J.Y., Prochaska, J.J., Eisendrath, S., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C.A.et al.Treatment for cigarette smoking among depressed mental health outpatients: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Public Health 2006;96:1808–1814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamera, E., Schneider, J.K., Deviney, S.Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and caffeine use and symptom distress in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995;183:559–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslemo, T., Eikeseth, P.H., Tanum, L., Molden, E., Refsum, H.The effect of variable cigarette consumption on the interaction with clozapine and olanzapine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:1049–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haustein, K.O., Haffner, S., Woodcock, B.G.A review of the pharmacological and psychopharmacological aspects of smoking and smoking cessation in psychiatric patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;40:404–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayford, K.E., Patten, C.A., Rummans, T.A., Schroeder, D.R., Offord, K.P., Croghan, I.T.et al.Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hays, J.T.Varenicline for smoking cessation: is it a heartbreaker?. CMAJ 2011;183:1346–1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hays, J.T., Hurt, R.D., Decker, P.A., Croghan, I.T., Offord, K.P., Patten, C.A.A randomized, controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for preventing tobacco relapse in recovering alcoholics. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:859–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hays, J.T., Croghan, I.T., Schroeder, D.R., Ebbert, J.O., Hurt, R.D.Varenicline for tobacco dependence treatment in recovering alcohol-dependent smokers: an open-label pilot study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2011;40:102–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerstrom, K.O.The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckman, C.J., Egleston, B.L., Hofmann, M.T.Efficacy of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control 2010;19:410–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heishman, S.J., Kleykamp, B.A., Singleton, E.G.Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology 2010;210:453–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helzer, J.E., van den Brink, W., Guth, S.E.Should there be both categorical and dimensional criteria for the substance use disorders in DSM-V?. Addiction 2006;101(Suppl. 1):17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennekens, C.H., Hennekens, A.R., Hollar, D., Casey, D.E.Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 2005;150:1115–1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillemacher, T., Bayerlein, K., Wilhelm, J., Frieling, H., Thurauf, N., Ziegenbein, M.et al.Nicotine dependence is associated with compulsive alcohol craving. Addiction 2006;101:892–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himelhoch, S., Leith, J., Goldberg, R., Kreyenbuhl, J., Medoff, D., Dixon, L.Care and management of cardiovascular risk factors among individuals with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes who smoke. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009;31:30–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hitsman, B., Borrelli, B., McChargue, D.E., Spring, B., Niaura, R.History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:657–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, L.E., Thaker, G.K., McMahon, R.P., Summerfelt, A., Rachbeisel, J., Fuller, R.L.et al.Effects of moderate-dose treatment with varenicline on neurobiological and cognitive biomarkers in smokers and nonsmokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:1195–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horst, W., Klein, M.W., Williams, D., Werder, S.F.Extended use of nicotine replacement therapy to maintain smoking cessation in persons with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2005;1:349–355.Google Scholar
Houtsmuller, E.J., Henningfield, J.E., Stitzer, M.L.Subjective effects of the nicotine lozenge: assessment of abuse liability. Psychopharmacology 2003;167:20–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hser, Y.I., McCarthy, W.J., Anglin, M.D.Tobacco use as a distal predictor of mortality among long-term narcotics addicts. Prev Med 1994;23:61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Dependence potential and abuse liability of nicotine replacement therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 1989;43:11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:689–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Possible effects of smoke-free inpatient units on psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:109–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Treatment of nicotine dependence. Is more better?. JAMA 1995;274:1390–1391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Clinical significance of tobacco withdrawal. Nicotine Tob Res 2006;8:153–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Depression during tobacco abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:443–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R.Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:315–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Frances, R.J.How to help psychiatric patients stop smoking. Psychiatr Serv 1995;46:435–436.Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Hatsukami, D.Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:289–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Hatsukami, D.K., Mitchell, J.E., Dahlgren, L.A.Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:993–997.Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Gust, S.W., Skoog, K., Keenan, R.M., Fenwick, J.W.Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:52–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J.R., Novy, P., Hatsukami, D.K., Jensen, J., Callas, P.W.Efficacy of nicotine patch in smokers with a history of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27:946–954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.R., Pillitteri, J.L., Callas, P.W., Callahan, R., Kenny, M.Misuse of and dependence on over-the-counter nicotine gum in a volunteer sample. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6:79–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J.R., Russ, C.I., Arteaga, C.E., Rennard, S.I.Efficacy of a flexible quit date versus an a priori quit date approach to smoking cessation: a cross-study analysis. Addict Behav 2011;36:1288–1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurt, R.D., Patten, C.A.Treatment of tobacco dependence in alcoholics. Recent Dev Alcohol 2003;16:335–359.Google ScholarPubMed
Hurt, R.D., Dale, L.C., Offord, K.P., Croghan, I.T., Hays, J.T., Gomez-Dahl, L.Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation in recovering alcoholics. Addiction 1995;90:1541–1546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurt, R.D., Offord, K.P., Croghan, I.T., Gomez-Dahl, L., Kottke, T.E., Morse, R.M.et al.Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. Role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. JAMA 1996;275:1097–1103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobsen, L.K., D'Souza, D.C., Mencl, W.E., Pugh, K.R., Skudlarski, P., Krystal, J.H.Nicotine effects on brain function and functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:850–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jann, M.W., Saklad, S.R., Ereshefsky, L., Richards, A.L., Harrington, C.A., Davis, C.M.Effects of smoking on haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations and haloperidol clearance. Psychopharmacology 1986;90:468–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeste, D.V., Gladsjo, J.A., Lindamer, L.A., Lacro, J.P.Medical comorbidity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:413–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimenez-Ruiz, C., Solano, S., Viteri, S.A., Ferrero, M.B., Torrecilla, M., Mezquita, M.H.Harm reduction–a treatment approach for resistant smokers with tobacco-related symptoms. Respiration 2002;69:452–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H.J., Hapke, U.Smoking, nicotine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity–a population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;76:287–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H.J., Hapke, U.Depressive disorders are related to nicotine dependence in the population but do not necessarily hamper smoking cessation. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahler, C.W., Metrik, J., LaChance, H.R., Ramsey, S.E., Abrams, D.B., Monti, P.M.et al.Addressing heavy drinking in smoking cessation treatment: a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76:852–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahler, C.W., Spillane, N.S., Busch, A.M., Leventhal, A.M.Time-varying smoking abstinence predicts lower depressive symptoms following smoking cessation treatment. Nicotine Tob Res 2011;13:146–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalman, D., Morissette, S.B., George, T.P.Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Am J Addict 2005;14:106–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalman, D., Kahler, C.W., Garvey, A.J., Monti, P.M.High-dose nicotine patch therapy for smokers with a history of alcohol dependence: 36-week outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat 2006;30:213–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalman, D., Kim, S., DiGirolamo, G., Smelson, D., Ziedonis, D.Addressing tobacco use disorder in smokers in early remission from alcohol dependence: the case for integrating smoking cessation services in substance use disorder treatment programs. Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30:12–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalman, D., Herz, L., Monti, P., Kahler, C.W., Mooney, M., Rodrigues, S.et al.Incremental efficacy of adding bupropion to the nicotine patch for smoking cessation in smokers with a recent history of alcohol dependence: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;118:111–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karam-Hage, M., Strobbe, S., Robinson, J.D., Brower, K.J.Bupropion-SR for smoking cessation in early recovery from alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2011;37:487–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, P.J., File, S.E., Rattray, M.Nicotine regulates 5-HT(1A) receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2001;13:1267–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnunen, T., Doherty, K., Militello, F.S., Garvey, A.J.Depression and smoking cessation: characteristics of depressed smokers and effects of nicotine replacement. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996;64:791–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnunen, T., Korhonen, T., Garvey, A.J.Role of nicotine gum and pretreatment depressive symptoms in smoking cessation: twelve-month results of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Int J Psychiatry Med 2008;38:373–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleber, H.D., Weiss, R.D., Anton, R.F.JJr., George, T.P., Greenfield, S.F., Kosten, T.R.et al.Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:5–123.Google ScholarPubMed
Kohen, I., Kremen, N.Varenicline-induced manic episode in a patient with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1269–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koob, G.F., Le Moal, M.Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997;278:52–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Guey, L.T., Bromet, E.J., Schwartz, J.E.Smoking in schizophrenia: diagnostic specificity, symptom correlates, and illness severity. Schizophr Bull 2010;36:173–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumari, V., Postma, P.Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the self medication hypotheses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29:1021–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumari, V., Soni, W., Sharma, T.Influence of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:321–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, D.T., Cahill, K., Qin, Y., Tang, J.L.Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD006936.Google ScholarPubMed
Laje, R.P., Berman, J.A., Glassman, A.H.Depression and nicotine: preclinical and clinical evidence for common mechanisms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001;3:470–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lambe, E.K., Picciotto, M.R., Aghajanian, G.K.Nicotine induces glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals in prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:216–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancaster, T., Stead, L.Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD000165.Google ScholarPubMed
Lasser, K., Boyd, J.W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D.U., McCormick, D., Bor, D.H.Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA 2000;284:2606–2610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Fevre, P.D.Improving the physical health of patients with schizophrenia: therapeutic nihilism or realism?. Scott Med J 2001;46:11–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerman, C., Orleans, C.T., Engstrom, P.F.Biological markers in smoking cessation treatment. Semin Oncol 1993;20:359–367.Google ScholarPubMed
Lichtermann, D., Ekelund, J., Pukkala, E., Tanskanen, A., Lonnqvist, J.Incidence of cancer among persons with schizophrenia and their relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:573–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindson, N., Aveyard, P., Hughes, J.R.Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;3:CD008033.Google Scholar
Littleton, J., Barron, S., Prendergast, M., Nixon, S.J.Smoking kills (alcoholics)! shouldn’t we do something about it?. Alcohol Alcohol 2007;42:167–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, E.J., Ackman, M.L.Impact of tobacco smoking cessation on stable clozapine or olanzapine treatment. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:727–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann-Wrobel, M.C., Bennett, M.E., Weiner, E.E., Buchanan, R.W., Ball, M.P.Smoking history and motivation to quit in smokers with schizophrenia in a smoking cessation program. Schizophr Res 2011;126:277–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marlatt, G.A., Donovan, D.M.Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviours, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.Google Scholar
Marlatt, G.A., Gordon, J.R.Relapse prevention. New York: Guilford Press; 1985.Google Scholar
Max, W.The financial impact of smoking on health-related costs: a review of the literature. Am J Health Promot 2001;15:321–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClure, J.B., Swan, G.E., Jack, L., Catz, S.L., Zbikowski, S.M., McAfee, T.A.et al.Mood, side-effects and smoking outcomes among persons with and without probable lifetime depression taking varenicline. J Gen Intern Med 2009;24:563–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClure, J.B., Swan, G.E., Catz, S.L., Jack, L., Javitz, H., McAfee, T.et al.Smoking outcome by psychiatric history after behavioral and varenicline treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010;38:394–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEvoy, J.P., Brown, S.Smoking in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1120–1121.Google ScholarPubMed
McEvoy, J.P., Freudenreich, O., Levin, E.D., Rose, J.E.Haloperidol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1995;119:124–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGehee, D.S., Heath, M.J., Gelber, S., Devay, P., Role, L.W.Nicotine enhancement of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in CNS by presynaptic receptors. Science 1995;269:1692–1696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGhee, S.M., Ho, L.M., Lapsley, H.M., Chau, J., Cheung, W.L., Ho, S.Y.et al.Cost of tobacco-related diseases, including passive smoking, in Hong Kong. Tob Control 2006;15:125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, J.M.Individual changes in clozapine levels after smoking cessation: results and a predictive model. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:569–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S.Motivational interviewing: preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1991.Google Scholar
Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S.Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J.M., Teague, C.H., Kayser, A.S., Bartlett, S.E., Fields, H.L.Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers. Psychopharmacology 2012;223:299–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molina-Linde, J.M.Effectiveness of smoking cessation programs for seriously mentally ill. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2011;39:106–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Moolchan, E.T., Robinson, M.L., Ernst, M., Cadet, J.L., Pickworth, W.B., Heishman, S.J.et al.Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction. Pediatrics 2005;115:e407–e414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mooney, M.E., Poling, J., Gonzalez, G., Gonsai, K., Kosten, T., Sofuoglu, M.Preliminary study of buprenorphine and bupropion for opioid-dependent smokers. Am J Addict 2008;17:287–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, T.J., Furberg, C.D.Varenicline and suicide. Risk of psychiatric side effects with varenicline. BMJ 2009;339:b4964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, T.J., Glenmullen, J., Furberg, C.D.Thoughts and acts of aggression/violence toward others reported in association with varenicline. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1389–1394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, C.D., Waxmonsky, J.A., May, M.G., Tinkelman, D.G., Dickinson, M., Giese, A.A.Smoking reduction for persons with mental illnesses: 6-month results from community-based interventions. Community Ment Health J 2011;47:694–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muramoto, M.L., Leischow, S.J., Sherrill, D., Matthews, E., Strayer, L.J.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 2 dosages of sustained-release bupropion for adolescent smoking cessation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007;161:1068–1074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murayama-Sung, L., Ahmed, I., Goebert, D., Alaimalo, E., Sung, H.The impact of hospital smoking ban on clozapine and norclozapine levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;31:124–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahvi, S., Richter, K., Li, X., Modali, L., Arnsten, J.Cigarette smoking and interest in quitting in methadone maintenance patients. Addict Behav 2006;31:2127–2134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neubauer, S., Welte, R., Beiche, A., Koenig, H.H., Buesch, K., Leidl, R.Mortality, morbidity and costs attributable to smoking in Germany: update and a 10-year comparison. Tob Control 2006;15:464–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niaura, R., Britt, D.M., Shadel, W.G., Goldstein, M., Abrams, D., Brown, R.Symptoms of depression and survival experience among three samples of smokers trying to quit. Psychol Addict Behav 2001;15:13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nieva, G., Ortega, L.L., Mondon, S., Ballbe, M., Gual, A.Simultaneous versus delayed treatment of tobacco dependence in alcohol-dependent outpatients. Eur Addict Res 2011;17:1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novy, P., Hughes, J.R., Callas, P.A comparison of recovering alcoholic and non-alcoholic smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;65:17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olbrich, R., Trager, S., Nikitopoulos, J., Mann, K., Diehl, A.[Smoking reduction during inpatient alcohol detoxification: a controlled clinical pilot trial]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2008;76:272–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olincy, A., Young, D.A., Freedman, R.Increased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in schizophrenic smokers compared to other smokers. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivier, D., Lubman, D.I., Fraser, R.Tobacco smoking within psychiatric inpatient settings: biopsychosocial perspective. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007;41:572–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oquendo, M.A., Galfalvy, H., Russo, S., Ellis, S.P., Grunebaum, M.F., Burke, A.et al.Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1433–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborn, D.P.J.The poor physical health of people with mental illness. West J Med 2001;175:329–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostacher, M.J., Lebeau, R.T., Perlis, R.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Lund, H.G., Moshier, S.J.et al.Cigarette smoking is associated with suicidality in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:766–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pachas, G.N., Cather, C., Pratt, S.A., Hoeppner, B., Nino, J., Carlini, S.V.et al.Varenicline for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: safety and effectiveness in a 12-week, open-label trial. J Dual Diagn 2012;8:117–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, M., Stradins, L., Morrison, S.Physical health of people with severe mental illness. BMJ 2001;322:443–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piasecki, T.M., Niaura, R., Shadel, W.G., Abrams, D., Goldstein, M., Fiore, M.C.et al.Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters. J Abnorm Psychol 2000;109:74–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picciotto, M.R., Brunzell, D.H., Caldarone, B.J.Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport 2002;13:1097–1106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poirier, M.F., Canceil, O., Bayle, F., Millet, B., Bourdel, M.C., Moatti, C.et al.Prevalence of smoking in psychiatric patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:529–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poling, J., Rounsaville, B., Gonsai, K., Severino, K., Sofuoglu, M.The safety and efficacy of varenicline in cocaine using smokers maintained on methadone: a pilot study. Am J Addict 2010;19:401–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomerleau, C.S., Majchrzak, M.J., Pomerleau, O.F.Nicotine dependence and the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire: a brief review. J Subst Abuse 1989;1:471–477.Google ScholarPubMed
Pomerleau, C.S., Carton, S.M., Lutzke, M.L., Flessland, K.A., Pomerleau, O.F.Reliability of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Addict Behav 1994;19:33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popkin, M.K.Exacerbation of recurrent depression as a result of treatment with varenicline. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J.Ten critical reasons for treating tobacco dependence in inpatient psychiatry. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2009;15:404–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J.Failure to treat tobacco use in mental health and addiction treatment settings: a form of harm reduction?. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010;110:177–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C.Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983;51:390–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.O., Goldstein, M.G.Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians. Clin Chest Med 1991;12:727–735.Google ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Hilton, J.F.Risk of cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e2856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Gill, P., Hall, S.M.Treatment of tobacco use in an inpatient psychiatric setting. Psychiatr Serv 2004;55:1265–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prochaska, J.J., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C.A., Rosen, A.B., Tsoh, J.Y., Humfleet, G.L.et al.Depressed smokers and stage of change: implications for treatment interventions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;76:143–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Delucchi, K., Hall, S.M.A meta-analysis of smoking cessation interventions with individuals in substance abuse treatment or recovery. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004;72:1144–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Fletcher, L., Hall, S.E., Hall, S.M.Return to smoking following a smoke-free psychiatric hospitalization. Am J Addict 2006;15:15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Hall, S.M., Bero, L.A.Tobacco use among individuals with schizophrenia: what role has the tobacco industry played?. Schizophr Bull 2008;34:555–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Hall, S.M., Tsoh, J.Y., Eisendrath, S., Rossi, J.S., Redding, C.A.et al.Treating tobacco dependence in clinically depressed smokers: effect of smoking cessation on mental health functioning. Am J Public Health 2008;98:446–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Hall, S.E., Hall, S.M.Stage-tailored tobacco cessation treatment in inpatient psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv 2009;60:848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prochaska, J.J., Hall, S.E., Delucchi, K., Hall, S.M.Efficacy of initiating tobacco dependence treatment in inpatient psychiatry: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2013;e1–e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301403 [Published online ahead of print August 15].Google ScholarPubMed
Pumariega, A.J., Nelson, R., Rotenberg, L.Varenicline-induced mixed mood and psychotic episode in a patient with a past history of depression. CNS Spectr 2008;13:511–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purvis, T.L., Nelson, L.A., Mambourg, S.E.Varenicline use in patients with mental illness: an update of the evidence. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010;9:471–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regier, D.A., Farmer, M.E., Rae, D.S., Locke, B.Z., Keith, S.J., Judd, L.L.et al.Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA 1990;264:2511–2518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, M.S., Fallon, B., Sonne, S., Flammino, F., Nunes, E.V., Jiang, H.et al.Smoking cessation treatment in community-based substance abuse rehabilitation programs. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008;35:68–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rennard, S., Hughes, J., Cinciripini, P.M., Kralikova, E., Raupach, T., Arteaga, C.et al.A randomized placebo-controlled trial of varenicline for smoking cessation allowing flexible quit dates. Nicotine Tob Res 2012;14:343–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, V.H., Stead, L.F.Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD001188.Google ScholarPubMed
Rice, V.H., Stead, L.Nursing intervention and smoking cessation: meta-analysis update. Heart Lung 2006;35:147–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, V.H., Stead, L.F.Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD001188.Google ScholarPubMed
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P.M., Brown, R.A., Gau, J.M., Kahler, C.W.Psychiatric disorders, familial factors and cigarette smoking: I. Associations with smoking initiation. Nicotine Tob Res 2003;5:85–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohsenow, D.J., Monti, P.M., Colby, S.M., Gulliver, S.B., Sirota, A.D., Niaura, R.S.et al.Effects of alcohol cues on smoking urges and topography among alcoholic men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21:101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, J.E.Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction. Psychopharmacology 2006;184:274–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, J.E., Brauer, L.H., Behm, F.M., Cramblett, M., Calkins, K., Lawhon, D.Psychopharmacological interactions between nicotine and ethanol. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6:133–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacco, K.A., Termine, A., Seyal, A., Dudas, M.M., Vessicchio, J.C., Krishnan-Sarin, S.et al.Effects of cigarette smoking on spatial working memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia: involvement of nicotinic receptor mechanisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:649–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salokangas, R.K., Honkonen, T., Stengard, E., Koivisto, A.M., Hietala, J.Cigarette smoking in long-term schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2006;21:219–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandberg, A., Skold, C.M., Grunewald, J., Eklund, A., Wheelock, A.M.Assessing recent smoking status by measuring exhaled carbon monoxide levels. PLoS One 2011;6:e28864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semba, J., Mataki, C., Yamada, S., Nankai, M., Toru, M.Antidepressant like effects of chronic nicotine on learned helplessness paradigm in rats. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43:389–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffman, S.Reflections on smoking relapse research. Drug Alcohol Rev 2006;25:15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shim, J.C., Jung, D.U., Jung, S.S., Seo, Y.S., Cho, D.M., Lee, J.H.et al.Adjunctive varenicline treatment with antipsychotic medications for cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37:660–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shmueli, D., Fletcher, L., Hall, S.E., Hall, S.M., Prochaska, J.J.Changes in psychiatric patients’ thoughts about quitting smoking during a smoke-free hospitalization. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:875–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shoptaw, S., Jarvik, M.E., Ling, W., Rawson, R.A.Contingency management for tobacco smoking in methadone-maintained opiate addicts. Addict Behav 1996;21:409–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, S., Loke, Y.K., Spangler, J.G., Furberg, C.D.Risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2011;183:1359–1366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, G.L.Schizophrenia, smoking, and boredom. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:583–584.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, R.C., Lindenmayer, J.P., Davis, J.M., Cornwell, J., Noth, K., Gupta, S.et al.Cognitive and antismoking effects of varenicline in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res 2009;110:149–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stapleton, JA. Cost effectiveness of NHS smoking cessation services. http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_427.pdf; 2001.Google Scholar
Stapleton, J.A., Watson, L., Spirling, L.I., Smith, R., Milbrandt, A., Ratcliffe, M.et al.Varenicline in the routine treatment of tobacco dependence: a pre-post comparison with nicotine replacement therapy and an evaluation in those with mental illness. Addiction 2008;103:146–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stead, L.F., Lancaster, T.Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;CD005231.Google ScholarPubMed
Stead, L.F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Lancaster, T.Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD000146.Google ScholarPubMed
Stead, L.F., Bergson, G., Lancaster, T.Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;CD000165.Google ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, M.L., Williams, J.M., Ziedonis, D.M.Financial implications of cigarette smoking among individuals with schizophrenia. Tob Control 2004;13:206.Google ScholarPubMed
Stolerman, I.P., Shoaib, M.The neurobiology of tobacco addiction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991;12:467–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storr, C.L., Reboussin, B.A., Anthony, J.C.The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a comparison of standard scoring and latent class analysis approaches. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;80:241–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sung, H.Y., Wang, L., Jin, S., Hu, T.W., Jiang, Y.Economic burden of smoking in China, 2000. Tob Control 2006;15(Suppl. 1):i5–i11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Tobacco Atlas. 3rd ed. Geneva, Honkong: World Health Organisation; 2010.Google Scholar
Tidey, J.W., Rohsenow, D.J., Kaplan, G.B., Swift, R.M., Reid, N.Effects of contingency management and bupropion on cigarette smoking in smokers with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 2011;217:279–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tizabi, Y., Getachew, B., Rezvani, A.H., Hauser, S.R., Overstreet, D.H.Antidepressant-like effects of nicotine and reduced nicotinic receptor binding in the Fawn-Hooded rat, an animal model of co-morbid depression and alcoholism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:398–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonstad, S., Davies, S., Flammer, M., Russ, C., Hughes, J.Psychiatric adverse events in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of varenicline: a pooled analysis. Drug Saf 2010;33:289–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsoh, J.Y., Chi, F.W., Mertens, J.R., Weisner, C.M.Stopping smoking during first year of substance use treatment predicted 9-year alcohol and drug treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;114:110–118.Google ScholarPubMed
Tsoi, D.T., Porwal, M., Webster, A.C.Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsoi, D.T., Porwal, M., Webster, A.C.Efficacy and safety of bupropion for smoking cessation and reduction in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:346–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsoi, D.T., Porwal, M., Webster, A.C.Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2:CD007253.Google Scholar
van der Meer Regina, M., Willemsen Marc, C., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P.Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006.Google Scholar
van der Weide, J., Steijns, L.S., van Weelden, M.J.The effect of smoking and cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism on clozapine clearance and dose requirement. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13:169–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, K.E., Hodgson, T.A., Carroll, C.E.Medical costs of smoking in the United States: estimates, their validity, and their implications. Tob Control 1999;8:290–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberger, A.H., Vessicchio, J.C., Sacco, K.A., Creeden, C.L., Chengappa, K.N., George, T.P.A preliminary study of sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:584–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberger, A.H., George, T.P., McKee, S.A.Differences in smoking expectancies in smokers with and without a history of major depression. Addict Behav 2011;36:434–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, E., Buchholz, A., Coffay, A., Liu, F., McMahon, R.P., Buchanan, R.W.et al.Varenicline for smoking cessation in people with schizophrenia: a double blind randomized pilot study. Schizophr Res 2011;129:94–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, E., Ball, M.P., Buchholz, A.S., Gold, J.M., Evins, A.E., McMahon, R.P.et al.Bupropion sustained release added to group support for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a new randomized trial and a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J.M., Anthenelli, R.M., Morris, C.D., Treadow, J., Thompson, J.R., Yunis, C.et al.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:654–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.Google Scholar
Wu, B.S., Weinberger, A.H., Mancuso, E., Wing, V.C., Haji-Khamneh, B., Levinson, A.J.et al.A preliminary feasibility study of varenicline for smoking cessation in bipolar disorder. J Dual Diagn 2012;8:131–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, H.C., Duncan, B.B., Schmidt, M.I., Wang, N.Y., Brancati, F.L.Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:10–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziedonis, D.M., Kosten, T.R., Glazer, W.M., Frances, R.J.Nicotine dependence and schizophrenia. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994;45:204–206.Google Scholar
Ziedonis, D., Hitsman, B., Beckham, J.C., Zvolensky, M., Adler, L.E., Audrain-McGovern, J.et al.Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:1691–1715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zullino, D., Besson, J., Schnyder, C.Stage of change of cigarette smoking in alcohol-dependent patients. Eur Addict Res 2000;6:84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.