¹ Thomas Horton James, The Sandwich and Bonin Islands: A Letter to a Noble Lord, on the Importance of Settling the Sandwich and Bonin Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, on the Plan of a Proprietary Government (London: W. Tew, 1832), 9; William G. Beasley, Great Britain and the Opening of Japan 1834-1858 (London: Luzac & Company, Ltd., 1951), 10-21.

² G. Tradescant Lay, Trade with China: A Letter Addressed to the British Public on Some of the Advantages that would Result from an Occupation of the Bonin Islands (London: Royston & Brown, 1837), 10-13.

³ Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States Navy was an advocate for turning the Bonins into an American colony for all of the above stated reasons and more, see Matthew Calbraith Perry, A Paper by Commodore M.C. Perry, U.S.N., Read before the American Geographical and Statistical Society, at a Meeting Held March 6^th, 1856 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1856).

⁴ Sakata Morotō, Ogasawaratō kiji vol. 4 (unpublished collection of documents, 1874); Ōkuma Ryōichi, Rekishi no kataru Ogasawaratō (Tokyo: Ogasawara Kyōkai, 1966), 21.

⁵ Tanaka Hiroyuki, ‘Bansha no goku’ no subete (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2011), 241-243.

⁶ Ibid., 110.

⁷ Inamura Hiromoto, “Ogasawaratō ni okeru shiseki oyobi enkaku, 1” Rekishi chiri, vol. 48 no.2 (1926): 18.

⁸ Scott Kramer and Hanae Kurihara Kramer, “The Other Islands of Aloha,” The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 47 (2013): 1-3.

⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ Russell Robertson, “The Bonin Islands,” Transaction of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 4 (1876): 132.

¹² This term was used by Commodore Matthew C. Perry and others to describe a Bonin Islander of mixed ancestry.

¹³ Oxford English Dictionary, 2^nd ed., s.v. “half-white.”

¹⁴ Bernhard Welsch, “Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?” Journal of Pacific History, vol. 39, no. 1 (2004): 117.

¹⁵ Hyman Kublin, “The Discovery of the Bonin Islands: A Reexamination,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. XLIII, no. 1 (1953): 39-40.

¹⁶ Tabata Michio, Ogasawaratō yukari no hitobito (Tokyo: Bunken Shuppan, 1993), 21-33.

¹⁷ Isomura Teikichi, Ogasawaratō yōran (Tokyo: Ben'ekisha, 1888), 17-18.

¹⁸ Yamagishi Tokuhei and Sano Masami, eds., Hayashi Shihei zenshū (Tokyo: Daiichi Shobō, 1980), 5: 411-413.

¹⁹ Peter Kornicki, The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001), 104.

²⁰ Rinsifée, San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou aperçu général des trois royaumes, trans. Julius Klaproth (Paris: The Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1832).

²¹ Tabohashi Kiyoshi, “Ogasawara shotō no kaishū,” Rekishi chiri, vol. 39, no. 5 (1922): 28.

²² This point is perhaps best expressed through period maps, such as Henri Duval, Atlas universel d'histoire et de geographie anciennes et modernes, Paris: L. Houbloup, 1835; Conrad Malte-Brun, Atlas complet du precis de la geographie universelle, Paris: Amie Andre, 1837; and Samuel Augustus Mitchell, A New Universal Atlas Containing Maps of the Various Empires, Kingdoms, States and Republics of the World, Philadelphia: Cowperthwait, Desilver & Butler, 1855.

²³ For further information on the naturalization of the Bonin Islanders, see David Chapman, The Bonin Islanders, 1830 to the Present (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2016), 73-102.

²⁴ These three terms are problematic in their own way if applied to the original Bonin Islanders and their descendants, but that is a topic beyond the scope of this paper.

²⁵ Among them was a prominent German-born geneticist. Richard Goldschmidt, “Die Nachkommen der alten Siedler auf den Bonininseln,” Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Natur-Und Volkerkunde Ostasiens, vol. XXII, section B (1928): B2-B3.

²⁶ For further information on the American occupation of the Bonins, see Robāto D. Erudorijji, Iwo jima to Ogasawara o meguru Nichibei kankei (Kagoshima: Nanpō Shinsha, 2008).

²⁷ Samuel Jameson, “Navy's ‘Mystery Base’ in Bonins Irks Japanese,” Chicago Tribune, sec. 1A, November 1, 1964.

²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ Dorothy Richard Pesce and Gordon Findley, A History of the Bonin-Volcano Islands (US Navy declassified document, 1958), 337.

³⁰ Chapman, 175-176; Commodore M. C. Perry, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan (Washington: Beverley Tucker, 1856), 283.

³¹ Interview with an island resident, June 2013.

³² Chapman, 197-198.

³³ The 1968 reversion of the Bonin Islands is a complicated topic, in part, because it is deeply intertwined with the 1972 reversion of Okinawa. After passing control over to the Japanese government, the United States did not seek to maintain naval bases in the Bonin Islands.

³⁴ Yamazaki Masayuki, “‘Enshutsu’ sareru Ogasawara: Shintōmin to yobareru ijūsha o megutte” (PhD dissertation, Waseda University, 2017), 64-65, 68.

³⁵ Ogasawara-mura, “Ogasawara-mura jinkō bijon, sōgō senryaku” (Tokyo: Ogasawara-mura, 2016), 5.

³⁶ Abe Shin, Ogasawara shotō ni okeru Nihongo no hōgen sesshoku (Kagoshima: Nanpō Shinsha, 2006), 65.

³⁷ Kokudo kōtsūshō, “Heisei 26 nendo chihō zeisei kaisei (zeifutan keigen shochi nado) yōbō jikō,” no. 17 (2014): 3.

³⁸ Abe, 65.

³⁹ Ogasawara-mura, 11.

⁴⁰ Martin Fackler, “A Western Outpost Shrinks on a Remote Island Now in Japanese Hands,” New York Times, June 10, 2012.

⁴¹ Interview with an island resident, June 2013.

⁴² Tabata, 7-11. This issue aside, Tabata Michio's book is evenhanded and well researched.