Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-g4j75 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-06T22:08:52.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Toward a revised theory of general intelligence: Further examination of fluid cognitive abilities as unique aspects of human cognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2006

Clancy Blair
Clancy Blair*
Affiliation:
Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802-6504
*
cbb11@psu.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Primary issues raised by the commentaries on the target article relate to (1) the need to differentiate distinct but overlapping aspects of fluid cognition, and (2) the implications that this differentiation may hold for conceptions of general intelligence. In response, I outline several issues facing researchers concerned with differentiation of human cognitive abilities and suggest that a revised and expanded theory of intelligence is needed to accommodate an increasingly diverse and varied empirical base.

Type
Author's Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 145 - 153
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

References

Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E. & Boyle, M. O. (2005) Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin 131:30-60. [rCB, RPH]Google Scholar
Allman, J. M., Hakeem, A., Erwin, J., Nimchinsky, E. & Hof, P. (2001) The anterior cingulate cortex: The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935:107-17. [aCB]Google Scholar
Amminger, G. P., Schlogelhofer, M., Lehner, T., Looser Ott, S., Friedrich, M. H. & Aschauer, H. N. (2000) Premorbid performance IQ deficit in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102:414-22. [aCB]Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (2000) An unassailable defense of g but a siren-song for theories of intelligence. Psycoloquy, 00.11.013.intelligence-g-factor.28.anderson. ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/Psycoloquy/2000.volume.11/. [MA]Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (2001) Annotation: Conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42(3):287-98. ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/Psycoloquy/ 2000.volume.11/. [MA, RMF]Google Scholar
Anderson, M. (2005) Cortex forum on the concept of general in neuropsychology. Cortex 41:99-100. Available at: http://www.cortex-online.org/cortex.asp?action— toArticles&folderlD—148. [MA]Google Scholar
Ando, J., Ono, Y. & Wright, M. J. (2001) Genetic structure of spatial and verbal working memory. Behavior Genetics 31:615-24. [aCB]Google Scholar
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K. & Vernon, P. A. (2001) Which is the real general intelligence? A reply to Robinson (1999). Personality and Individual Differences 1353-59. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bachevalier, J., Alvarado, M. C. & Malkova, L. (1999) Memory and socioemotional behavior in monkeys after hippocampal damage incurred in infancy or in adulthood. Biological Psychiatry 46:329-39. [aCB]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1986) Working memory. Oxford Psychology Series, No. 11. Oxford University Press/Clarendon Press. [arCB, NC]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (2000) The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:417-23. [NC]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D. & Adlam, A. (2001) Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130:641-57. [KES]Google Scholar
Balkenius, C. (2000) Attention, habituation and conditioning: Toward a computational model. Cognitive Science Quarterly 1(2):171-214. [EST]Google Scholar
Barkeley, R. A. (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin 121:65-94. [aCB]Google Scholar
Barrett, P. (2000) Intelligence, psychometrics, g, and mental abilities: Quantitative methodology dressed as science. Psycoloquy, 00.11.046.intelligence-g-fac- tor.45.barrett. ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/Psycoloquy/ 2000.volume.11/. [MA]Google Scholar
Bechara, A. (2004) The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and Cognition 55:30-40. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. & Lee, G. P. (1999) Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience 19:5473-81. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1996) Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 6:215-25. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bedwell, J. S., Keller, B., Smith, A. K., Hamburger, S., Kumra, S. & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) Why does postpsychotic IQ decline in childhood onset schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1996-97. [aCB]Google Scholar
Benga, O. (2001) Sociocognitive control of emotions: The case of early attachment. In: Development and cognition, ed. Benga, O. & Miclea, M.. Editura Presa Universitara Clujeana. [OB]Google Scholar
Benga, O. (2004) Development of social cognition in children [in Romanian]. ASCR (Asociatia Romana de Stiinte Cognitive, Publishing House of the Romanian Association of Cognitive Sciences). [OB]Google Scholar
Berlin, L. (2003) The role of inhibitory control and executive functioning in hyperactivity/ADHD: Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 120. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bertolino, A., Roffman, J. L., Lipska, B. K., van Gelderen, P., Olson, A. & Weinberger, D. R. (2002) Reduced N-acteylaspartate in prefrontal cortex of adult rats with neonatal hippocampal damage. Cerebral Cortex 12:983-90. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bertolino, A., Saunders, R. C., Mattay, V. S., Bachevalier, J., Frank, J. A. & Weinberger, D. R. (1997) Altered development of prefrontal neurons in rhesus monkeys with neonatal mesial temporo-limbic lesions: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Cerebral Cortex 7:740-48. [aCB]Google Scholar
Blair, C. (2002) School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of child functioning at school entry. American Psychologist 57:111-27. [arCB]Google Scholar
Blair, C., Gamson, E., Thorne, S. & Baker, D. (2005a) Rising mean IQ: Cognitive demand of mathematics education for young children, population exposure to formal schooling, and the neurobiology of the prefrontal cortex. Intelligence 33:93-106. [MV]Google Scholar
Blair, C., Granger, D. & Razza, R. P. (2005b) Cortisol reactivity is positively related to executive function in preschool children attending Head Start. Child Development 76:554-67. [rCB]Google Scholar
Blair, C., Peters, R. & Granger, D. (2004) Physiological and neuropsychological correlates of approach/withdrawal behavior in preschool: Further examination of the BIS/BAS scales for young children. Developmental Psychobiology 45:113-24. [rCB]Google Scholar
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J. & van Heerden, J. (2003) The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review 110(2):203-19. [DPB]Google Scholar
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J. & van Heerden, J. (2004) The concept of validity. Psychological Review 111(4):1061-71. [DPB]Google Scholar
Braun, K., Lange, E., Metzger, M. & Poeggel, G. (1999) Maternal separation followed by early social deprivation affects the development of monoaminergic fiber systems in the medial prefrontal cortex of Octodon degus. Neuroscience 95:309-18. [aCB]Google Scholar
Braver, T. S. & Barch, D. M. (2002) A theory of cognitive control, aging cognition, and neuromodulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 26:809-17. [aCB, NAZ]Google Scholar
Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M. & Cohen, J. D. (1999) Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biological Psychiatry 46:312-28. [aCB]Google Scholar
Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Kelley, W. M., Buckner, R. L., Cohen, N. J., Miezin, F. M., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, R. E. & Petersen, S. E. (2001) Direct comparison of prefrontal cortex regions engaged by working and long-term memory tasks. NeuroImage 14:48-59. [aCB]Google Scholar
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E. & Noll, D. C. (1997) A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. NeuroImage 5:49-62. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bredy, T. W., Humpartzoomian, R. A., Cain, D. P. & Meany, M. J. (2003) Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 188:571-76. [aCB]Google Scholar
Breitenstein, C., Jansen, A., Deppe, M., Foerster, A. F., Sommer, J., Wolbers, T. & Knecht, S. (2005) Hippocampus activity differentiates good from poor learners of a novel lexicon. Neuroimage 25:958-68. [MW]Google Scholar
Brody, N. (1992) Intelligence, 2nd edition. Academic Press. [DG]Google Scholar
Brozoski, T. J., Brown, R. M., Rosvold, H. E. & Goldman, P. S. (1979) Cognitive deficits caused by regional depletion of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science 205:929-32. [aCB]Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L. (2004) Memory and executive function in aging and AD: Multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron 44:195-208. [rCB]Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L. & Wheeler, M. E. (2001) The cognitive neuroscience of remembering. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2:311-14. [rCB]Google Scholar
Bull, R. & Scerif, G. (2001) Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 19:273-93. [aCB]Google Scholar
Bunce, D. (2003) Cognitive support at encoding attenuates age differences in recollective experience among adults of lower frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology 17(3):353-61. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Burbaud, P., Degreze, P., Lafon, P., Franconi, J., Bouligand, B., Bioulac, B., Caille, J. & Allard, M. (1995) Lateralization of prefrontal activation during internal mental calculation: A functional magnetic imaging study. Journal of Neurophysiology 74:2194-200. [aCB]Google Scholar
Burgess, G. C., Gray, J. R., Conway, A. R. A. & Braver, T. S. (2005) Relationships among fluid intelligence, working memory span, and brain activity during high-interference trials. Poster presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, NY, April 2005. [GCB]Google Scholar
Burgess, N., Becker, S., King, J. A. & O'Keefe, J. (2001) Memory for events and their spatial context: Models and experiments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 356:1493-503. [EST]Google Scholar
Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M. I. (2000) Cognitive and emotional influences in the anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:215-22. [OB, aCB]Google Scholar
Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K. & McIntosh, A. R. (2002) Aging gracefully: Compensatory brain activity in high performing older adults. Neuroimage 17:1394-402. [aCB]Google Scholar
Caldji, C., Diorio, J. & Meaney, M. J. (2000a) Variations in maternal care in infancy regulate the development of stress reactivity. Biological Psychiatry 48:1164-74. [aCB]Google Scholar
Caldji, C., Francis, D., Sharma, S., Plotsky, P. M. & Meaney, M. J. (2000b) The effects of early rearing environment on the development of GABAa and central benzodiazepine receptor levels and novelty-induced fearfulness in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:219-29. [aCB]Google Scholar
Callicott, J., Matay, V., Bertolino, A., Finn, K., Coppola, R., Frank, J., Goldberg, T. & Weinberger, D. (1999) Physiological characteristics of capacity constraints in working memory as revealed by functional MRI. Cerebral Cortex 9:20-26. [aCB]Google Scholar
Carlson, S. M. (2003) Executive function in context: Development, measurement, theory and experience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 68:138-51. [RMF]Google Scholar
Carlson, S. M. & Moses, L. J. (2001) Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development 72:1032-53. [OB]Google Scholar
Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J. & Williams, L. (2004) Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology 40:1105-22. [RMF]Google Scholar
Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A. & Reichle, E. D. (2000) Working memory and executive function: Evidence from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 10:195-99. [aCB]Google Scholar
Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A. & Shell, P. (1990) What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. Psychological Review 97:404-31. [aCB]Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1993) Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press. [DPB, aCB, WJ, KES, MV]Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1996) A three-stratum theory of intelligence: Spearman's contribution. In: Human abilities: Their nature and measurement, ed. Dennis, I. & Tapsfield, P., pp. 1-18. Erlbaum. [aCB]Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (2003) The higher-stratum structure of cognitive abilities: Current evidence supports g and about ten broad factors. In: The scientific study of general intelligence: Tribute to Arthur R. Jensen, ed. Nyborg, H.. Elsevier Science/ Pergamon. [KK, MV]Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2002) The cognitive functions of language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:657-726. [KES]Google Scholar
Caruso, J. C. (2001) Reliable component analysis of the Stanford-Binet: Fourth edition for 2- to 6-year-olds. Psychological Assessment 13:261-66. [aCB]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & White, T. (1994) Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The bis/bas scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:319-33. [GCB, rCB]Google Scholar
Case, R. (1992) The role of the frontal lobes in the regulation of cognitive development. Brain and Cognition 20:51-73. [RMF]Google Scholar
Case, R. (1995) Capacity-based explanations of working memory growth: A brief history and reevaluation. In: Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development, ed. Weinert, F. E. & Schneider, W., pp. 23-44. Erlbaum. [NC]Google Scholar
Case, R. & Mueller, M. P. (2001) Differentiation, integration, and covariance mapping as fundamental processes in cognitive and neurological growth. In: Mechanisms of cognitive development: Behavioral and neural perspectives, ed. McClelland, J. L. & Siegler, R. S., pp. 185-219. Erlbaum. [RMF]Google Scholar
Case, R., Demetriou, A., Platsidou, M. & Kazi, S. (2001) Integrating concepts and tests of intelligence from the differential and developmental traditions. Intelligence 29:307-36. [RMF]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1943) The measurement of adult intelligence. Psychological Bulletin 40:143-93. [WJ]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1963) Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology 54:1-22. [WJ, KES]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1971) Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Cambridge University Press. [aCB, WJ, IVV]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1998) Where is intelligence? Some answers from the triadic theory. In: Human cognitive abilities in theory and practice, ed. McArdle, J. J. & Woodcock, R. W., pp. 29-38. Erlbaum. [KES]Google Scholar
Chambers, R. A., Moore, J., McEvoy, J. P. & Levin, E. D. (1996) Cognitive effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:587-94. [aCB]Google Scholar
Clinton, S. M. & Meador-Woodruff, J. H. (2004) Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia: Neurochemical, neuropathological, and in vivo imaging abnormalities. Schizophrenia Research 69:237-53. [MW]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. & O'Reilly, R. C. (1996) A preliminary theory of the interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus that contribute to planning and prospective memory. In: Prospective memory: Theory and applications, ed. Brandimonte, M., Einstein, G. & McDaniel, M., pp. 267-93. Erlbaum. [aCB]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992) Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review 99:45-77. [aCB]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D., Peristein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J. & Smith, E. E (1997) Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386:604-608. [aCB]Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Usher, B. A. & Cargo, A. P. (1993) Cognitive risk and its association with risk for disruptive behavior disorder in preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 22:154-64. [rCB]Google Scholar
Colom, R., Lluis-Font, J. P. & Andrés-Pueyo, A. (2005) The generational intelligence gains are caused by decreasing variance in the lower half of the distribution: Supporting evidence for the nutrition hypothesis. Intelligence 33:83-91. [MV]Google Scholar
Colom, R., Rebollo, I., Palacios, A., Juan-Espinosa, M. & Kyllonen, P. C. (2004) Working memory is (almost) perfectly predicted by g. Intelligence 32:277-96. [DPB, aCB, RPH, KES]Google Scholar
Constanidis, C. & Wang, X. J. (2004) A neural circuit basis for spatial working memory. Neuroscientist 10:553-65. [rCB]Google Scholar
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J. & Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002) A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Intelligence 30:163-83. [aCB]Google Scholar
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J. & Engle, R. W. (2003) Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(12):547-52. [DPB, aCB, RPH, KES]Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2000) Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation. In: Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. Sperber, D., pp. 53-115. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1988) Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104:163-91. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1995) Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford Psychology Series, No. 26. Oxford University Press. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1999) An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 62-101. Cambridge University Press. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87-185. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowan, N., Chen, Z. & Rouder, J. N. (2004) Constant capacity in an immediate serial-recall task: A logical sequel to Miller (1956). Psychological Science 15:634-40. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowan, N., Elliott, E. M., Scott Saults, J., Morey, C. C., Mattox, S., Hismjatullina, A. & Conway, A. R. (2005) On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive Psychology 51(1):42-100. [NC]Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., Morris, R. G. & Gick, M. L. (1990) Adult age differences in working memory. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 247-67. Cambridge University Press. [IVV]Google Scholar
Crawford, J. R., Deary, I., Allan, K. & Gustafsson, J.-E. (1998) Evaluating competing models of the relationship between inspection time and intelligence. Intelligence 26:27-42. [aCB]Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1957) The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist 12:671-84. [GCB]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1985) The frontal lobes. In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E., 2nd edition, pp. 339-75. Oxford University Press. [IVV]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994) Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Grosset/ Putnam. [aCB]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2002) Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry 51:68-80. [aCB]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M. & Larson, C. L. (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: A possible prelude to violence. Science 289:591-94. [aCB]Google Scholar
Dehaene, S., Piazza, M., Pinel, P. & Cohen, L. (2003) Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology 20:487-506. [rCB]Google Scholar
de Jong, P. & Das-Smaal, E. A. (1995) Attention and intelligence: The validity of the Start Counting test. Journal of Educational Psychology 87:80-92. [aCB]Google Scholar
de Kloet, E. R., Oitzl, M. S. & Joels, M. (1999) Stress and cognition: Are corticosteroids good or bad guys? Trends in Neuroscience 22:422-26. [aCB]Google Scholar
Demetriou, A. (2004) Mind, intelligence, and development: A cognitive, developmental, and differential theory of intelligence. In: Developmental change: Theories, models and measurement, ed. Demetriou, A. & Raftopoulos, A., pp. 21-73. Cambridge University Press. [AD]Google Scholar
Demetriou, A. & Andreou, M. (in preparation) Cognition, emotions, and personality: Towards an integrated model. [AD]Google Scholar
Demetriou, A. & Kazi, S. (submitted) Processing efficiency, reasoning, and self-awareness in g. [AD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1984) Elbow room: The varieties of free will worth wanting. MIT Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1996) Kinds of minds: Toward an understanding of consciousness. Basic Books. [KES]Google Scholar
Diamond, A. (2002) Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, pp. 466-503, ed. Stuss, D. & Knight, R.. Oxford University Press. [rCB]Google Scholar
Diamond, A. & Herzberg, C. (1996) Impaired sensitivity to visual contrast in children treated early and continuously for phenylketonuria. Brian 119:523-38. [aCB]Google Scholar
Diamond, A., Prevor, M. B., Callendar, G. & Druin, D. P. (1997) Prefrontal cognitive deficits in children treated early and continuously for PKU. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 62, No.4, Serial No. 252. [aCB]Google Scholar
Dickens, W. T. & Flynn, J. R. (2001a) Great leap forward: A new theory of intelligence. New Scientist, 21 April, 2001: 44-47. [JRF]Google Scholar
Dickens, W. T. & Flynn, J. R. (2001b) Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. Psychological Review 108:346-69. [arCB, JRF]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. & Perner, J. (1999) A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:735-808. [KES]Google Scholar
Diorio, D., Viau, V. & Meaney, M. J. (1993) The role of medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Journal of Neuroscience 13:3839-47. [aCB]Google Scholar
Drevets, W. C. & Raichle, M. E. (1998) Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion 12:353-85. [aCB]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (2001) An adaptive coding model of neural function in the prefrontal cortex. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2:820-29. [arCB]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. (2003) Intelligence tests predict brain response to demanding task events. Nature Neuroscience 6:207-208. [rCB]Google Scholar
Duncan, J. & Owen, A. M. (2000) Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends in Neurosciences 23:475-83. [rCB]Google Scholar
Duncan, J., Burgess, P. & Emslie, H. (1995) Fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 33:261-68. [aCB, RPH, KES, IVV, NAZ]Google Scholar
Duncan, J., Emslie, H., Williams, P., Johnson, R. & Freer, C. (1996) Intelligence and the frontal lobe: The organization of goal-directed behavior. Cognitive Psychology 30:257-303. [KES]Google Scholar
Duncan, J., Seitz, R. J., Kolodny, J., Bor, D., Herzog, H., Ahmed, A., Newell, F. & Emslie, H. (2000) A neural basis for general intelligence. Science 289:457-60. [arCB]Google Scholar
Durstewitz, D. & Seamans, J. K. (2002) The computational role of dopamine D1 receptors in working memory. Neural Networks 15:561-72. [aCB]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (2004) Wider than the sky: The phenomenal gift of consciousness. Yale University Press. [EST]Google Scholar
Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., Gscheidle, T., Weirich, M., Rawlings, R., Hyde, T. M., Bigelow, L. & Weinberger, D. R. (2001) Relative risk for cognitive impairment in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50:98-107. [aCB]Google Scholar
Elliott, C. D. (1990) Differential ability scales. Psychological Corporation. [JCK]Google Scholar
Embretson, S. (1995) The role of working memory capacity and general control processing in intelligence. Intelligence 20:169-89. [aCB]Google Scholar
Engle, R. W. (2002) Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science 11:19-23. [rCB, KES]Google Scholar
Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J. & Tuholiski, S. W. (1999a) Individual difference in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and function of the prefrontal cortex. In: Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 102-34. Cambridge University Press. [DPB]Google Scholar
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E. & Conway, A. R. (1999b) Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latentvariable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128(3):309-31. [DPB, aCB, RPH]Google Scholar
Erickson, K., Drevets, W. & Schulkin, J. (2003) Glucocorticoid regulation of diverse cognitive functions in normal and pathological emotional states. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27:233-46. [aCB]Google Scholar
Espy, K. A., Kaufmann, P. M., McDiarmid, M. D. & Glisky, M. L. (1999) Executive functioning in preschool children: Performance on A-not-B and other delayed response format tasks. Brain and Cognition 41:178-99. [aCB]Google Scholar
Evans, J. J., Floyd, R., McGrew, K. S. & Leforgee, M. H. (2001) The relations between measures of Cattell-Horn-Carroll cognitive abilities and reading achievement during childhood and adolescence. School Psychology Review 31:246-62. [aCB]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. & Over, D. E. (2004) If. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Fan, J., Fossella, J. A., Sommer, T., Wu, Y. & Posner, M. I. (2003) Executive attention: Imaging and genetic analysis. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, NY, 2003. Available at: http://140.251.58.136/%7Ejinfan/online_papers/ CNS2003_fMRI_genetic.pdf. [OB]Google Scholar
Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Juan-Espinosa, M. & Abad, F. J. (2001) Sociohistorical changes and intelligence gains. In: Environmental effects on cognitive abilities, ed. Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L., pp. 383-424. Erlbaum. [MV]Google Scholar
Flanagan, D. P. & Ortiz, S. O. (2001) Essentials of cross-battery assessment. Wiley. [JCK]Google Scholar
Flanagan, D. P., McGrew, K. & Ortiz, S. O. (2000) The Wechslerintelligence scales and gF-gC theory: A contemporary approach to interpretation. Allyn & Bacon. [aCB]Google Scholar
Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H. & Miller, S. A. (2002) Cognitive development, 4th edition. Prentice Hall. [RMF]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1984) The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin 95:29-51. [aCB, MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1987) Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin 101:171-91. [aCB, MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1998a) IQ gains over time: Toward finding the causes. In: The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures, ed. Neisser, U., pp. 25-66. American Psychological Association. [MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1998b) Israeli military IQ tests: Gender differences small; IQ gains large. Journal of Biosocial Science 30:541-53. [MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1998c) WAIS-III and WISC-III: IQ gains in the United States from 1972 to 1995: How to compensate for obsolete norms. Perceptual and Motor Skills 86:1231-39. [MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (1999) Searching for justice: The discovery of IQ gains over time. American Psychologist 54:5-20. [aCB, MV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. R. (2003) Movies about intelligence: The limitations of g. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12:95-99. [JRF]Google Scholar
(in press) Efeito Flynn: Repensando a inteligencia e seus efeitos [The Flynn effect: Rethinking intelligence and what affects it]. In: Introdução à Psicologia das Diferenças Individuals [Introduction to the psychology of individual differences], ed. Flores-Mendoza, C. & Colom, R.. ArtMed. (English translation available from author: jim.flynn@stonebow.otago.ac.nz) [JRF]Google Scholar
Francis, D. D., Caldji, C., Champagne, F., Plotsky, P. M. & Meaney, M. J. (1999a) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor-norepinephrine systems in mediating the effects of early experience on the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. Biological Psychiatry 46:1153-66. [aCB]Google Scholar
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D. & Meaney, M. J. (1999b) Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science 286:1155-58. [aCB]Google Scholar
Francis, D. D., Diorio, J., Plotsky, P. M. & Meaney, M. J. (2002) Environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal separation on stress reactivity. Journal of Neuroscience 22:7840-43. [aCB]Google Scholar
Fry, A. & Hale, S. (1996) Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: Evidence for a developmental cascade. Psychological Science 7:237-41. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Garavan, H. (1998) Serial attention within working memory. Memory and Cognition 26:263-76. [NC]Google Scholar
Garcia, R., Vouimba, R.-M., Baudry, M. & Thompson, R. F. (1999) The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear. Nature 402:294-96. [aCB]Google Scholar
Garlick, D. (2002) Understanding the nature of the general factor of intelligence: The role of individual differences in neural plasticity as an explanatory mechanism. Psychological Review 109:116-36. [aCB, DG]Google Scholar
Gauvain, M. (2001) The social context of cognitive development. The Guiford Press. [RMF]Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. (2005) The origin of the mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence. American Psychological Association. [KES]Google Scholar
Gerardi-Caulton, G. (2000) Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24-36 months of age. Developmental Science 3(4):397-404. [OB, rCB]Google Scholar
Glushakov, A. V., Dennis, D. M., Morey, T. E., Sumners, C., Cucchiara, R. F., Seubert, C. N. & Martynyuk, A. E. (2002) Specific inhibition of N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor function in rat hippocampal neurons by L-phenylalanine at concentrations observed during phenylketonuria. Molecular Psychiatry 7:359-67. [aCB]Google Scholar
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L, Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D, Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L. & Thompson, P. M. (2004) Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101:8174-79. [aCB]Google Scholar
Goldberg, T., Berman, K., Fleming, K., Ostrem, J., Van Horn, J., Esposito, G., Mattay, V., Gold, J. & Weinberger, D. (1998) Uncoupling cognitive workload and prefrontal cortical physiology: A PET rCBF study. NeuroImage 7:296-303. [aCB]Google Scholar
Golden, C. J. (1981) Diagnosis and rehabilitation in clinical neuropsychology. Charles C. Thomas. [JCK]Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999) The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 46:650-61. [aCB]Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I. (1997) Twins - en route to QTLs for cognition. Science 276:1522-23. [WJ]Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I. & Gould, T. D. (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:636-45. [WJ]Google Scholar
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence 24:79-132. [DG, WJ]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1998) Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review 105:792-802. [rCB]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G., Wahlsten, D. & Lickliter, R. (1998) The significance of biology for human development: A developmental psychobiological systems view. In: Handbook of child psychology, vol. 1, Theory, ed. Lerner, R., pp. 233-73. Wiley. [aCB]Google Scholar
Gould, E. & Tanapat, P. (1999) Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biological Psychiatry 46:1472-79. [aCB]Google Scholar
Grant, S. G. N. (2003) An integrative neuroscience program linking mouse genes to cognition and disease. In: Behavioral genetics in the post-genomic era, ed. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Craig, I. W. & McGuffin, R., pp. 123-38. American Psychological Association. [WJ]Google Scholar
Gray, J. R., Burgess, G. C., Schaefer, A., Yarkoni, T., Larsen, R. J. & Braver, T. S. (in press) Affective personality differences in neural processing efficiency confirmed using fMRI. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. [GCB]Google Scholar
Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F. & Braver, T. S. (2003) Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nature Neuroscience 6:316-22. [arCB, GCB, KES]Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. M. (1997) You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures. American Psychologist 52:1115-24. [aCB]Google Scholar
Griffiths, P. V., Demellweek, C., Fay, N., Robinson, P. H. & Davidson, D. C. (2000) Wechsler subscale IQ and subtest profile in early treated phenylketonuria. Archives of Disease in Childhood 82:209-15. [aCB]Google Scholar
Grigorenko, E. L. & Sternberg, R. J. (2003) The nature - nurture issue. In: An introduction to developmental psychology, ed. Slater, A. & Bremner, G., pp. 64-91. Blackwell. [RMF]Google Scholar
Groenewegen, H. J. & Uylings, H. B. M. (2000) The prefrontal cortex and the integration of sensory, limbic, and autonomic information. In: Progress in brain research, vol. 126, Cognition, emotion and autonomic responses: The integrative role of the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures, ed. Uylings, H., Van Eden, C., De Bruin, J., Feenstra, M. & Pennartz, C., pp. 3-28. Elsevier. [aCB]Google Scholar
Gunnar, M. R. (2001) The role of glucocorticoids in anxiety disorders: A critical analysis. In: The developmental psychopathology of anxiety, ed. Vasey, M. W. & Dadds, M. R., pp. 143-59. Oxford University Press. [OB]Google Scholar
Gunnell, D., Harrison, G., Rasmussen, F., Fouskakis, D. & Tynelius, P. (2002) Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early life exposures, and early onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 181:298-305. [aCB]Google Scholar
Gustafsson, J.-E. (1984) A unifying model for the structure of intellectual abilities. Intelligence 8:179-203. [aCB, RPH, KK, MV]Google Scholar
Gustafsson, J.-E. (1988) Hierarchical models of individual differences in cognitive abilities. In: Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, vol. 4, ed. Sternberg, R., pp. 35-71. Erlbaum. [aCB, KK]Google Scholar
Haier, R.J. (1993) Cerebral glucose metabolism and intelligence. In: Biological approaches to the study of human intelligence, ed. Vernon, P. A.. Ablex. [aCB]Google Scholar
Haier, R. J., Jung, R. E., Yeo, R. A., Head, K. & Alkire, M. T. (2004) Structural brain variation and general intelligence. NeuroImage 23:425-33. [aCB]Google Scholar
Haier, R. J., White, N. S. & Alkire, T. M. (2003) Individual differences in general intelligence correlate with brain function during nonreasoning tasks. Intelligence 31:429-41. [aCB]Google Scholar
Halford, G. (1993) Children's understanding: The development of mental models. Erlbaum. [IVV]Google Scholar
Halford, G. S., Baker, R., McCredden, J. E. & Bain, J. D. (2005) How many variables can humans process? Psychological Science 16:70-76. [NC]Google Scholar
Hariri, A., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., Fera, F. & Weinberger, D. R. (2003) Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biological Psychiatry 53:494-501. [aCB]Google Scholar
Haug, H., Barmwater, U., Egger, R., Fischer, D., Kuhl, S. & Sass, N. L. (1983) Anatomical changes in the aging brain: Morphometric analysis of the human prosencephalon. In: Aging, vol. 21: Brain aging: Neuropathology and neuropharmacology, ed. Cervos-Navarro, J. & Sarkander, H. I., pp. 1-12. Raven Press. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Hedden, T. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004) Insights into the aging mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 5:87-96. [rCB]Google Scholar
Heinz, A., Braus, D. F., Smolka, M. N., Wrase, J., Puls, I., Hermann, D., Klein, S., Grusser, S. M., Flor, H., Schumann, G., Mann, K. & Buchel, C. (2005) Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nature Neuroscience 8:20-21. [MW]Google Scholar
Heitz, R. P. & Engle, R. W. (submitted) Focusing the spotlight: Individual differences in visual attention control. [RPH]Google Scholar
Heitz, R. P., Unsworth, N. & Engle, R. W. (2004) Working memory capacity, attention control, and fluid intelligence. In: Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence, ed. Wilhelm, O. and Engle, R. W.. Sage. [RPH]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1970) Organization of data on life-span development of human abilities. In: Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory, ed. Goulet, L. R. and Baltes, P. B., p. 63. Academic Press. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1976) Human abilities: A review of research and theory in the early 1970s. Annual Review of Psychology 27:437-85.Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1985) Remodeling old models of intelligence. In: Handbook of intelligence: Theories, measurements, and applications, ed. Wolman, B. B., pp. 267-300. Wiley. [WJ]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1989) Models of intelligence. In: Intelligence: Measurement, theory, and public policy, ed. Linn, R. L., pp. 29-73. University of Illinois Press. [WJ]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1998) A basis for research on age differences in cognitive capabilities. In: Human cognitive abilities in theory and practice, ed. McArdle, J. J. & Woodcock, R. W., pp. 57-91. Riverside. [WJ]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. & Cattell, R. B. (1966) Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology 57:253-70. [JCK]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. & Cattell, R. B. (1967) Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica 26:107-29. [aCB, KES, IVV]Google Scholar
Horn, J. & Hofer, S. M. (1992) Major abilities and development in the adult period. In: Intellectual development, ed. Sternberg, R. & Berg, C., pp. 44-91. Cambridge University Press. [aCB]Google Scholar
Horn, J. & Noll, J. (1997) Human cognitive capabilities: Gf-Gc theory. In: Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests and issues, ed. Flanagan, D., Genshaft, J. & Harrison, P., pp. 53-91. Guilford. [aCB, KES]Google Scholar
Hummel, J. E. & Holyoak, K. J. (2003) A symbolic-connectionist theory of relational inference and generalization. Psychological Review 110:220-63. [IVV]Google Scholar
Inhelder, B. & Piaget, J. (1958) The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. Basic Books. [JCK]Google Scholar
Isingrini, M. & Vazou, F. (1997) Relation between fluid intelligence and frontal lobe in older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 45:99-109. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1996) How language helps us think. Pragmatics and Cognition 4:1-34. [KES]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1998) The g factor: The science of mental ability. Praeger. [aCB, JRF, DG, WJ, MV]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (2000a) “The g Factor” is about variance in mental abilities, not a cognitive theory of mental structure. Psycoloquy, 00.11.041.intelligence-g-factor.40.jensen. ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/harnad/Psycoloquy/2000.volume.11/. [MA]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (2000b) A nihilistic philosophy of science for a scientific psychology? Psycoloquy, 00.11.088.intelligence-g-factor.49.jensen. ftp://ftp.princeton.edu/pub/ harnad / Psycoloquy /2000. volume.11/. [MA]Google Scholar
Johnson, W. & Bouchard, J. T., Jr. (2005) The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized. Intelligence 33:393-416. [rCB, WJ, MV]Google Scholar
(in press) Constructive replication of the visual-perceptual-image rotation (VPR) model in Thurstone's (1941) battery of 60 tests of mental ability. Intelligence. [WJ]Google Scholar
Johnson, W., Bouchard, J. T., Jr., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M. & Gottesman, I. I. (2004) Just one g: Consistent results from three test batteries. Intelligence 32:95-107. [WJ]Google Scholar
Kail, R. (1991) Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 109:490-501. [RMF]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J. & Engle, R. W. (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in working memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 9(4):637-71. [aCB, DG, RPH, NAZ]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J. & Engle, R. W. (2003) Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132(1):47-70. [KES]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J. & Engle, R. W. (2004) Working memory capacity and executive control of task-set switching. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Working Memory, Kyoto, Japan, August 2004. [RPH]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J., Bleckley, K. M., Conway, A. R. A. & Engle, R. W. (2001) A controlled- attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130:169-83. [RPH]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z. & Conway, A. R. A. (2005) Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin 131(1):66-71. [GCB, RPH]Google Scholar
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W. & Engle, R. W. (2004) The generality of working memory capacity: A latent variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133:189-217. [RPH]Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S. (2001) WAIS-III IQs, Horn's theory, and generational changes from young adulthood to old age. Intelligence 29:131-67. [JCK]Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S. & Kaufman, N. L. (1993) Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) manual. American Guidance Service. [JCK]Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S. & Kaufman, N. L. (2004) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition. American Guidance Service. [JCK]Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. & Charney, D. (2001) Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. Development and Psychopathology 13:451-71. [aCB]Google Scholar
Keith, T. Z. (2005) Using confirmatory factor analysis to aid in understanding the constructs measured by intelligence tests. In: Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, ed. Flanagan, D. P. & Harrison, P. L., 2nd edition, pp. 581-614. Guilford Press. [JCK]Google Scholar
Kinnunen, A. K., Keonig, J. I. & Bilbe, G. (2003) Repeated variable prenatal stress alters pre- and postsynaptic gene expression in the rat frontal pole. Journal of Neurochemistry 86:736-48. [aCB]Google Scholar
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H. & Westerberg, H. (2002) Training of working memory in children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 24:781-91. [aCB]Google Scholar
Koechlin, E., Basso, G., Pietrini, P., Panzer, S. & Grafman, J. (1999) The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature 399:148-51. [aCB]Google Scholar
Korkman, M., Kirk, U. & Kemp, S. (1998) NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. Psychological Corporation. [JCK]Google Scholar
Kremen, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V. & Tsuang, M. T. (2001) Intelligence quotient and neuropsychological profile in patients with schizophrenia and in normal volunteers. Biological Psychiatry 50:453-62. [aCb]Google Scholar
Krikorian, R. & Bartok, J. A. (1998) Developmental data for the Porteus Maze Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist 12:305-10. [aCB]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [rCB]Google Scholar
Kyllonen, P. C. (1996) Is working memory capacity Spearman's g? In: Human abilities: Their nature and measurement, ed. Dennis, I. & Tapsfield, P., pp. 49-76. Erlbaum. [aCB]Google Scholar
Kyllonen, P. C. & Christal, R. E. (1990) Reasoning ability is (little more than) working memory capacity?! Intelligence 14:389-433. [DPB, arCB, DG, RPH]Google Scholar
Laurent, J., Swerdlik, M. & Ryburn, M. (1992) Review of validity research on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth edition. Psychological Assessment 4:102-12. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lautrey, J. (2002) Is there a general factor of cognitive development? In: The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? ed. Grigorenko, E. L. & Sternberg, R. J., pp. 117-48. Erlbaum. [RMF]Google Scholar
Le Pen, G., Gorttick, A. J., Higgins, G.A., Martin, J.R., Jenck, F. & Moreau, J.-L. (2000) Spatial and associative learning deficits induced by neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats: Further evaluation of an animal model of schizophrenia. Behavioral Pharmacology 11:257-68. [aCB]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1989) Cognitive - emotional interactions in the brain. Cognition and Emotion 3:267-89. [aCB]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1995) Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology 46:209-35. [aCB]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1996) The emotional brain. Touchstone. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lee, I. & Kessner, R. P. (2002) Differential contribution of NMDA receptors in hippocampal subregions to spatial working memory. Nature Neuroscience 5:162-68. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lehrl, S. Triebig, G. & Fischer, B. (1995) Multiple-choice vocabulary test MWT as a valid and short test to estimate premorbid intelligence. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 91:335-45. [MV]Google Scholar
Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E. & Janowsky, J. S. (2004) Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging 25:1117-24. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Lépine, R., Barrouillet, P. & Camos, V. (2005) What makes working memory spans so predictive of high level cognition? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:165-70. [NC]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (1987) Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind.” Psychological Review 94:412-26. [KES]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. A., Pierri, J. N., Volk, D. W., Melchitzky, D. S. & Woo, T. W. (1999) Altered GABA neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 46:616-26. [aCB]Google Scholar
Li, S.-C., Lindenberger, U., Hommel, B., Aschersleben, G., Prinz, W. & Baltes, P. (2004) Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span. Psychological Science 15:155-63.Google Scholar
Lindley, S.E., Bengoechea, T.G., Wong, D.L., & Schatzberg, A.F. (2002) Mesotelencephalic dopamine neurochemical responses to glucocorticoid administration and adrenalectomy in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Brain Research 958: 414-22. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lipska, B. K. & Weinberger, D. R. (2000a) Early disruption of corticolimbic circuitry as a model of schizophrenia. In: Contemporary issues in modeling psychopathology, ed. Myslobodsky, M. & Weiner, I., pp. 259-74. Kluwer. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lipska, B. K. & Weinberger, D. R. (2000b) To model a psychiatric disorder in animals: Schizophrenia as a reality test. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:223-39. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lipska, B. K., Aultman, J. M., Verma, A., Weinberger, D. R. & Moghaddam, B. (2002a) Neonatal damage of the ventral hippocampus impairs memory in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:47-54. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lipska, B.K., Halim, N.D., Segal, P.N. & Weinberger, D.R. (2002b) Effects of reversible inactivation of the neonatal ventral hippocampus on behavior in the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience 22: 2835-42. [aCB]Google Scholar
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Francis, D. D. & Meaney, M. J. (2000) Maternal care, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cognitive development in rats. Nature Neuroscience 3:799-806. [aCB]Google Scholar
Logan, G. D. & Bundesen, C. (2003) Clever homunculus: Is there an endogenous act of control in the explicit task-cuing procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29:575-99. [RPH]Google Scholar
Lopez, J. F., Akil, H. & Watson, S. J. (1999) Neural circuits mediating stress. Biological Psychiatry 46:1461-71. [aCB]Google Scholar
Lubinski, D. (2004) Introduction to the special section on cognitive abilities: 100 years after Spearman's 1904 “‘General intelligence,’ objectively determined and measured.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86:96-111. [WJ]Google Scholar
Luciana, M. (2001) Dopamine-opiate modulations of reward-seeking behavior: Implications for the functional assessment of prefrontal development. In: Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience, ed. Nelson, C. A. & Luciana, M.. MIT Press. [OB]Google Scholar
Luciana, M. & Nelson, C. A. (1998) The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four- to eight-year-old children. Neuropsychologia 36:273-93. [aCB]Google Scholar
Luciano, M., Wright, M. J., Geffen, G., Geffen, L., Smith, G. & Martin, N. (2004) A genetic investigation of the covariation among inspection time, choice reaction time, and IQ subtests. Behavior Genetics 34:41-50. [aCB]Google Scholar
Luciano, M., Wright, M., Smith, G., Geffen, G., Geffen, L. & Martin, N. (2001) Genetic covariance among measures of processing speed, working memory, and IQ. Behavior Genetics 31:581-92. [aCB]Google Scholar
Luck, S. J. & Vogel, E. K. (1997) The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature 390:279-81. [NC]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1970) The functional organization of the brain. Scientific American 222:66-78. [JCK]Google Scholar
Lynn, R. (1990) The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 11:273-85. [MV]Google Scholar
Maccari, S., Piazza, P. V., Kabbaj, M., Barbazanges, A., Simon, H. & Le Moal, M. (1995) Adoption reverses the long-term impairments in glucocorticoid feedback induced be prenatal stress. Journal of Neuroscience 15:110-16. [aCB]Google Scholar
MacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stegner, V. A. & Carter, C. S. (2000) Dissociating the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 288:1835-38. [arCB]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1998) IQ and human intelligence. Oxford University Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Malkova, L., Bachevalier, J., Webster, M. & Mishkin, M. (2000) Effects of neonatal inferior prefrontal and medial temporal lesions on learning the rule for delayed nonmatching-to-sample. Developmental Neuropsychology 18(3):399-421. [aCB]Google Scholar
Mathew, S. J., Shungu, D. C., Mao, X., Smith, E. L., Perera, G. M., Kegeles, L. S., Perera, T., Lisanby, S. H., Rosenblum, L. A., Gorman, J. M. & Coplan, J. D. (2003) A magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors. Biological Psychiatry 54:727-35. [OB]Google Scholar
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Tekell, J. L., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L. & Fox, P. T. (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:675-82. [aCB]Google Scholar
McArdle, J. J., Ferrer-Caja, E., Hamagami, F. & Woodcock, R. W. (2002) Comparative longitudinal structural analyses of the growth and decline of multiple intellectual abilities over the life span. Developmental Psychology 38:115-42. [aCB]Google Scholar
McCandliss, B. D. & Noble, K. G. (2003) The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 9:196-205. [aCB]Google Scholar
McGaugh, J. L., Cahill, L. & Roozendaal, B. (1996) Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: Interaction with other brain systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:13508-14.Google Scholar
McGrew, K. S. (1997) Analysis of major intelligence batteries according to a proposed comprehensive gF-gC framework. In: Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests and issues, ed. Flanagan, D., Genshaft, J. & Harrison, P., pp. 151-80. Guilford Press. [aCB, JCK]Google Scholar
McGrew, K. S. & Hessler, G. L. (1995) The relationship between the WJ-R GF-GC cognitive clusters and mathematics achievement across the life span. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 13:21-38. [aCB]Google Scholar
McGrew, K. S. & Woodcock, R. W. (2001) Technical manual: Woodcock-Johnson III. Riverside. [KES]Google Scholar
McLean, J. F. & Hitch, G. J. (1999) Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetic learning difficulties. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 74:240-60. [aCB]Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. (1998) Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist 53:185-204. [aCB]Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindberg, A., Miletich, R. S., Kohn, P. D., Esposito, G., Carson, R. E., Quarantelli, M., Weinberger, D. R. & Berman, K. F. (2002) Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nature Neuroscience 5:267-71. [aCB]Google Scholar
Miller, E. K. & Cohen, J. D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:167-202. [aCB, GCB]Google Scholar
Mingroni, M. A. (2004) The secular rise in IQ: Giving heterosis a closer look. Intelligence 32:65-83. [MV]Google Scholar
Mink, J. W. (2003) The basal ganglia. In: Fundamental neuroscience, 2nd edition, ed. Squire, L. R., Bloom, F. E., McConnell, S. K., Roberts, J. L., Spitzer, N. C. & Zigmond, M. J., pp. 815-39. Academic Press. [rCB]Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A. & Wager, T. D. (2000) The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41:49-100. [OB, arCB, GCB, RPH]Google Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P. & Hegarty, M. (2001) How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130:621-40. [RPH]Google Scholar
Morey, C. C. & Cowan, N. (2004) When visual and verbal memories compete: Evidence of cross-domain limits in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 11:296-301.Google Scholar
Morey, C. C. & Cowan, N. (2005) When do visual and verbal memories conflict? The importance of working-memory load and retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 31(4):703-13. [NC]Google Scholar
Morrison, R. G., Krawczyk, D. C., Holyoak, K. J., Hummel, J. E., Chow, T. W., Miller, B. L. & Knowlton, B. J. (2004) A neurocomputational model of analogical reasoning and its breakdown in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16:260-71. [IVV]Google Scholar
Naglieri, J. A. & Das, J. P. (1997) Cognitive assessment system interpretive manual. Riverside. [JCK]Google Scholar
Neisser, U., ed. (1998) The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures. American Psychological Association. [MV]Google Scholar
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J. & Urbina, S. (1996) Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist 51:77-101. [DG]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. (1998) Emotional disorders in evolutionary perspective. British Journal of Medical Psychology 71:397-415. [EST]Google Scholar
Nichols, S. & Stich, S. P. (2003) Mindreading: An integrated account of pretence, self-awareness, and understanding other minds. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Noble, K. G., Norman, M. F. & Farrah, M. J. (2005) Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science 8:74-87. [RMF]Google Scholar
Oberauer, K. (2002) Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28:411-21. [NC]Google Scholar
Oberauer, K., Süß, H., Wilhelm, O. & Wittman, W. W. (2003) The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination. Intelligence 31:167-93. [RPH]Google Scholar
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:1215-29. [aCB]Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. G., Bredenkamp, D., Rutter, M. & the English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team (1999) Attachment disturbances and disorders in children exposed to early severe deprivation. Infant Mental Health Journal (Special Issue: Disturbances and Disorders of Attachment) 20:10-29. [OB]Google Scholar
Olesen, P., Westerberg, H. & Klingberg, T. (2004) Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience 7:75-79. [rCB]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2003) Can anthropomorphic analyses of separation cries in other animals inform us about the emotional nature of social loss in humans? Comment on Blumberg and Sokoloff (2001). Psychological Review 110:376-88. [OB]Google Scholar
Paus, T. (2001) Primate anterior cingulate cortex: Where motor control, drive, and cognition interface. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2:417-24. [aCB]Google Scholar
Pennington, B. F. (1997) Dimensions of executive functions in normal and abnormal development. In: Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior, ed. Krasnegor, N., Lyon, R. & Goldman-Rakic, P., pp. 265-81. Brookes. [aCB]Google Scholar
Pennington, B. F. & Ozonoff, S. (1996) Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37:51-87. [aCB]Google Scholar
Peterson, S. E., van Mier, H., Fiez, J. A. & Raichle, M. E. (1998) The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:853-60. [GCB]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Craig, I. W. (in press) Intelligence. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. [WJ]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Spinath, F. (2002) Genetics and general cognitive ability (g). Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:169-76. [aCB]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Peterson, S. E. (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:25-42. [NC]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1998) Attention, self regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 353:1915-27. [OB]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (2000) Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology 12:427-41. [OB, arCB]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (2004) Developing self-regulation in preschool children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Seattle, Washington, February 2004. [aCB]Google Scholar
Postle, B. R., Berger, J. S. & D'Esposito, M. (1999) Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:12959-64. [NC]Google Scholar
Postle, B. R., Druzgal, T. J. & D'Esposito, M. (2003) Seeking the neural substrates of visual working memory storage. Cortex 39:927-46.Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. J. & Giambrone, S. (2001) Reasoning about beliefs: A human specialization? Child Development 72:691-95. [KES]Google Scholar
Prabhakaran, V., Narayanan, K., Zhao, Z. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe. Nature Neuroscience 3:85-90. [aCB]Google Scholar
Prabhakaran, V., Rypma, B. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001) Neural substrates of mathematical reasoning: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of neocortical activation during performance of the Necessary Arithmetic Operations Test. Neuropsychology 15:115-27. [aCB]Google Scholar
Prabhakaran, V., Smith, J. A. L., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1997) Neural substrates of fluid reasoning: An fMRI study of neocortical activation during performance of the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test. Cognitive Psychology 33:43-63. [aCB, DG]Google Scholar
Pugh, K., Mencl, W., Jenner, A., Katz, L., Frost, S., Lee, J., Shaywitz, S. & Shaywitz, B. (2001) Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability. Journal of Communication Disorders 34:479-92. [aCB]Google Scholar
Puglisi-Allegra, S., Cabib, S., Pascucci, T., Ventura, R., Cali, F. & Romano, V. (2000) Dramatic brain aminergic deficit in a genetic mouse model of phenylketonuria. NeuroReport 11:1361-64. [aCB]Google Scholar
Ramey, C. T. & Campbell, F. A. (1991) Poverty, early childhood education, and academic competence: The Abecedarian experiment. In: Children in poverty, ed. Huston, A.. Cambridge University Press. [aCB]Google Scholar
Ramey, C. T., Campbell, F. A. & Blair, C. (1998) The Abecedarian Project: Long-term effectiveness of educational daycare beginning at birth. In: Social programs that work, ed. Crane, J., pp. 163-83. Russell Sage Foundation. [aCB]Google Scholar
Ranganath, C., Johnson, M. K. & D'Esposito, M. (2003) Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 41:378-89. [aCB]Google Scholar
Rapoport, M., van Reekum, R. & Mayberg, H. (2000) The role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior: A selective review. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 12:193-98. [MW]Google Scholar
Raz, N. (1996) Neuroanatomy of the aging brain observed in vivo. In: Neuroimaging II: Clinical applications, pp. 153-82, ed. Bigler, E. D.. Plenum Press. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Raz, N., Torres, I. J., Spencer, W. D. & Acker, J. D. (1993) Pathoclysis in aging human cerebral cortex: Evidence from in vivo MRI morphometry. Psychobiology 15:21-36. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Richland, L. E., Morrison, R. G. & Holyoak, K. J. (2004) Working memory and inhibition as constraints on children's development of analogical reasoning. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Forbus, K., Gentner, D. & Regier, T., pp. 1149-54. Erlbaum. [IVV]Google Scholar
Robin, N. & Holyoak, K. J. (1995) Relational complexity and the functions of prefrontal cortex. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 987-97. MIT Press. [IVV]Google Scholar
Roid, G. H. (2003) Stanford-Binet intelligence scales, 5th edition. Riverside. [JCK]Google Scholar
Roozendaal, B. (2000) Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25:213-38. [aCB]Google Scholar
Rowe, D., Jacobsen, K. & Van den Oord, E. (1999) Genetic and environmental influences on vocabulary IQ: Parental education level as moderator. Child Development 70:1151-62. [aCB]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1999) Secular gains in IQ not related to the g factor and inbreeding depression - unlike Black-White differences: A reply to Flynn. Personality and Individual Differences 26:381-89. [MV]Google Scholar
Russell, J. (1999) Cognitive development as an executive process - in part: A homeopathic dose of Piaget. Developmental Science 2:247-95. [RMF]Google Scholar
Rypma, B., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) Load dependent roles of frontal brain regions in the maintenance of working memory. Neuroimage 9:216-26. [aCB]Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A., Atkinson, T. M. & Berish, D. E. (2003) Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132:566-94. [KES]Google Scholar
Saunders, R. C., Kolachana, B. S., Bachevalier, J. & Weinberger, D. R. (1998) Neonatal lesions of the medial temporal lobe disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine. Nature 393:169-71. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sawaguchi, T. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1991) D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: Involvement in working memory. Science 251:947-50. [aCB]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1989) On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving, ed. Roediger, H. L. & Craik, F. I. M.. Erlbaum. [NC]Google Scholar
Schaie, K. W. (1994) The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist 49:304-13. [aCB]Google Scholar
Schallberger, U. (1987) HAWIK und HAWIK-R: Ein empirischer Vergleich [HAWIK and HAWIK-R: An empirical comparison]. Diagnostica 33:1-13. [MV]Google Scholar
Schmahmann, J. D. (1998) Dysmetria of thought: Clinical consequences of cerebellar dysfunction on cognition and affect. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2:362-71. [aCB]Google Scholar
Schretlen, D., Pearlson, G. D., Anthony, J. C., Aylward, E. H., Augustine, A. M., Davis, A. & Barta, P. (2000) Elucidating the contributions of processing speed, executive ability and frontal lobe volume to normal age-related differences in fluid intelligence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6:52-61. [NAZ]Google Scholar
Schubert, M. T. & Berlach, G. (1982) Neue Richtlinien zur Interpretation des Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Kinder (HAWIK) [New guidelines for the interpretation of the Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (HAWIK)]. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie 11:253-79. [MV]Google Scholar
Schultz, S. K. & Andreasen, N. C. (1999) Schizophrenia. Lancet 353:1425-30. [MW]Google Scholar
Seamans, J. K., Floresco, S. B. & Philips, A. G. (1998) D1 receptor modulation of hippocampal-prefrontal cortical circuits integrating spatial memory with executive functions in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience 18:1613-21. [aCB]Google Scholar
Shaywitz, B., Shaywitz, S., Pugh, K., Mencl, W., Fulbright, K., Skudlarski, P., Constable, R., Marchione, K., Fletcher, J., Lyon, G. R. & Core, J. (2002) Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biological Psychiatry 52:101-10. [aCB]Google Scholar
Siegler, R. (1996) Emerging minds: The process of change in childrens thinking. Oxford University Press. [RMF]Google Scholar
Sikora, D. M., Haley, P., Edwards, J. & Butler, R. W. (2002) Tower of London performance in children with poor arithmetic skills. Developmental Neuropsychology 21:243-54. [aCB]Google Scholar
Simon, J. R. & Berbaum, K. (1990) Effect of conflicting cues on information processing: The “Stroop effect” vs. the “Simon effect.” Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam) 73:159-70. [OB]Google Scholar
Simon, O., Kherif, F., Flandin, G., Poline, J., Riviere, D., Mangin, J., Le Bihan, D. & Dehaene, S. (2004) Automatized clustering and functional geometry of human parietofrontal networks for language, space, and number. Neuroimage 23:1192-202. [rCB]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1997) Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology 33:5-42. [aCB]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1999) Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283:1657-61. [rCB, GCB]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., Jonides, J. & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cerebral Cortex 6:11-20. [aCB]Google Scholar
Snyderman, M. & Rothman, S. (1987) Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing. American Psychologist 42:137-44. [DG]Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1927) The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement. Macmillan. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (2000) Metarepresentations in evolutionary perspective. In: Metarepresentations: A multidisciplinary perspective, ed. Sperber, D., pp. 117-37. Oxford University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2004) The robots rebellion: Finding meaning in the age of Darwin. University of Chicago Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E., Siegel, L. S. & Gottardo, A. (1997) Converging evidence for phonological and surface subtypes of reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology 89:114-27. [aCB]Google Scholar
Steels, L. & Belpaeme, T. (2005) Coordinating perceptually grounded categories through language. A case study for colour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(6):469-89. [EST]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1996) Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. Simon and Schuster. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2002) Individual differences in cognitive development. In: Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development, ed. Goswami, U., pp. 600-19. Blackwell. [RMF]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. & Grigorenko, E., eds. (2002) The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? Erlbaum. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., Ngorosho, D., Tantufuye, E., Mbise, A., Nokes, C., Jukes, M. & Bundy, D. A. (2002) Assessing intellectual potential in rural Tanzanian school children. Intelligence 30:141-62. [aCB]Google Scholar
Stevanovski, B. & Jolicoeur, P. (2003) Attentional limitations in visual short-term memory. Poster presented at the annual convention of the Psychonomic Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, November 2003. [NC]Google Scholar
Storfer, M. D. (1990) Intelligence and giftedness: The contributions of heredity and early environment. Jossey-Bass. [MV]Google Scholar
Stuss, D. T. & Alexander, M. P. (2005) Does damage to the frontal lobes produce impairment in memory? Current Directions in Psychological Science 14:84-88. [rCB]Google Scholar
Sullivan, R. M. & Gratton, A. (2002) Prefrontal cortical regulation of hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal function in the rat and implications for psychopathology: Side matters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27:99-114. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sundet, J. M., Barlaug, D. G. & Turjussen, T. M. (2004) The end of the Flynn effect? A study of secular trends in mean intelligence test scores of Norwegian conscripts during half a century. Intelligence 32:349-62. [MV]Google Scholar
Süß, H. M., Oberauer, K., Wittman, W., Wilhelm, O. & Schulze, R. (2002) Working memory capacity explains reasoning ability - and a little bit more. Intelligence 30:261-88. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sutton, S. K. & Davidson, R. J. (1997) Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and behavioral inhibition systems. Psychological Science 8:204-10. [arCB]Google Scholar
Swanson, H. L. (1999) Reading comprehension and working memory in learning-disabled readers: Is the phonological loop more important than the executive system? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 72:1-31. [aCB]Google Scholar
Swanson, H. L. & Sachse-Lee, C. (2001) Mathematical problem solving and working memory in children with learning disabilities: Both executive and phonological processes are important. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 79:294-321. [aCB]Google Scholar
Sylvester, C., Wager, T., Lacey, S., Hernandez, L., Nichols, T., Smith, E. & Jonides, J. (2003) Switching attention and resolving interference: fMRI measures of executive functions. Neuropsychologia 41:357-70. [aCB]Google Scholar
Teasdale, T. W. & Owen, D. R. (in press) A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse. Personality and Individual Differences. [MV]Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P. & Kim, D. M. (2003) The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27:33-44. [aCB]Google Scholar
Thompson, P., Cannon, T., Narr, K., van Erp, T., Poutanen, V., Huttunen, M., Lonnqvist, J., Standertskjold-Nordenstam, C., Kaprio, J., Khaledy, M., Dail, R., Zoumalan, C. & Toga, A. (2001) Genetic influences on brain structure. Nature Neuroscience 4:1253-58. [arCB]Google Scholar
Todd, J. J. & Marois, R. (2004) Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature 428:751-54. [NC]Google Scholar
Toga, A. W. & Thompson, P. M. (2005) Genetics of brain structure and intelligence. Annual Review of Neuroscience 28:1-23. [rCB]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1999) The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D'Onofrio, B. & Gottesman, I. (2003) Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science 14:623-28. [arCB]Google Scholar
Unsworth, N. & Engle, R. W. (2005) Working memory capacity and fluid abilities: Examining the correlation between operation span and Raven. Intelligence 33:67-81. [DG]Google Scholar
Unsworth, N., Schrock, J. C. & Engle, R. W. (2004) Working memory capacity and the antisaccade task: Individual differences in voluntary saccade control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30:1302-21. [RPH]Google Scholar
Uylings, H., Van Eden, C., De Bruin, J., Feenstra, M. & Pennartz, C., eds. (2000) Progress in brain research, vol. 126: Cognition, emotion and autonomic responses: The integrative role of the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures. Elsevier. [aCB]Google Scholar
Van Eden, C. G. & Buijs, R. M. (2000) Functional neuroanatomy of the prefrontal cortex: Autonomic interactions. In: Progress in brain research, vol. 126, Cognition, emotion and autonomic responses: The integrative role of the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures, ed. Uylings, H., Van Eden, C., De Bruin, J., Feenstra, M. & Pennartz, C., pp. 49-62. Elsevier. [aCB]Google Scholar
Van der Werf, Y., Scheltens, P., Lindeboom, J., Witter, M., Uylings, H. & Jolles, J. (2003) Deficits of memory, executive functioning and attention following infarction in the thalamus: A study of 22 cases with localised lesions. Neuropsychologia 41:1330-44. [aCB]Google Scholar
Van der Werf, Y., Witter, M., Uylings, H. & Jolles, J. (2000) Neuropsychology of infarctions in the thalamus: A review. Neuropsychologia 38:613-27. [aCB]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1991) The embodied mind, cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press. [EST]Google Scholar
Vazquez, D. M. (1998) Stress and the developing limbic-hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:663-700. [aCB]Google Scholar
Vernon, P. (1964) The structure of human abilities. Methuen. [WJ]Google Scholar
Vernon, P. (1965) Ability factors and environmental influences. American Psychologist 20:723-33. [rCB, WJ]Google Scholar
Viskontas, I. V., Holyoak, K. J. & Knowlton, B. J. (in press) Integrating multiple relations: Working memory capacity constrains reasoning ability in older adults. Thinking and Reasoning. [IVV]Google Scholar
Viskontas, I. V., Morrison, R. G., Holyoak, K. J., Hummel, J. E. & Knowlton, B. J. (2004) Relational integration, inhibition and analogical reasoning in older adults. Psychology and Aging 19:581-91. [IVV]Google Scholar
Vogel, E. K. & Machizawa, M. G. (2004) Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity. Nature 428:749-51. [NC]Google Scholar
Voracek, M. (2002) Drei Studien zum Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest (MWT): Test-Reanalyse, Lynn-Flynn-Effekt, und Phase-IV-Studie [Three studies on the multiple-choice vocabulary test (MWT): Test reanalysis, Lynn - Flynn effect, and Phase-IV study]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Vienna. [MV]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978) Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. [RMF]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1996) The intelligence of heritability. Canadian Psychology 35:244-58. [rCB]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1997) The malleability of intelligence is not constrained by heritability. In: Intelligence, genes and success, ed. Devlin, B., Feinberg, S., Resnick, D. & Roeder, K., pp. 71-87. Springer-Verlag. [aCB]Google Scholar
Waltz, J. A., Knowlton, B. J., Holyoak, K. J., Boone, K. B., Back-Madruga, C., McPherson, S., Masterman, D., Chow, T., Cummings, J. L. & Miller, B. L. (2004) Relational integration and executive function in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 18:296-305. [IVV]Google Scholar
Waltz, J. A., Knowlton, B. J., Holyoak, K. J., Boone, K. B., Mishkin, F. S., Santos, M., Thomas, C. R. & Miller, B. L. (1999) A system for relational reasoning in the human prefrontal cortex. Psychological Science 10:119-25. [aCB, NC, IVV]Google Scholar
Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., Dymov, S., Szyf, M. & Meany, M. J. (2004) Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience 7:847-54. [WJ]Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1997) WAIS-III administration and scoring manual. Psychological Corporation. [JCK]Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2002) The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd edition. Psychological Corporation. [JCK]Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2003) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition. Psychological Corporation. [JCK]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Suddath, R. & Torrey, E. F. (1992) Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:890-97. [aCB]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Egan, M. F., Bertolino, A., Callicott, J. H., Mattay, V. S., Lipska, B. K., Berman, K. F. & Goldberg, T. E. (2001) Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50:825-44. [aCB]Google Scholar
Weiser, M., Noy, S., Kaplan, Z., Reichenberg, A., Yasvitsky, R., Nahon, D., Grotto, I. & Knobler, H. (2003) Generalized cognitive impairment in male adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics 116B:36-40. [aCB]Google Scholar
Welsh, M. C. & Pennington, B. F. (1988) Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology. Developmental Neuropsychology 4:199-230. [aCB]Google Scholar
Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F. & Groisser, D. B. (1991) A normative developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology 7:131-49. [aCB]Google Scholar
Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., Ozonoff, S., Rouse, B. & McCabe, E. R. B. (1990) Neuropsychology of early treated phenylketonuria: Specific executive function deficits. Child Development 61:1697-713. [aCB]Google Scholar
West, R. L. (1996) An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin 120:272-92. [aCB]Google Scholar
Whalen, P. J. (1998) Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science 7:177-88. [aCB]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. E. & Dennenberg, V. H. (1967) Experimental programming of life histories: The factor structure underlying experimentally created individual differences. Behaviour 29:296-314. [aCB]Google Scholar
Whitehead, A. N. (1925/1948) Science and the modern world. Macmillan. [rCB]Google Scholar
Wicherts, J., Dolan, C., Hessen, D., Oosterveld, P., van Baal, C., Boomsma, D. & Span, M. (2004) Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect. Intelligence 32:509-37. [aCB, JRF]Google Scholar
Wilke, M., Sohn, J. H., Weber Byars, A. M. & Holland, S. K. (2003) Bright spots: Correlations of gray matter volume with IQ in a normal pediatric population. NeuroImage 20:202-15. [aCB, MW]Google Scholar
Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Boada, R., Ogline, J. S., Tunick, R. A., Chhabildas, N. A. & Olson, R. K. (2001) A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110:157-72. [aCB]Google Scholar
Williams, W. M. (1998) Are we raising smarter children today? School- and home-related influences on IQ. In: The rising curve: Long term gains in IQ and related measures, ed. Neisser, U., pp. 125-54. American Psychological Association. [aCB]Google Scholar
Woodcock, R. W. (1990) Theoretical foundations of the WJ-R measures of cognitive ability. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 8:231-58. [aCB, JCK]Google Scholar
Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S. & Mather, N. (2001) Woodcock-Johnson III. Riverside. [JCK]Google Scholar
Wytek, R., Opgenoorth, E. & Presslich, O. (1984) Development of a new shortened version of Raven's matrices test for application and rough assessment of present intellectual capacity within psychopathological investigation. Psychopathology 17:49-58. [MV]Google Scholar
Yang, C. R., Seamans, J. K. & Gorelova, N. (1999) Developing a neuronal model of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based on the nature of electrophysiological actions of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:161-94. [aCB]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D. (2004) The development of conscious control in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8:12-17. [RMF]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D., Qu, L. & Muller, U. (2005) Hot and cool aspects of executive function: Relations in early development. In: Young childrens cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functioning, working memory, verbal ability, and theory of mind, ed. Schneider, W., Schumann-Hengsteler, R. & Sodian, B., pp. 71-93. Erlbaum. [RMF]Google Scholar
Zigler, E. (1999) The individual with mental retardation as a whole person. In: Personality development in individuals with mental retardation, ed. Zigler, E. & Bennett-Gates, D., pp. 1-16. Cambridge University Press. [aCB]Google Scholar
Zigler, E., Abelson, W. D. & Seitz, V. (1973) Motivational factors in the performance of economically disadvantaged children on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Child Development 44:294-303. [aCB]Google Scholar
Zook, N., Welsh, M. & Ewing, V. (in press) Performance of healthy, older adults on the Tower of London - Revised: Comparisons with the WAIS-III Vocabulary and Matrix Reasoning Subtests. Journal of Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition. [rCB, NAZ]Google Scholar