Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-f9bf7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-18T03:01:15.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A New Interpretation of the Bakufu's Refusal to Open the Ryukyus to Commodore Perry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In this article I seek to show that, while the Ryukyu shobun refers to the process by which the Meiji government annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom between 1872 and 1879, it can best be understood by investigating its antecedents in the Bakumatsu era and by viewing it in the wider context of East Asian and world history. I show that, following negotiations with Commodore Perry, the bakufu recognized the importance of claiming Japanese control over the Ryukyus. This study clarifies the changing nature of Japanese diplomacy regarding the Ryukyus from Bakumatsu in the late 1840s to early Meiji.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2018

References

REFERENCES

Primary sources.

TOKYO DAIGAKU SHIRYŌ HENSANJO (ed.), Dai Nihon komonjo bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo (BGKM), Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1972.Google Scholar
Dai Nihon ishin shiryō (DNIS), Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 19841985.Google Scholar
Foreign Office 46, Japan Correspondence, Vol. 24 and 86.Google Scholar
RYŪKYŪ ŌKOKU HYŌJŌSHO MONJO HENSHŪ IINKAI (ed.), Ryūkyū ōkoku hyōjōsho monjo (ROHM), Urasoe, Urasoe Kyōiku Iinkai, 1988-2002.Google Scholar
TOKYO DAIGAKU SHIRYŌ HENSANJO (ed.), Ryūkyū gaikoku kankei monjo (RGKM), Tokyo, 1996.Google Scholar
YOKOYAMA, MANABU (ed.), Ryūkyū shozoku mondai kankei shiryō, Honkoku Shoseki, 1980, dai 2 shū, dai 6 kan, jōchū.Google Scholar
HAYASHI, FUKUSAI (ed.), Tsukō Ichiran (TI), Tokyo, Kokusho Kankōkai, 1912-1913.Google Scholar
HAYASHI, FUKUSAI (ed.), Tsūkō Ichiran Zokushū (TIZ), Osaka, Seibundō Shuppan, 1968-1973.Google Scholar
Masutoshi, AKIMOTO, “Beikoku no tai-Nichi seisaku to Nichi-Bei washin jōyaku no teiketsu,” International relations, Vol. 14, Japan Association of International Relations, 1960.Google Scholar
Patrick, BEILLEVAIRE, “Wavering Attention: French Governmental Policy Towards the Ryūkyū Kingdom,” Kreiner, Josef, ed., Ryūkyū in World History. Bonn: Bier'sche Verlagsanstalt, 2001.Google Scholar
Susumu, FUMA, Shi Ryukyuroku kaidai oyobi kenkyū, Ginowan, Yōju shorin, 1999.Google Scholar
Satoru, FUJITA, Kinsei kōki seijishi to taigai kankei, Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2005.Google Scholar
Masao, GABE, Meiji kokka to Okinawa, Tokyo, San'ichi Shobō, 1979.Google Scholar
HELLYER Robert, I., Defining Engagement: Japan and Global Contexts, 1640-1868, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Asia Center: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Nobuyuki, KAMIYA, Bakuhansei kokka no Ryūkyū shihai, Tokyo: Azekura Shobō, 1990.Google Scholar
Nobuyuki, KAMIYA, Taikun gaikō to higashi Ajia, Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1997.Google Scholar
Nobuyuki, KAMIYA, Rekishi no hazama, Ginowan, Yōju Shorin, 2009.Google Scholar
George, KERR, Okinawa, the History of an Island People, Rutland Vt., C. E. Tuttle Co, 1958.Google Scholar
Naoko, IWASAKI, “Ezochi/Ryukyu no ‘Kindai’,” Kōza Nihon rekishi, Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2005.Google Scholar
Fusaaki, MAEHIRA, “Jūkyū seiki no Higashi Ajia kokusai kankei to Ryūkyū mondai,” Higashi Ajia kara kangaeru 3: shūhen kara no rekishi, Tokyo, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1994.Google Scholar
Tsuneo, NAMIHIRA, Kindai Higashi Ajia no naka no Ryūkyū heigō: Chūka sekai chitsujo kara shokuminchi Teikoku Nihon he, Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 2014.Google Scholar
Kikō, NISHIZATO, “Ryūkyū shobun-Karafuto-Chishima kōkan jōyaku,” Ajia no naka no Nihon-shi IV: chiki to minzoku, Tokyo, Tokyo Daiku Shuppankai, 1992.Google Scholar
Kikō, NISHIZATO, “Ahen sensōgo no gaiatsu to Ryūkyū mondai: Dōkō-Kanpō no Ryūkyū shozoku mondai wo chūshin ni,” Nishihara, Ryūkyū daigaku kyōiku gakubu kiyō, Vol. 57, 2000.Google Scholar
Kikō, NISHIZATO, Shin-matsu Chū-Ryū-Nichi kankei-shi no kenkyū, Kyoto, Kyoto Daigaku Shuppankai, 2005.Google Scholar
Kikō, NISHIZATO, “Kanpō-dōchiki (bakumatsu ishinki) no Chū-Ryū-Nichi kankei kōsatsuō: ShōTai sakuhō mondai to sono shūhen,” Tōyōshi kenkyū 64. Kyoto, Seikei Shoin, 2006.Google Scholar
PERRY Matthew C., The Japan Expedition 1852-1854: The Personal Journal of Commodore Matthew C. Perry, Roger Pineau (ed.), Smithsonian Institution Press, City of Washington, 1968.Google Scholar
Gregory, SMITS, Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Gregory, SMITS, “The Ryūkyū shobun in East Asian and world history,” Kreiner, Josef, ed., Ryukyu in World History. Ryukyu in World History, Bier'sche Verlagsanstalt, 2001.Google Scholar
Fumiko, SUGIMOTO, “Chizu, ezu no shuppan to seiji bunka no henyō,” Fuyuhiko, Yokota ed., Shuppan to ryūtsū, Heibonsha, 2016.Google Scholar
Marco, TINELLORyūkyū shisetsu kara miru bakumakki Nihon gaikō no henka: kinsei kara kindai he,” Okinawa bunka kenkyū, n. 41, 2015.Google Scholar
Marco, TINELLO, Sekai-shi kara mita ‘Ryukyu shobun‘, Ginowan, Yōju Shorin, 2017.Google Scholar
Ronald, TOBY, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazuyuki, TOMIYAMA, Ryūkyū ōkoku no gaikō to ōken, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2004.Google Scholar
Tetsuto, UMEKI, Shin Ryūkyū koku no rekishi, Tokyo, Hosei Daigaku Shuppankyoku, 2013.Google Scholar
Miki, WATANABE, Kinsei Ryūkyū to Chū-Nichi kankei, Tokyo, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2012.Google Scholar
Wells, WILLIAMS Samuel, Perī Nihon ensei zuikōki, translated by Hora Tomio, Tokyo, Yūshōdō Shoten, 1970.Google Scholar
Yoshinori, YOKOYAMA, “Nihon no kaikoku to Ryūkyū,” Kokka to taigai kankei: atarashii kinsei-shi 2, Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 1996.Google Scholar