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Introduction: Decolonizing Labour Law — Contributions to an Emergent Transnational Labour Law/Vers un droit du travail décolonisé — Contributions au droit transnational du travail en émergence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2018

Adelle Blackett*
Affiliation:
Professor of Law & Canada Research Chair in Transnational Labour Law and DevelopmentFaculty of Law, McGill Universityadelle.blackett@mcgill.ca
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Abstract

Type
Introduction
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association / Association Canadienne Droit et Société 2018 

Decolonization is not a metaphor.Footnote 1 It is rooted in land—in historical and ongoing territorial dispossession—and in the labour of Indigenous, Black, and otherwise racialized, subordinated peoples.Footnote 2 It calls for slavery and various forms of colonialism—including settler colonialism—to be remembered, acknowledged, resisted. Decolonization is necessarily, and by definition, unsettling.

Il est difficile d’ignorer les perturbations profondes éprouvées par le droit du travail dans ce moment de mécontentement contemporain, un moment qui, selon Judith Butler, se qualifie « d’émancipation de la haine ».Footnote 3 Ces perturbations évoquent l’urgence du passé, à travers laquelle s’est laborieusement forgé – à la fois en parallèle et en opposition aux mouvements de décolonisation du Sud global – un consensus d’après-guerre dans le Nord global visant la médiation sociale de l’économie. Alors qu’il était largement reconnu que, laissés à eux-mêmes, les marchés soi-disant autorégulateurs engendreraient la destruction plutôt que la construction des sociétés, la commercialisation était encouragée dans les pays du Sud. Selon des juristes tiers-mondistes de renom, tels que Georges Abi-Saab, l’origine de ces perturbations remonte à l’application asymétrique des conventions d’arbitrages théoriquement réciproques en faveur des investisseurs et aux dépens des États du Sud nouvellement décolonisés désirant établir leur droit à la souveraineté permanente sur leurs ressources naturelles.Footnote 4 Depuis, le pouvoir des investisseurs de faire leurs lois s’est répandu au Nord global. La propagation du pouvoir des investisseurs a d’ailleurs mené Sven Beckert à conclure – après avoir d’abord mené un historique approfondi de l’esclavage et de l’empire par le biais de l’étude d’une seule denrée : le coton – que les multinationales d’aujourd’hui ont perfectionné leur capacité à utiliser quelques États pour « s’émanciper de leur dépendance antérieure »Footnote 5 vis-à-vis d’un État quelconque et donc vis-à-vis de tous. Le durcissement normatif et la concentration du pouvoir des intérêts commerciaux mondiaux se consolident politiquement de plus en plus, notamment en raison d’un courant de nativisme au caractère racial et anti-migrant qui contribue à l’érosion des protections sociales que certains États pouvaient autrefois fournir à leurs employés, et ainsi au transfert des risques aux travailleurs.

It is in this unsettled moment that it becomes critical to rethink labour law’s foundational narratives. Despite its philosophical roots and redistributive aims, traditional labour law scholarship has tended to decentre the relationship to land, while taking the territorial division of the Westphalian state as a given.Footnote 6 This special issue is part of emergent initiatives to refocus, by asking what happens when labour law is forced to see itself in historically rooted, relational, and contextualized terms: for example, through the eyes of a South African domestic worker rendered a migrant on her own landFootnote 7—because as Tuck and Yang remind us, “[s]ettlers become the law, supplanting Indigenous laws and epistemologies”Footnote 8—seeking recourse from an “accessible” employment conciliation, mediation, and arbitration service after being fired from her job for being repeatedly late to a settler’s household because she lived with her own young children on precarious land that had a tendency to flood. What happens when her lived reality becomes the subject of our critique of labour law, and our turn to the transnational?Footnote 9

Les contributeurs à ce numéro spécial se penchent sur les façons dont l’émergent droit transnational du travail (DTT) peut contribuer à la dissociation du droit du travail de sa trame narrative paradigmatique et usuelle, soit une trame atomisée, datant de la révolution industrielle qui prend pour modèle du travailleur l’homme adulte, blanc, unique salarié de sa famille nucléaire, originaire d’un État du Nord global, et qui conséquemment désigne ce travailleur comme l’unique récipiendaire de justice distributive. Bien que le ton de chaque article varie, les contributions se caractérisent toutes par une analyse relativement sobre du potentiel contre-hégémonique du droit transnational du travail.

This special issue begins by foregrounding the disciplinary challenge of Sabaa Khan’s engagement with an insurgent, pluralist labour law emerging through the injustice of informal, urbanized, dispossessed waste pickers in Ghana.Footnote 10 Sara Seck unsettles disciplinary insularity in labour law and environmental law by centering the relational character of the colonially dispossessed, social justice-seeking worker.Footnote 11 The business and human rights theme also addressed in Seck’s work carries forward in the following three contributions. Isabelle Martin illustrates why the corporate governance model for social responsibility, despite linking transnational firms to the working conditions that prevail in their supply chain, is inadequate to ground the legitimacy claims of workers; it is in an emergent transnational labour law that legitimacy might be grounded.Footnote 12 Zobaida Khan focuses on the 1,134 Rana Plaza workers who lost their lives in one of the worst—but not the last or only—factory fires in Bangladesh, to offer a challenge to claims that trade-labour linkage can constitute a form of transnational labour governance without attending to deeper distributional challenges of development. Footnote 13 This section closes with Armel Brice Adanhounme’s extensive comparative analysis of corporate citizenship in a mining sector in both Canada and Ghana; through a lens that encompasses both hegemonic (status quo based) and counter-hegemonic (inclusion based) approaches to citizenship at work, he illustrates that corporate citizenship is a holdover from its colonial form, one that is foundationally destabilizing to liberal democracy.Footnote 14

L’analyse d’Adanhounme faisant office de point pivot, les trois derniers articles se tournent résolument vers l’étude du Canada dans le monde par l’intermédiaire du droit des travailleurs migrants. Elsa Gallerand et Martin Gallié mettent l’accent sur les rapports de race et de genre qui structurent et édictent la non-liberté des régimes canadiens d’immigration temporaire, tout en rejetant l’usage anhistorique du langage d’esclavagisme contemporain.Footnote 15 Bethany Hastie, quant à elle, offre une étude approfondie de deux décisions récentes de tribunaux canadiens des droits de la personne concernant des travailleuses migrantes racisées.Footnote 16 Ces décisions font lumière sur les inégalités structurelles relatives à la main d’œuvre, y compris le rôle de l’État dans la création et le maintien de ces inégalités, mais n’offrent qu’un espace limité à la résistance contre-hégémonique. Enfin, Adrian Smith, se fondant sur une littérature qui considère que les programmes canadiens de travailleurs temporaires racisés et étrangers sont des exemples « du Sud dans le Nord », lance un plaidoyer : les chercheurs dans le domaine du droit du travail doivent s’engager de façon significative et sérieuse avec l’étude du droit transnational du travail en émergence.Footnote 17

Ce numéro spécial s’achève avec l’examen d’une tentative récente et cruciale d’établir un dialogue entre la littérature sur la justice globale et celle du droit transnational du travail, et ainsi de rapprocher ces disciplines.Footnote 18

The contributions to this special issue are unsettling in their refusal of continuity for its own sake. It is precisely the refusalFootnote 19 required of decolonization that opens up real possibilities. One possibility is the spaceFootnote 20 that is enabled for alternative narratives of the purpose of labour law—narratives that emerge from labour law’s peripheries (colonized land, dispossessed and disenfranchised people in the global South and the global North)—to be taken seriously. This possibility also requires a different kind of transnational solidarity: those of us articulating alternatives need to redouble our commitment to ensuring inclusive, truthful, and redemptive spacesFootnote 21 for each other and for “other others” to ground, (un)learn, and struggle together for emancipatory futures.

Footnotes

*

I gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Emily Ann Painter, B.C.L. and LL.B. candidate at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, who translated sections of this introduction into French.

References

1 Tuck, Eve and Wayne Yang, K., “Decolonization is Not a Metaphor,” (2012) Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 1, no. 1: 140;Google Scholar Fanon, Frantz, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1963/2004).Google Scholar

2 du Bois, W. E. B., The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1903);Google Scholar Robinson, Cedric, Black Marxism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000);Google Scholar Hall, Stuart, The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation (Harvard University Press, 2017);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Coulthard, Glen, Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition (University of Minnesota Press, 2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Butler, Judith, “Trump is Emancipating Unbridled Hate,” Zeit Online, 28 October 2016.Google Scholar

4 Georges Abi-Saab, “The Newly Independent States and the Rules of International Law: An Outline” (1962) 8 Howard L.J. 95 at 115

5 Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton 438 (2015).

6 Nancy Fraser, “A Triple Movement? Parsing the Politics of Crisis after Polanyi” (May-June 2013) 81 New Left Review 119 at 124; Nancy Fraser, “From Exploitation to Expropriation: Historic Geographies of Racialized Capitalism” (2018) 94:1 Economic Geography 1.

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8 Tuck and Yang, 6–7; Chanook, Martin, Making of South African Legal Culture, 1902–1936: Fear, Favour, and Prejudice (Cambridge University Press, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Blackett, Adelle, “Decolonizing Labour Law: A Few Comments” Bulletin for Comparative Labour Relations 92 (2016): 8999.Google Scholar

10 Khan, Sabaa Ahmad, “Struggles and Actions for Legal Space in the Urban World: The Case of Informal Economy E-Waste Workers,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 2 (2018): 115–135.Google Scholar

11 Seck, Sara, “Labour and Environment in Business and Human Rights: Beyond the Bounded Autonomous Worker,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 2 (2018): 137–57.Google Scholar

12 Martin, Isabelle, “The Use of Transnational Labour Law in Steering Socially Responsible Corporate Governance toward Increased Workers Protection,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 2 (2018): 159–76.Google Scholar

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14 Adanhounme, Armel Brice, « La citoyenneté corporative entre libéralisme et démocratie: les individus ou leur communauté? », Revue canadienne de droit et société 33, no. 2 (2018): 199–221.Google Scholar

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18 Adelle Blackett, Global Justice in Transnational Labour Law: A Review of Global Justice and International Labour Rights, ed. Yossi Dahan, Hanna Lerner, and Faina Miman-Sivan (Cambridge University Press, 2016), Canadian Journal of Law and Society 33, no. 2 (2018): 279–87.

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20 It is important to acknowledge those who have worked to ensure space for alternative narratives to emerge. See generally Archer, Simon, Drache, Daniel, and Zumbansen, Peer ed., The Daunting Enterprise of the Law: Essays in Honour of Harry W. Arthurs (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 Harding, Vincent, “The Vocation of the Black Scholar and the Struggles of the Black Community,” in Education and Black Struggle: Notes from the Colonized World, Institute of the Black World (Harvard Educational Review, 1974), 25.Google Scholar