Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-11T22:10:55.085Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A new abstract code or the new possibility of multiple codes?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Annette Karmiloff Smith
Annette Karmiloff Smith
Affiliation:
Cognitive Development Unit, Medical Research Council, London WC1H 0AH, England; Max-Planck-lnstitut für Psycholinguistic, NL-6522 BC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , March 1983 , pp. 149 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. A. (1977) Neural models with cognitive implications. In: Basic processes in reading, ed. LaBerge, D. & Samuels, S. J., pp. 27–90. Erlbaum. [RM]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1976) Language, memory and thought. Erlbaum. [JWH]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1978) Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review 85:249–77. [MM, taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1982a) Representational types: A tricode proposal. Technical Report # ONR-82–1. Carnegie-Mellon University. [JRA]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1982b) A proposal for the evolution of the human cognitive architecture. Carnegie-Mellon University. [JRA]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [JBA]Google Scholar
Baer, D. M. (1982) How to plan for generalization. H & H Enterprises. [DMB]Google Scholar
Barnett, C. D., Ellis, N. R. & Pryer, M. W. (1959) Stimulus pretraining and the delayed reaction in defectives. American journal of Mental Deficiency 64:104–11. [JB]Google ScholarPubMed
Bennett, J. (1971) Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central themes. Oxford University Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (1976) Linguistic behaviour. Cambridge University Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Bever, T. G. (1970) The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In: Cognition and the development of language, ed. Hays, J. R.. John Wiley & Sons. [LH]Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. (1981) Roots of language. Karoma. [DB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1981) Imagery. MIT Press. [NB]Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1970) Analysis of a mnemonic device. American Scientist 58:496–510. [taDP]Google Scholar
Brownowski, J. & Bellugi, U. (1970) Language, name, and concept. Science 168:669–73. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrier, J. K. (1973) Application of functional analysis and non-speech response mode to teaching language. Report 7. Kansas Center for Research in Mental Retardation aisd Human Development, Parsons. [taDP]Google Scholar
Carter, D. E. & Werner, T. J. (1978) Complex learning and information processing by pigeons: A critical analysis. Journal Experimental Analysis of Behacior 29:565–601. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Columbia Uisiversity Press. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, J. (1961) Language and the discovery of reality. Vintage Books. [DB]Google Scholar
Clark, H. H. (1969) Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review 76:387–404. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, R. (1959) Errors of immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 50:349–59. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, L. A. (1975) Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology 7:20–43. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowey, A. & Weiskrantz, L. (1976) Auditory sequence discrimination in Macaca mulatta: The role of the superior temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia 14:1–10. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Amato, M. H. & Salmon, D. P. (1982) Tune discrimination in monkeys (Cebus apella) and in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 10:126–34. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deich, H. F. & Hodges, P. M. (1975) Learning from Sarah. Human Behavior, 05 1975, pp. 40–42. [taDP]Google Scholar
Denenberg, V. H. (1981) Hemispheric laterality in animals and the effects of early experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:1–49. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, W. (1960) Causes of retardation among institutional children: Iran. Journal of Genetic Psychology 96:47–59. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Villiers, J. & Naughton, J. M. (1974) Teaching a symbol language to autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42:111–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewson, J. H. III, (1977) Preliminary evidence of hemispheric asymmetry of auditory function in monkeys. In: Lateralization in the nervous system, ed. Harnad, S., Doty, R. W., Goldstein, L., Jaynes, J. & Krauthamer, C., pp. 63–71. Academic Press. [VHD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewson, J. H., (1978) Some behavioral effects of removal of superior temporal cortex in the monkey. In: Recent advances in prinatology, vol. 1: Behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. & Herbert, J., pp. 763–68. Academic Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. Crowell. [NB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1977) Some reflection on L. S. Vygotsky's Thought and language Cognition 1:83–85. [taDP]Google Scholar
Fountain, S. B. & Hulse, S. H. (1981) Extrapolation of serial stimulus patterns by rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 9:381–84. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freyd, J. J. (1982a) Perceiving the dynamics of a static form. Submitted for publication. [JJF]Google Scholar
Freyd, J. J. (1982b) The mental representation of movement when viewing static stimuli. Submitted for publication. [JJF]Google Scholar
Freyd, J. J. & Finke, R. A. (1982) Representational momentum. Submitted for publication. [JJF]Google Scholar
Gardner, B. T. & Gardner, R. A. (1974) Comparing the early utterances of child and chimpanzee. In: Minnesota symposium on child psychology, vol. 8, ed. Pick, A.. University of Minnesota Press. [LH]Google Scholar
Gardner, B. T. (1980) Two comparative psychologists look at language acquisition. In: Children's language, ed. Nelson, K., pp. 331–69. Gardner Press. [LH]Google Scholar
Gardner, B. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1969) Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 165:664–72. [LH, AK-S]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, B. A. & Gardner, B. T. (1978) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 309:33–77. [DB, LH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelb, I. J. (1952) A study of writing: The foundations of grammatology. University of Chicago Press. [taDP]Google Scholar
Gelman, R., Bullock, M. & Meck, E. (1980) Preschoolers' understanding of simple object transformations. Child Development 51:691–99. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The problem of temporal order in stimulation and perception. Journal of Psychology 62:141–49. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillan, D. J. (1981) Reasoning in the chimpanzee. 2. Transitive inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:150–64. [taDP]Google Scholar
Gillan, D. J., Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1981) Reasoning in the chimpanzee 1. Analogical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:1–17. [taDP]Google Scholar
Glucksberg, S. & Weisberg, R. W. (1966) Verbal behavior and problem solving: Some effects of labeling in a functional fixedness problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology 71:659–64. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, D. S. (1982) Prospective versus retrospective coding of samples of stimuli, responses, and reinforcers in delayed matching with pigeons. Learning and Motication 13:265–80. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1976) The question of animal awareness. Rockefeller University Press. [DB]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, B. & Hayes-Roth, F. (1975) Plasticity in memorial networks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:506–22. [JWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes-Roth, B. (1979) A cognitive model of planning. Cognitive Science 3:275–310. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1979) Acquisition, generalization, and discrimination reversal of a natural concept. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:116–29. [taDP]Google ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, H. & Loveland, D. (1964) Complex visual concept in the pigeon. Science 175. [NB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honig, W. K. (1965) Discrimination, generalization, and transfer on the basis of stimulus differences. In: Stimulus generalization, ed. Mostofsky, D. J.. Stanford University Press. [taDP]Google Scholar
Hughes, J. (1975) Acquisition of a nonvocal language by aphasic children. Cognition 3:41–55. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H., Cynx, J. & Humpal, J. (in press) Cognitive processing of pitch and rhythm structures by birds. In Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. C. & Terrace, H. S.. Eribaum. [SHH]Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & Dorsky, N. P. (1977) Structural complexity as a determinant of serial pattern learning. Learning and Motivation 8:488–506. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H. (1979) Serial pattern learning by rats: Transfer of a formally defined stimulus relationslsip and the significance of nonreinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:211–20. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & O'Leary, D. K. (1982) Serial pattern learning: Teaching an alphabet to rats. Journal of Experintental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:260–73. [SHH]Google Scholar
Hunt, J. McV., Mohandessi, K., Ghodssi, M. & Akiyama, M. (1976) The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants: Interventions with outcomes (Tehran). Genetic Psychology Monographs 94:177–226. [VHD]Google ScholarPubMed
Hutehinson, J. W. (1981) Network representations of psychological relations. Unpublished dissertation. [JWH]Google Scholar
Huttenlocher, J. (1968) Constructing spatial images: A strategy in reasoning. Psychological Review 75:550–60. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, C. (1975) Visual motion perception. Scientific American 232:76–88. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, M. R. (1978) Auditory patterns: Studies in the perception of structure. In: Handbook of perception, vol. 8, ed. Carterette, E. C. & Friedman, M. P., pp. 255–88. Academic Press. [SHH]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1982) Modifications in children's representational systems and levels of accessing knowledge. In: Knowledge and representation, ed. de Gelder, B.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [AK-S]Google Scholar
Kesner, R. P. & Novak, J. M. (1981) Memory for lists of items us rats: Role of the hippocampus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 7:237. [taDP]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1925) Mentality of apes. Harcourt. [taDP]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1973) Scanning visual images: Some structural implications. Perception and Psychophysics 14:90–94. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Pinker, S., Smith, C. E. & Shwartz, C. (1979) On the demystification of mental imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:535–48. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladygiua-Kohts, N. N. (1935) Infant ape and human child. Moscow: Museum Darwinianum. [taDP]Google Scholar
Lawrence, D. H. & De Rivera, J. (1954) Evidence for relational transposition. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 47:465–71. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, D. H. & Mason, W. A. (1955) Systematic behavior during discrimination reversal and change of dimension. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 48:267–71. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1962) The effect of overtraining on a reversal and a nonreversal shift. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55:555–59. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1929) Reasoning in white rats. Comparative Psychology Monographs 6:1–93. [taDP]Google Scholar
Marschark, M. & Yuille, J. (in press) Concerning the role of insagery in cognition and memory. International Review of Mental Imagery. [MM]Google Scholar
McClure, M., Gillan, D. J., Woodruff, G., Thompson, R. & Premack, D.Comparison of “natural reasoning” in children and chimpanzees. In preparation. [taDP]Google Scholar
McCulloch, W. S. (1965) Embodiments of mind. MIT Press. [SFW]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. R. (1971) The habits and concepts of monkeys. In: Cognitive processes in nonhuman primates, ed. Jarrard, L. E., pp. 85–102. Academic Press. [TRZ]Google Scholar
Morris, C. (1938) Foundations of the theory of signs. University of Chicago Press. [MM]Google Scholar
Murdock, B. B. Jr, (1979) Convolution and correlation in perception and memory. In: Perspectives on memory research, ed. Nilsson, L.-G., pp. 105–19. Erlbaum. [RM]Google Scholar
Osgood, C. E. (1953) Method and theory in experimental psychology. Oxford University Press. [SFW]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1971) Imagery and cerbal processes. Holt, Rinchart & Winston. [JWH]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1975) Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory and Cognition 3:635–48. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, S. E. (1977) Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B., pp. 262–303. Erlbaum. [RM]Google Scholar
Passingham, R. (1982) The human primate. W. H. Freeman. [SFW]Google Scholar
Peterson, G. B. & Trapold, M. A. (1980) Effects of altering outcome expectancies on pigeon's delayed conditional discrimination performance. Learning and Motivation 11:267–88. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1952) The origins of intelligence in children. International University Press. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1975) Psychobiology of attention. In: Handbook of psychobiology, ed. Gazzaniga, M. & Blakemore, C.. Academic Press. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1971) Language in chimpanzee? Science 172:808–22. [LH, taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, D. (1975) Putting a face together. Science 188:228–36. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, D. (1976) Intelligence in ape and man. Erlbaum. [taDP, WAR]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1978) On the abstractness of human concepts: Why it would be difficult to talk to a pigeon. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K.. Erlbaum. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1980) Characteristics of an upgraded mind. In Michaelis, W. (Ed.) Bericht über den 32. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Zürich 1:49–70. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1982) Judgment its children and chimpanzees: Studies in consciousness? Paper presented at Cognitive Science Society, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (in press) Upgrading an ape's mind. In: Language, thought, and behavior, ed. Bever, T. G., Carrol, J. M. & Miller, L. A.. MIT Press. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & McClure, M. (in preparation) Nonverbal analogies in children and chimpanzee. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Premack, A. J. (in press) The Mind of an ape. Norton. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (in preparation a) Analysis of causal action in chimpanzees. [taDP]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (in preparation b) Judgment of order in chimnpanzee. [taDP]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1977) Some comments on the nature of the perceived universe. In: Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Towards an ecological psychology, ed. Shaw, R. & Bransford, J., pp. 83–101. Erlbaum. [RM]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973) What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin 80:1–24. [MM, taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980) Computation and cognition: Issues in the foundation of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:111–32. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981) The imagery debate: Analogue media versus tacit knowledge. Psychological Review 88:16–45. [JWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1960) Word and object. MIT Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Restle, F. (1970) Theory of serial pattern learning: Structural trees. Psychological Review 77:481–95. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S. (1982) Cross-modal use of an internal clock. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8:2–22. [taDP]Google ScholarPubMed
Roitblat, H. L. (1980) Codes and coding processes in pigeon short-term memory. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:341–51. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982) The meaning of representation its animal memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:353–72. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, S. F. & Wright, A. A. (1980a) Primate memory: Retention of serial list items by a rhesus monkey. Science 209:938–40. [WAR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sands, S. F. & Wright, A. A. (1980b) Serial probe recognitions Performance by a rhesus monkey and a human with 10- and 20-item lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:386–96. [WAR]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. M. & Boysen, S. (1980) Do apes use language? American Scientist 68:49–61. [WAR[Google Scholar
Scribner, S. & Cole, M. (1981) Psychology of literacy. Harvard University Press. [LH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebeok, T. A. & Umiker-Sebeok, J., eds. (1980) Speaking of apes. Plenum Press. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1975) Form, formation, and transformation of internal representations. In: Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium, ed. Solso, R., pp. 87–122. Erlbaum. [JJF, taDP]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychologist 37:123–37. [taDP[Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1981) Psychophysical complementarity. In: Perceptual organization, ed. Kubovy, M. & Pomerantz, J. B., pp. 279–341. Erlbaum. [JJF, JWH]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Chipman, S. (1970) Second-order isomorphism of internal representations: Shapes of states. Cognitive Psychology 1:1–17 [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N. & Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171:701–3. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepp, B. E. & Eimas, P. D. (1964) Intradimensional and extradimensional shifts in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 57:357–61. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, H. A. (1975) The functional equivalence of problem solving skills. Cognitive Psychology 7:268–88. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal Behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DMB, MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiker, C. C. (1956) Stimulus pretraining and subsequent performance in the delayed reaction experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology 51: 107–11. [DB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straub, R. O., Seidenberg, M. S., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S. (1979) Serial learning in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32:137–48. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terrace, H. S. (1979) Nim. Knopf. [DB]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1979) Is problem-solving language? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 31:161–75. [WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Saunders, R. J. & Bever, T. G. (1979) Can an ape create a sentence? Science 206:891–900. [DB, WAR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolman, E. C. (1932) Purposive behavior in animals and men. Appleton-Century. [taDP]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1977) Features of similarity. Psychological Review 84:327–53. [RM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzgiris, I. C. & Hunt, J. McV. (1975) Assessment in infancy: Ordinal scales of psychological development. University of Illinois Press. [VHD]Google Scholar
Velettri-Glass, A., Gazzaniga, M. & Premack, D. (1973) Artificial language training in global aphasics. Neuropsychologia 11:95–103. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, S. F. (1982) Animal thought. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [SFW]Google Scholar
Warner, S. A. & Griggs, R. A. (1980) Processing partially ordered information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: human Learning and Memory 6:741–53. [JWH]Google Scholar
Weissman, R. G., Wasserman, E. A., Dodd, P. W. D. & Larew, M. B. (1980) Representation and retention of two-event sequences in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:312–25. [taDP]Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1981) Primitive mathimatical concepts in the chimpanzee: Proportionality and numerosity. Nature 293:568–70. [taDP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. A. & Cumming, W. A. (1971) Color naming functions for the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:7–17. [HLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, A. A. (1982) Monkey and pigeon serial probe recognition performance: Effects of item pool size on proactive interference and item-specific associations. Paper presented at the Harry Frank Guggenheim Conference on Animal Cognition, Columbia University, June, 1982. [WAR]Google Scholar
Wright, A. A., Santiago, H. C., Sands, S. F. & Urcuioli, P. J. (in press) Pigeon and monkey serial probe recognition: Acquisition, strategies, and serial position effects. In: Animal cognition, ed. Terrace, H., Bever, T. & Roitblat, H.. Erlbaum. [TRZ]Google Scholar
Yuille, J. & Marschark, M. (1982) Imagery effects on memory: Theoretical interpretations. In: Imagery: Current theory, research, and application, ed. Sheikh, A.. Wiley. [MM]Google Scholar
Zentall, T. R., Edwards, C. A., Moore, B. S. & Hogan, D. E. (1981) Identity: The basis for matching and oddity learning in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:70–86. [taDP]Google Scholar
Zentall, T. R. & Hogan, D. E. (1974) Abstract concept learning in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102:393–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zentall, T. R. (1976) Pigeons can learn identity, difference, or both. Science 191:408–9. [TRZ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zentall, T. R. (1978) Same/different concept learning in the pigeon: The effect of negative instances and prior adaptation to the transfer stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 30:177–86. [TRZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zentall, T. R., Hogan, D. E. & Edwards, C. A. (in press) Cognitive factors in conditional learning by pigeons. In: Animal Cognition, ed. Terrace, H., Bever, T. & Roitblat, H.. Erlbaum. [TRZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmer, A. (1982) Do we see what makes our script characteristic or do we only feel it? Modes of sensory control in handwriting. Psychological Research 44:165–74. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed