Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-10T14:04:49.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Staphylococcus lugdunensis sepsis and endocarditis in a newborn following lotus birth

Part of: Infectious

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2018

Benjamin R. Ittleman  and
Joanne S. Szabo
Benjamin R. Ittleman*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
Joanne S. Szabo
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA Division of Neonatology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
*
Author for correspondence: B. R. Ittleman, MD, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 1 Children’s Way, Slot 512-19a, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA. Tel: 501 364 1874; Fax: 501 364 3196. E-mail: brittleman@uams.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A term newborn, who underwent lotus birth, developed Staphylococcus lugdunensis sepsis and endocarditis on the 1st day of life. This case reports an uncommon pathogen known to cause destructive endocarditis in the adult and paediatric populations, causing endocarditis in a neonate. We speculate that lotus birth, an atypical birthing practice, may have contributed to the development of this infection.

Keywords

Staphylococcus lugdunensissepsisendocarditisneonatelotus birth
Type
Brief Report
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 28 , Issue 11 , November 2018 , pp. 1367 - 1369
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2018 

Case presentation

A 20-hour-old infant presented to the emergency department with the chief complaint of laboured breathing and a rattling noise in his chest. The newborn’s symptoms had resolved before arrival at the hospital. The parents otherwise had no concerns and felt the baby’s behaviour to be appropriate. The patient was born by water birth at home. Rupture of the membranes was spontaneous and prolonged. When delivered, the patient was reported to be blue, but pinked up very quickly. The mother had attempted breastfeeding at home, but felt that the baby had a poor latch. The mother had elected to have a lotus birth, where the placenta and umbilical cord were left attached to the newborn.

On review of maternal obstetric records, the mother received late prenatal care, but had an otherwise uneventful pregnancy including no treatment for prenatal infections or hospitalisations. Maternal laboratory test results, including group B Streptococcus status, were negative. On examination, the placenta and umbilical cord were still attached, but otherwise the physical examination was normal.

Laboratory analysis showed hypoglycaemia (30 mg/dl), polycythaemia (65.6%), and an elevated C reactive protein (CRP) (14 mg/L). Blood cultures were obtained. The patient was given a dextrose bolus with moderate improvement in his blood glucose level and was admitted to the neonatal ICU for concern for sepsis. Upon admission, the patient’s umbilical cord was cut and central lines were placed. The placenta was not examined by pathology or cultures. Ampicillin and gentamicin were started empirically. On day 2 of the infant’s hospitalisation, blood culture was positive for coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Repeat CRP trended upwards (55 mg/L); however, the complete blood count was unremarkable. Vancomycin was added to the antibiotic regimen. A lumbar puncture and repeat blood culture were performed. The lumbar puncture culture remained negative, whereas the second blood culture grew Staphylococcus lugdunensis with oxacillin sensitivity. Infectious disease was consulted at this time. Antibiotics were adjusted for appropriate coverage with vancomycin and nafcillin. Echocardiography was performed on hospital day 4 because of the association of S. lugdunenesis with endocarditis reported in older patients. The echocardiogram revealed tricuspid valve leaflet thickening and the presence of a vegetation (Fig 1). Vancomycin was discontinued after serial negative blood cultures, and the patient was treated for 6 weeks with IV nafcillin for the S. lugdunensis endocarditis. A follow-up echocardiogram after 1 month of treatment showed resolution of the endocarditis. The patient was discharged home after completing 6 weeks of antibiotics.

Figure 1 ( a – c ) Echocardiogram showing tricuspid valve leaflet thickening, vegetation, and insufficiency. LA=left atrium; LV=left ventricle+thickened coaptation point of the tricuspid valve; RA=right atrium; RV=right ventricle. *Small vegetation attached to the chordal apparatus of the tricuspid valve with prolapse during systole; **mild tricuspid valve insufficiency.

Discussion

S. lugdunensis, first described in 1989, is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus and part of the natural skin flora.Reference Fleurette, Bes and Brun 1 Over the past three decades, S. lugdunensis has gained recognition as an uncommon, but significant, pathogen in the adult population.Reference Sabe, Shrestha, Gordon and Menov 2 S. lugdunensis has been known to cause soft tissue abscesses, infections of prosthetic joints, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis.Reference Klotchko, Wallace, Licitra and Sieger 3 Furthermore, S. lugdunensis has been found to cause endocarditis in 46% of patients with S. lugdunensis bacteraemia and was responsible for 1.1% of all cases of endocarditis in an adult population.Reference Zinkernagel, Zinkernagel and Elzi 4 , Reference Anguera, Del Río and Miró 5 S. lugdunensis behaves similarly to S. aureus, rather than its coagulase-negative counterparts, in that it causes large and destructive vegetations affecting native valves.Reference Sabe, Shrestha, Gordon and Menov 2 , Reference Liu, Huang and Tang 6

Staphylococcus lugduensis is an established pathogen in the adult population; however, its significance and prevalence in the paediatric and neonatal populations is less thoroughly understood. In one study performed in a paediatric hospital, 3.6% (10/277) of all cultures positive coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were S. lugdunensis. Of these, seven were considered clinically significant.Reference Sato, Kubota and Horiuchi 7 Speciation of all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus positive blood cultures is not performed at our institution, and therefore no data are available for comparison. Two reports have been made of S. lugdunensis infections in neonates. One was of a premature neonate with a catheter-related bloodstream infection, whereas the other was a term neonate diagnosed with a S. lugdunenesis urinary tract infection.Reference Tee, Soh, Lin and Loo 8 , Reference Hayakawa, Hataya and Yamanouchi 9

Although S. lugdunensis is an uncommon but established cause of destructive endocarditis in the adult population, there have not been large-scale studies on the significance of S. lugdunensis endocarditis in children. A review of literature revealed seven cases of S. lugdunensis endocarditis in this population. Of the seven (29%) children, two were previously healthy with no CHD. The remainder of the patients reported had either CHD (57%) or were immunocompromised (14%) at the time of infection. In total, six of these patients required heart surgery owing to complications of their infections, including valvular destruction and abscess formation. The youngest patient previously described was 2 years old.Reference Sotutu, Carapetis and Wilkinson 10 – Reference Murillo, McMahon and Starr 16

In this case, the patient underwent a lotus and water birth. Although unusual neonatal infections have been reported with water births in the past, including, among others, Legionella pneumonia and Haemophilus sepsis,Reference Franzin, Scolfaro and Cabodi 17 , Reference Kaushik, Bober and Eisenfeld 18 larger studies have shown that there is no significant increased risk of subsequent neonatal infections in newborns who underwent water births.Reference Thoeni, Zech and Moroder 19

Lotus birth is the practice of leaving the umbilical cord uncut, resulting in continued attachment of infant and placenta after delivery. The placenta is then placed in an absorbent material such as a diaper, cheese cloth, or placental bag. The placenta is patted dry and in some instances salted daily until the umbilical cord naturally separates from the infant.Reference Buckley 20 , Reference Weisberger 21 While studies have not been performed on the potential risk of this type of birthing practice, the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology warned against infection-associated risk to the infant’s health. 22 In addition to this warning, a brief report of a neonate with idiopathic hepatitis following a lotus birth has been published.Reference Tricarico, Bianco and Di Biase 23

Conclusion

We describe the first reported case of S. lugdunensis sepsis and endocarditis in a term neonate following an unusual birthing practice. The prevalence of S. lugdunensis infections in the paediatric population is low, but when present this pathogen has the potential to cause serious infections, including endocarditis, in children and neonates. This case is unique not only because of the uncommon pathogen involved, but also because of the age, nature of infection, and the birth history of this patient.

Financial Support

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of Interest

None.

Ethical Standards

The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national guidelines on human experimentation Arkansas Children’s Hospital and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008, and has been approved by the institutional committees.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Michele Honeycutt, RN (ACH Epidemiology), and Laura Cantrell, BS MT (ASCP), ACH Microbiology/Virology Laboratory, for their assistance with preparation of this report.

References

1. Fleurette, J, Bes, M, Brun, Y, et al. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis and S. schleiferi: bacteriological characteristics and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Res Microbiol 1989; 140: 107–118.Google Scholar
2. Sabe, M, Shrestha, N, Gordon, S, Menov, V. Staphylococcus lugdunensis: a rare but destructive cause of coagulase-negative staphylococcus infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2014; 3: 275–280.Google Scholar
3. Klotchko, A, Wallace, M, Licitra, C, Sieger, B. Staphylococcus lugdunensis: an emerging pathogen. South Med J 2011; 104: 509–514.Google Scholar
4. Zinkernagel, AS, Zinkernagel, MS, Elzi, MV, et al. Significance of Staphylococcus lugdunensis bacteremia: report of 28 cases and review of literature. Infection 2008; 36: 314–321.Google Scholar
5. Anguera, I, Del Río, A, Miró, JM, et al. Staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis: description of 10 cases and analysis of native valve, prosthetic valve, and pacemaker lead endocarditis clinical profiles. Heart 2005; 91: e10.Google Scholar
6. Liu, PY, Huang, YF, Tang, CW, et al. Staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis: a literature review and analysis of risk factors. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2010; 43: 478–484.Google Scholar
7. Sato, M, Kubota, N, Horiuchi, A, et al. Frequency, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of Staphylococcus lugdunensis bacteremia in children. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22: 298–302.Google Scholar
8. Tee, WS, Soh, SY, Lin, R, Loo, LH. Staphylococcus lugdunensis carrying the mecA gene causes catheter-associated bloodstream infection in premature neonate. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 519–520.Google Scholar
9. Hayakawa, I, Hataya, H, Yamanouchi, H, et al. Neonatal Staphylococcus lugdunensis urinary tract infection. Pediatr Int 2015; 57: 783–785.Google Scholar
10. Sotutu, V, Carapetis, J, Wilkinson, J, et al. The “surreptitious Staphylococcus”: Staphyloccoccus lugdunensis endocarditis in a child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 984–986.Google Scholar
11. Guillaume, MP, Dubos, F, Godart, F. Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis in children. Cardiol Young 2017; 27: 784–787.Google Scholar
12. Jones, RM, Jackson, MA, Ong, C, Loftland, GK. Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis . Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 265–268.Google Scholar
13. Chaparro, J, Murphy, E, Davis, C, et al. Chest pain and shortness of breath in a previously healthy teenager. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4: 171–173.Google Scholar
14. Lin, YT, Hsieh, KS, Chen, YS, et al. Infective endocarditis in children without underlying heart disease. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2013; 46: 121–128.Google Scholar
15. Tamdy, A, El Louali, F, Ounzar, M, et al. Multiple mycotic aneurysms reveal Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditits in a young patient. Heart Lung 2011; 40: 352–357.Google Scholar
16. Murillo, J, McMahon, C, Starr, J. Large vegetations in Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis. Heart Lung 2008; 37: 479–480.Google Scholar
17. Franzin, L, Scolfaro, C, Cabodi, D, et al. Legionella pneumonphila pneumonia in a newborn after water birth: a new mode of transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 103–104.Google Scholar
18. Kaushik, M, Bober, B, Eisenfeld, L, et al. Case report of Haemophilus parainfluenza sepsis in a newborn infant following water birth and a review of literature. AJP Rep 2015; 5: 188–192.Google Scholar
19. Thoeni, A, Zech, N, Moroder, L, et al. Review of 1600 water births. Does water birth increase the risk of neonatal infection? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 17: 357–361.Google Scholar
20. Buckley, S. Lotus birth: a ritual for our times. Midwifery Today Int Midwife 2003; 67: 36–38.Google Scholar
21. Weisberger, M. “Lotus Birth”: what experts say about cutting the cord, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from http://www.livescience.com.Google Scholar
22. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. RCOG statement on umbilical non-severance or “lotus birth,” 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2017, from https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/news/rcog-statement-on-umbilical-non-severance-or-lotus-birth.Google Scholar
23. Tricarico, A, Bianco, V, Di Biase, AR, et al. Lotus birth associated with idiopathic neonatal hepatitis. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58: 281–282.Google Scholar
Figure 0

Figure 1 (a–c) Echocardiogram showing tricuspid valve leaflet thickening, vegetation, and insufficiency. LA=left atrium; LV=left ventricle+thickened coaptation point of the tricuspid valve; RA=right atrium; RV=right ventricle. *Small vegetation attached to the chordal apparatus of the tricuspid valve with prolapse during systole; **mild tricuspid valve insufficiency.