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Identification of a small fragment of Mani's Living Gospel (Turfan Collection, Berlin, M5439)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2017

Mohammad Shokri-Foumeshi
Mohammad Shokri-Foumeshi*
Affiliation:
University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
*
mshokrif@gmail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Heretofore three fragments of Maniʼs Living Gospel – the most important work of Mani – have been recognized in Middle Persian and in Manichaean script: M17, M172/I/ and M644. This article, with a codicological and textological approach, shows that M17 and the new fragment M5439 are two separate pieces of a single manuscript page. The verso-side of M5439 has a new text. Now, after the identification and reading of this damaged fragment, we are able to correct the previous reconstructions and comment on a few Middle Persian words. The text contains a part of the exordium and of the chapter Aleph of the Living Gospel.

Keywords

Mani's GospelM5439TurfanMiddle PersianManuscript fragmentManichaeism
Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the SOAS , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , October 2017 , pp. 473 - 483
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS, University of London 2017 

1. Introduction

Among the Turfan Manichaean manuscript fragments, of those belonging to the Living Gospel, three Middle Persian fragments have been known previously. The fragments M17, M172/I/ and M644, all present the same text: the opening lines of the first chapter of the Living Gospel, with an exordium.

2. Published fragments

2.1. M17

M17 (Catalogue 3; Ed.: HR ii, 25–7; MSt, 8: R a, b, c, d; V e, f, g, h; Reader, text c; ‘I Mani’ 184. Trl.: HG, 184; GSR, 146. Repr.: ‘I Mani’ 194–5. Photo: Photo Ed. I, pl. 26–7. For new edition, see Shokri-Foumeshi Reference Shokri-Foumeshi2014: 100–6) is entitled: ʾwnglywnyg ʾrb ncyhyd “He teaches (the chapter) Aleph of the Gospel”. The tip-size of the pen/stylus that wrote the text, which is partly red and partly black, must have been small. The lower part of the page is missing. Despite first appearances, the lines in the middle of the sheet have not been obliterated. In fact, there were never any letters there: the space was originally left blank,Footnote 2 so as to provide room for the translation of the Middle Persian phrases into another language (Sogdian), just as was done in M172/I/. This can be shown by a comparison of the first remaining common phrase in M172/I/ and M17, which ends with the word wyhyhʾn: while in M17, the space after this word is left blank, in M172/I/ the Sogdian translation of the Middle Persian word follows. The succession of Middle Persian and Sogdian sections continues up to the end of M172/I/, whereas a blank space follows the Middle Persian text in M17.

2.2. M172/I/

M172 (= MIK III 196)/I/ (Catalogue 13. Ed.: HR ii, 100–1; MSt, 19; Reader, text c {MP only}; ‘I Mani’ 185. Trl.: HG 184; GSR 146. Repr.: ‘I Mani’ 196–7. Photo: Photo Ed. I, pl. 77. For new edition, see Shokri-Foumeshi Reference Shokri-Foumeshi2014: 106–13) is written in two languages: Middle Persian, with Sogdian translation/paraphrase (both in Manichaean script), they follow each other alternately. The Sogdian version helps us to add some phrases to the remaining sections of the Living Gospel. The text of M172/I/ is no different from M17.

2.3. M644

M644 (Catalogue 44. Ed.: ‘I Mani’ 190. Trl.: ‘I Mani’, 189, 191, 193. Repr.: ‘I Mani’, 198. Photo: Photo Ed. II, pl. 81–2. For a new edition, see Shokri-Foumeshi Reference Shokri-Foumeshi2014: 113–5), 7 × 6.2 cm, is a small fragment, the surviving part of which is probably the bottom of a sheet, since there appears to be a blank space after the lines /r/5 and /v/5. Nonetheless, some sections of the remaining fragment are parts of the last section of the exordium and the first parts of the First Chapter of the Gospel, complementing M17 and M172/I/, and the verso consists of some new phrases different from those in the two fragments above.

2.4. Some observations

The first column on the verso of M17 (i.e. /v/i/16–7/) closes with the sentence hʾʾn | (ky) ʾn ʾcyš bwd … . Taking the four blank lines of M17 into account (‘I Mani’ 184) MacKenzie, in his reconstruction of the recto of M644,Footnote 3 also attempted to reconstruct the rest of the phrase (1994: 190–1). His reconstruction was based upon the Greek Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (CMC 66, 4–15; see Koenen and Römer Reference Koenen and Römer1988: 199–200), but, as he himself points out the reconstruction is “highly uncertain” (1994: 190), especially regarding the difference between the two versions in some phrases. MacKenzie's reconstruction is as shown below in square brackets [] and in italics:

M644/A/5 – B/*1–*6/ … pd qʾm ʿy pydr | by wʾbrygʾn ⦿⦿ hʾʾn (ky) ʾn | ʾcyš bwd [hym ⦿ ʾwy zywyd ʾwd | ptʾyd ʾw jʾydʾn ⦿ ʾhydr bwd | ʾc hmʾg ʾwd] ʾc ps wysp ʾst | ʾwd hrw cy bwd ʾwd bwʾd pd | ʾwy zwr ʿystyd.

“ … by the will of the Father, the true God, he from whom I came to be,Footnote 4 [he lives and remains forever, he was before everything and] is after all (things), and everything which has been and will be stands by his power”. (‘I Mani’ 190–1)

My study of this reconstruction proves that the new small fragment M5439 can shed new light on MacKenzie's edition. In fact, the analysis, which will be discussed below, shows that M17 and M5439 are two separate pieces of a single manuscript page; that means neither is a copy of the other.

3. The newly identified M5439 [ = T II D 67]

The unpublished fragment M5439 (Catalogue 109; the original is lost, but a black-and-white photo is in the archive of BBAW) has a triangular shape, two columns, and is without a headline. Only the last three lines of /r/ii/, the last two lines of /v/i/, and the last six lines of /v/ii/ have survived. The verso-side has a new text. For the blank lines, such as in M17, a Sogdian translation must have been intended. The size of the pen of the text, which seems to be partly red and partly black, is small.

3.1. Measurements

Comparable to M17

3.2. Analysis

The analysis shows that not only is there no problem concerning the text on the recto, where M5439/r/i/1–3/ and M5439/r/ii/1–3/ are totally in accordance with M172/I/v/2–3/ and M172/I/v/16–7/, but also that in the script and the height and width of the pages, the two sheets are almost the same. Fragment M5439 is arranged in two separate columns and so it seems that the fragment was indeed from the bottom of the sheet. If we take the fragment as a section for the first sheet of the bifolio, what I prefer to call /r/i/ and /r/ii/ may be placed at the bottom of M5439/I/r/i–ii/, and what I call /v/i/ and /v/ii/ may be placed at the very end of M5439/I/v/i–ii/. Taking the size of the script and the length of the line into consideration, the first column on recto (/r/i/) must have started with the sentence ʿsṭwd ʾwd ʿsṭʾyhyd qnygrwšn (based on the text of M17 and M172/I/), and the second column (/r/ii/) must have started with ʾwd ʾbr gwʾgʾn ʾwd ʿšnwʾgʾn ʿy sxwn wʾbrygʾn (based on the text of M17 and M172/I/). And accordingly, the phrase M5439/v/i/ ʾc pyš [wy](s)p bwd ẅ just fills the gap, and reaches the point where the first column of the sheet M17 is destroyed. Also, taking M5439/v/i/1–2/ into account, I placed the last section of M5439/v/i/1-2/ into the missing space and marked this in italics:

M17/v/i/14-17/ and /v/ii/1-2/ … pd qʾm ʿy pydr by wʾbrygʾn ⦿⦿ hʾʾn ky ʾn ʾcyš bwd [hymFootnote 5 ⦿⦿ ⦿⦿ hʾn ky] ʾc pyš wysp bwd ẅ ʾc ps wysp ʾst …

“… by the will of the Father, the true God, he from whom I came to be, He was he who was before all (things) and is after all (things) … .”

Regarding these considerations, therefore, M5439/verso/ii/ (i.e. which includes a new text of the chapter Aleph of the Living Gospel) must understandably come after the last sentence of M17, i.e /v/ii/17/, but not directly.Footnote 6

3.3. Order of the Lines of M17 + M5439

The order of the lines is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Order of codices

4. Unified text

  • M17/v-r/hdl./   {violet} ʾwnglywnyg    He teaches (the chapter)

    ʾrb ncyhyd    Aleph of the Gospel

    *[ʿstwd ʾwd ʿstʾyhyd]Footnote 7    She was praised and is praised

    Recto/i/

    M17/r/i/01/    qnygrwšn sr      the Maiden of Light, head

    M17/r/i/02/Footnote 8      ʿy (w)yspʾn      of all

    M17/r/i/03/      wyhyyh̠ʾnFootnote 9      wisdoms.

  • M17/r/i/04–11/    blank

  • M17/r/i/12/Footnote 10  ʿsṭwd ʾwd  It was praised and

    M17/r/i/13/  ʿsṭʾyhyydFootnote 11  is praised

    M17/r/i/14/  dyn ywjdhr pd  the holy Church, by

    M17/r/i/15/  zwr ʿy pdrFootnote 12  the power of the Father,

    M17/r/i/16/  pd ʾpryn ʿyFootnote 13  by the praise of

    M17/r/i/17/  mʾdr (ʾwd pd)  the Mother, and by

    */r/i/18/  [wyhy ʿy pwsr]Footnote 14  the wisdom of the Son.

    M17/r/i/19–26/  blank

    M5439/r/i/01/[27]  [drwd]Footnote 15 ẅFootnote 16 ʾpryn      Welfare and praise

    M5439/r/i/02/[28]  [ʾb](r)Footnote 17 przndʾn      upon the children

    M5439/r/i/03/[29]  ʿy drwdyh̠Footnote 18      of well-being

    Recto/ii/

    M17/r/ii/01/Footnote 19  ʾwd ʾb(r g)wʾ(g)[ʾn]Footnote 20      and on the speakers

    M17/r/ii/02/  ʾwd ʾšnwʾgnFootnote 21 ʿy      and the hearers of

    M17/r/ii/03/  sxwn wʾbrygʾn      the true word.

    M17/r/ii/04–11/  blank

    M17/r/ii/12/Footnote 22  hyb byh̠      Let there be

    M17/r/ii/13/  ʿsṭʾy(š)n (ẅ)Footnote 23      praise and

    M17/r/ii/14/  pd(x)šr ʾw pdrFootnote 24      honour to the Father

    M17/r/ii/15/  ʾwd ʾw (p)wsrFootnote 25      and to the Son

    M17/r/ii/16/  ʾwd ʾw wʾ(x)š      and to the Holy

    M17/r/ii/17/  ywjdhr ʾ(wd)      Ghost and

    */r/ii/18/  [ʾw mʾdyʾn ywjdhr ⦿⦿ ⦿⦿]Footnote 26   the holy book.

    M17/r/ii/19–26/  blank

    M5439/r/ii/01/[27]  gwyy(š)[nFootnote 27 ʿy]Footnote 28  The speech of

    M5439/r/ii/02/[28]  ʾwnglyw(n)Footnote 29 [zyndg]Footnote 30  the Living Gospel,

    M5439/r/ii/03/[29]  ʿy cšm [ʾwd]Footnote 31  which instructs

    Verso/i/

    M17/v/i/01/Footnote 32  [g](wšFootnote 33 wc)yyhydFootnote 34  eye and ear,

    M17/v/i/02/  (ʾ)wd bʾr ʿy  and teaches

    M17/v/i/03/  (r)ʾsṭyy ncyhy(d)  the fruit of truth.

    M17/v/i/04–11/  blank

    M17/v/i/12/Footnote 35  ʾn mʾny prystg  I Mani, apostle

    M17/v/i/13/  ʿyg yyšwʿ  of Jesus

    M17/v/i/14/  ʾryʾmʾn pd  the Friend, by

    M17/v/i/15/  qʾ(m ʿ)y pdr by  the will of the Father, the true

    M17/v/i/16/  w(ʾ)brygʾn ⦿⦿ hʾʾn  God, he

    M17/v/i/17/  (ky)Footnote 36 ʾn ʾcyš bwd  from whom I [came]

    */v/i/18/  [*hym ⦿⦿ ⦿⦿]Footnote 37  to be.

    M17/v/i/*19–26/  blank

    M5439/v/i/*27/  blank

    M5439/v/i/01/[28]  [*hʾn ky]Footnote 38 ʾ(c) pyšFootnote 39  He was he who was

    M5439/v/i/02/[29]  [wy](s)pFootnote 40 bwdFootnote 41 ẅ  before all (things) and

    Verso/ii/

    M17/v/ii/01/Footnote 42  ʾc psFootnote 43 wysp  is after all

    M17/v/ii/02/  ʾst ʾw(d hrw)  (things), and everything

    M17/v/ii/03/  cy bwd ẅ bwʾd  which has been and will be

    M17/v/ii/04/  pd ʾwy zwr ʿystyd  stands by his power.

    M17/v/ii/05–11/  blank

    M17/v/ii/12/Footnote 44  prwxʾnFootnote 45 ʿyn  The fortunate

    M17/v/ii/13/  myzdgtʾcyh̠  receive this

    M17/v/ii/14/  (pd)yrynd zyrʾn  (good) news, the wise

    M17/v/ii/15/  ʾš(n)ʾsynd  recognize (it),

    M17/v/ii/16/  (ṭ)hmʾn py(mw)cynd  the strong don (it)Footnote 46 ,

    M17/v/ii/17/  dʾn(ʾ)gʾn (w)hy  the learned … betterFootnote 47 …

    */v/ii/18–23/  missing

    M5439/v/ii/01/[24]  [1–2](•w[0–1](•)[½]  …

    M5439/v/ii/02/[25]  ʾwdFootnote 48 zyh(r)Footnote 49 [ʿyg]Footnote 50  and they will attain

    M5439/v/ii/03/[26]  jʾydʾʾ[nFootnote 51 3–5 ]  eternal

    M5439/v/ii/04/[27]  ʾyʾbʾ(n)[dFootnote 52 ⦿⦿]  life …

    M5439/v/ii/05/[28]  xwnqFootnote 53 ʾš[mʾh̠]Footnote 54  Hail, you

    M5439/v/ii/06/[29]  fryhsṭw(mFootnote 55 ẅ)Footnote 56  dearest and … !

    End of the sheet

5. Some remarks

5.1. Verso/i/[28]–/ii/4/

[*hʾn ky] ʾc pyš wysp bwd ẅ ʾc ps wysp ʾst ʾwd hrw cy bwd ẅ bwʾd pd ʾwy zwr ʿystyd.

“He was [he who was] before all (things) and is after all (things), and everything which has been and will be stands by his power.”

This is the second and, of course, the last passage of the Gospel, for which the Greek parallel in the CMC is entirely distinguishable (for a further survey, see Shokri-Foumeshi Reference Shokri-Foumeshi2014: 175). Regarding both the context and the required letters, my restoration of <*hʾn ky > seems most appropriate. The adverbs pyš “before” and ps “after”, are fully discussed in Gershevitch (Reference Gershevitch and Redard1964a: 179–89), as they come concurrently in the passage az pēš wisp būd ud az pas wisp ast. The passage also clearly shows that az pēš in this context simply means the same “before” (But cf. DMMPP 290b, s.v. pyš). az pēš and az pas are conversely developed to the (Classical) New Persian successively as pēš az “before” and pas az “after” (namely) with the same meanings. Could the phrase be comparable to Col. 1:17: “And he is before all things, and by him all things consist”? On the MP cy /čē/ rel., see Boyce Reference Boyce1964: 37 f.

Figure 1. M17 + M5439 recto

© Depositum der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung

5.2. Verso/ii/12–17/

prwxʾn ʿyn myzdgtʾcyh̠ pdyrynd zyrʾn ʾšnʾsynd Footnote 57 ṭhmʾn pymwcynd dʾnʾgʾn why … {missing}

“The fortunate receive this (good) news, the wise recognize (it), the strong don (it), the learned … better … .”

why “better” comes from Old Iranian *wahyah-. Cf. Gershevitch 1964a: 188.

Figure 2. M17 + M5439 verso

© Depositum der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung

5.3. Verso/ii/[25–9]

{missing} ʾwd zyhr ʿyg jʾydʾʾn [3–5] ʾyʾbʾ(n)[d] xwnq ʾš[mʾẖ] fryhsṭw(m ẅ) … {missing}

“… and they will attain eternal life … Hail you dearest and … !”

The zīhr īg ǰāydān, cf. M454/I/r/6–11/: ʾw[d] swst mʾ bwyd ʾc rnj ʿy xwdʾwn bwrdn ⦿⦿ ʾʾwn kwtʾn myzd ʾwd pʾdʾšyn qyrbg ʾwd zyhr ʿy j[ʾydʾn] pd bʾryst wyndʾd (Mir. Man. iii, 46 [318]). “And do not tire to endure the toils of the Lord so that you may receive your pious retribution and reward and receive the eternal life in the supreme”.Footnote 58 MP zyhr is comparable to Pth. jywhr (see Gershevitch Reference Gershevitch1964b: 14 no. 1). xōnak (or: xunak; see DMMPP 368b) ‘lo! hail!’ (ibid.) is already attested three times in the Turfan collection (ibid.). Cf. also the Classical New Persian, Bal‘amī, The (Persian) Translation of Ṭabarī’s History: Pas Xālid gōft: … yā Wahšī! xunok tu râ bâd! (Dehkhoda Reference Dehkhoda1985, s.v. xōnok.) “Then Xālid said: … O Wahšī! hail to Thee”.

General abbreviations

hdl.

headline  Pth.  Parthian

i, ii

Indicate the columns on a page  R, r  recto

i.m.

inner margin  repr.  representation

ll.

lines  s.cls.  space between two cloumns

l.l.

length of the line  s.ll.  space between two lines

l.m.

lower margin  t.b.  text-block

l.sh.

length of the sheet  u.m.  upper margin

MP

Middle Persian  V, v  verso

o.m.

outer margin  w.sh.  width of the sheet

Abbreviated works

Catalogue

Boyce Reference Boyce1960

DMMPP

Durkin-Meisterernst Reference Durkin-Meisterernst2004

GSR

Klimkeit Reference Klimkeit1993

HG

Klimkeit Reference Klimkeit1989

HR ii

Müller Reference Müller1904

‘I Mani’

MacKenzie Reference MacKenzie, Preissler, Seiwert and Mürmel1994

Mir. Man. iii

Andreas and Henning Reference Andreas and Henning1934

MSt

Salemann Reference Salemann1908

Photo Ed. I

Sundermann Reference Sundermann1996

Photo Ed. II

Weber Reference Weber2000

Reader

Boyce Reference Boyce1975

Footnotes

1

I would like to thank Professors Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst and Nicholas Sims-Williams for their kind suggestions and constructive advice. Thanks also to the group “Digitales Turfan-Archiv I” from the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW), group Turfan Studies, and Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage, Oriental Department, who provided me with the environment necessary for studying and publishing the fragment M5439.

2 Durkin-Meisterernst kindly wrote to me: “At the bottom of the page, that the blank space in M17 is not for an illustration, as Müller thought, was already recognized by MacKenzie”.

3 MacKenzie (Reference MacKenzie, Preissler, Seiwert and Mürmel1994: 184): “Ca. 14 lines missing, of which ca. 10 probably blank”.

4 Cf. the slight variant in Gardner and Lieu Reference Gardner and Lieu2004: 156, as: “From whom I also came into being”.

5 Reconstructed by MacKenzie Reference MacKenzie, Preissler, Seiwert and Mürmel1994: 191.

6 In between them (i.e. where the text */v/ii/18–23/ could occur) the text of M644/verso/ should come (here we are talking about the text, not the sheet).

7 On the previous page. Supplied by M172/I/r/6/.

8 Lines 12–14 red.

9 In M172/I/r/8/: wyhyhʾn.

10 Lines 12–14 red.

11 In M172/I/r/12/: ʿstʾyhyd.

12 In M172/I/r/13/: pydr.

13 The reading can only be accepted by taking M172/I/r/13/ into consideration. This part of the fragment, as well as the end of the next line, is damaged.

14 Supplied by M172/I/r/14/. This shows that every column of the manuscript page certainly contains 29 lines.

15 Supplied by M172/I/v/2/.

16 The two dots of <ẅ> are too faded to be read.

17 Of the letter <r> only a portion of its left part remains. Supplied by M172/I/v/2/.

18 Of the initial letter <d>, except for the dot in the left portion, only a spot remains.

19 Lines 1–3 red.

20 Supplied by M172/I/v/3/.

21 In M172/I/v/4/: ʿšnwʾgʾn.

22 Lines 12–14 red.

23 In M172/I/v/9/: ʾwd.

24 In M172/I/v/10/: pydr.

25 The centre of <p> is destroyed.

26 Supplied by M172/I/v/11–12/.

27 Only the right part of the letter <š> remains.

28 Supplied by M172/I/v/16/.

29 The letter <y> is faded. Of the letter <n> only the lower part remains.

30 Supplied by M172/I/v/17/.

31 Supplied by M172/I/v/17/. And not <ẅ>. Regarding the space between two lines, the length of the line and the outer margin, we expect here c. three letters. It is followed by M17/v/i/1–17/.

32 Lines 1–3 red.

33 Supplied by M644/r/2/.

34 In M172/I/v/18/: wcyhyd. MacKenzie (‘I Mani’ 191): [gwš w](c)yyhyd.

35 Lines 12–13 red.

36 Of the characters <ky> only the upper parts remain. As Boyce (Reference Boyce1960: 33) presented her uncertainty with an asterisk on this word, and MacKenzie (Reference MacKenzie, Preissler, Seiwert and Mürmel1994: 191) by brackets, the reading is totally uncertain. What remains does not seem to be ky. But the above-mentioned reconstruction is acceptable for the context and its harmonization to the text.

37 Reconstructed by MacKenzie (Reference MacKenzie, Preissler, Seiwert and Mürmel1994: 191).

38 Cf. the previous sentence remained on M17/v/I/16-17/: hʾʾn ky ʾn ʾcyš bwd [hym]. The context and space here enable us to suggest also those restorations as ʾwy ky, hw ky and even ʾwš.

39 There seems to be a trace of a dot after the letter <š>. The dot is a black blot – it is unjustified and may have been written there just to fill the line.

40 The first ring of the <s> is faded.

41 The left portion of the letter <b> is severely destroyed and is blackened. The reading is certain and can be no other letter than <b>. Of the letter <w> only a spot remains. Of <d>, except for its dot, only a slight trace remains.

42 Lines 1–3 red.

43 In Boyce 1960: 33, text c2, two clear words of ʾc ps are missing.

44 Lines 12–13 red.

45 In Boyce 1960: 33, text c2: frwxʾn.

46 Scil. as their armour.

47 Cf. ‘I Mani’ 190: “The learned [*consider] (it to be) better”.

48 The upper part of the letter aleph <ʾ> is destroyed. The letter <d> looks like two spots (the second spot is a figurative dot in the left portion of the letter). The reading is certain, though.

49 The lower part of the letter <z> is faded and of the letter <r> only the right part remains.

50 The amount of space remaining up to the end of the line allows this reconstruction which makes the sentence meaningful.

51 Although it seems that the writer's pen had so much ink while writing the two letters aleph (ʾʾ) – repeated in order to fill the line – so that the strokes ran into each other, the reading is certain.

52 The lower portion of the second aleph (ʾ) is higher than in the normal form. But no other letter than aleph can be suggested. The reading is certain, though.

53 The letter <n> has faded and the lower portion cannot be seen. No other letter can be suggested but this one.

54 The amount of space remaining up to the end of the line and the meaning it gives to the sentence justify the reconstruction.

55 The letter <w> is assimilated into <y> and <m> is a little transformed.

56 This portion of the sheet is damaged, and the spot at the end of the line seems a smear only.

57 See Humbach and Skjærvø Reference Humbach and Skjærvø1983: 71, apud DMMPP 93b.

58 Mir. Man. iii, 46 [318]: “Und ermattet nicht, die Mühen des Herrn zu ertragen, damit ihr Euren frommen Lohn und Belohnung und das ewige Leben im Höchsten erlangt”.

References

Andreas, F.C. and Henning, W.B.. 1934. Mitteliranische Manichaica aus Chinesisch-Turkestan, iii. Berlin: SPAW.Google Scholar
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Figure 0

Table 1. Order of codices

Figure 1

Figure 1. M17 + M5439 recto© Depositum der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung

Figure 2

Figure 2. M17 + M5439 verso© Depositum der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung