1 Fukui Yoshitaka,”Sekai ni hiromaru ‘ianfu=seidorei’ setsu o hitei: Bei Hābādodai J. Mark Ramseyer kyōju ga gakujutsu ronbun happyō” Sankei shimbun, January 28th 2021.

2 Mark Ramseyer, “Recovering the Truth about the Comfort Women” JAPANForward, January 12th, 2021.

3 J. Mark Ramseyer, “Contracting for sex in the Pacific War” International Review of Law and Economics, v.65, published online 1 December 2020

4 American Historical Association, Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct (2019). Bolded text in original.

5 Statement by Andrew Gordon and Carter Eckert concerning J. Mark Ramseyer, “Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War” February 17th 2021.

6 Yamazaki Tomoko, Sandakan Brothel No. 8: An Episode in the History of Lower-Class Japanese Women, trans. Karen Colligan-Taylor (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 1999), 60; Yamazaki Tomoko, Sandakan hachiban shōkan (Tokyo: Chikuma shobō, 1972), 86-87.

7 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 62; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 90.

8 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 63; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 92.

9 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 60-61. Italics added; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 88.

10 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 53; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 76.

11 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 52-53; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 76.

12 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 65; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 93-94.

13 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 68; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 97

14 Yamazaki, Sandakan Brothel No. 8, 73; Yamazaki, Sandakan hachiban shōkan, 105-106.

15 See here. Italics added.

16 Morikawa Machiko, with Mun Ok-ju “Mun Oku ju: Biruma sensen tateshidan no ianfu datta watakushi: rekishi wo ikinuita onna tachi” (Tokyo: Nashinoki sha, 1996) Part 22 of “Kyōkasho ni kakarenakatta sensō.” Morikawa Machiko (Author) Kim Jŏng-sŏng (translation). Pŏmajŏnsŏn ilbon’gun wianbu Mun Ok-ju: Mun Ok-ju halmŏni ildaegi yŏksa ŭi chŭngŏn tubŏntchae iyagi (Seoul: Arŭmdaun saramdŭl, 2005)

17 From here.

18 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen p.30

19 Morikawa with Mun Biruma sensen p.31-32

20 Morikawa with Mun Biruma sensen p.36

21 Morikawa with Mun Biruma sensen p.45 Kisaeng in the Chosŏn period were a caste of entertainers. This system ended under colonial rule, replaced by the Japanese authorities with a school system to train kisaeng. In reality, for many their role changed, becoming closer to that of sex worker, due to kisaeng‘s incorporation within the colonial sex industry.

22 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen, 46.

23 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen, 52-53.

24 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen, 56. On Pi-ya [ピー屋] C. Sarah Soh writes “The Chinese slang term pi was coined by the [Japanese Imperial] soldiers stationed in China… ‘Cunt’ would be an appropriate English translation.” C. Sarah Soh, The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan (University of Chicago Press, 2008) p.39. Pi-ya can therefore be translated as “cunt shop”.

25 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen, 56.

26 Morikawa with Mun, Biruma sensen, 57.

27 Yim, Sejung Sage, Chung, Thomas, and Min, Pyong Gap. Japanese Military Sexual Slavery. The transnational Redress Movement for the victims. (De Gruyter, 2020) p.79. Mun Ok-ju died in 1996.

28 United States Office of War Information, “Japanese Prisoner of War Information Report No. 49” in Josei 1997 v.5, 203. Miscited by Ramseyer as “U.S. Office of War Information, 1944. Interrogation Report No. 49, Oct. 1, 1944, in Josei (1997: 5-203).” In our letter “Josei 1997” refers to Josei no tame no Ajia heiwa kokumin kikin, Seifu chōsa ‘jūgun ianfu’ kankei shiryō shūsei (Ryūkei shosha 1997) 5 volumes.

29 Allied Translator and Interpreter Section Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Research Report Subject: Amenities in the Japanese Armed Forces, 15 November 1945 in Josei v.5, 152. Italics added. Ramseyer cites this parenthetically as SCAP 1945 (p.6 fn 7) and in Works Cited as “SCAP, 1945. Research Report: Amenities in the Japanese Armed Forces, Nov. 15, 1945, reprinted in Josei (1997: 5-139).”

30 Ramseyer cites this parenthetically as Naimusho 1938, and in his Works Cited as “Naimusho, 1938. Shina toko fujo [Women Passage to China], Feb. 18, 1938, in Suzuki, et al. (2006: 1-124).” A correct citation to the original source would be: Naimushō keihokyoku, “Shina tokō fujo no toriatsukai ni kan suru ken (Chōfuken),” February 18, 1938. Japan Center for Asian Historical Records [JACAR]: A05032040800; Japan National Archives call number: 平９警察00285100.

31 Naimushō keihokyoku, “Shina tokō fujo no toriatsukai ni kan suru ken (Chōfuken)” (JACAR) p.32 (no.19 of 54 images), JACAR: A05032040800. Japan National Archives call number: 平９警察00285100.

32 Naimushō keihokyoku, “Shina tokō fujo no toriatsukai ni kan suru ken (Chōfuken)”, pg. 49-50.

33 Ramseyer cites this source parenthetically as Shina 1938 and in his Works Cited as “Shina toko fujo no toriatsukai ni kansuru ken [Regarding the Handling of Women Bound for China], Feb. 23, 1938, Home Ministry, Police Bureau, Hatsukei No. 5.” A correct citation to the original source would be Naimushō keihokyokuchō,“Shina tokō fujo no toriatsukai ni kansuru ken,” February 23rd 1938. JACAR: A05032044800. Japan National Archives call number: 平９警察00286100.

34 Naimushō keihokyokuchō,”Shina tokō fujo no toriatsukai ni kansuru ken” February 23rd 1938 (JACAR). See nos. 17-18 of 28 images. Italics added.

35 “International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic of Women and Children” (1921). “International Convention for Suppression of the White Slave Traffic” (1910)

36 Ramseyer cites this parenthetically as Gun’ianjo 1938 and in Works Cited as “Gun’ianjo jugyofuto boshu ni kansuru ken [Regarding the Recruitment of Military Comfort Women]. 1938. Army Ministry Infantry Bureau Proposal], to North and Middle China forces, dated March 4, Riku shimitsu No.745, vol. 10, 1938, in Josei (1997: 2-5).” A correct citation to the original source would read: Rikugunshō heimuka, “Gun’ianjo jūgyōfutō boshū ni kansuru ken,” March 4, 1938 (JACAR: C04120263400; National Institute for Defense Studies archival call number: 陸軍省-陸支密大日記-S13-6-115)

37 Rikugunshō heimuka, “Gun’ianjo jūgyōfutō boshū ni kansuru ken,” March 4, 1938 (JACAR: C04120263400 陸軍省-陸支密大日記-S13-6-115), nos. 2-3 of 3 images.

38 Ramseyer cites no evidence to support this claim. See Section 4 below on Senda (1973).

39 Ahn Byung-Jik (An Pyŏng-jik) ed., Ilbon’gun wianso kwalliin ŭi ilgi (Seoul: I sup, 2013).

40 The mission statement for the Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact describes it as counteracting “China’s powerful propaganda machine” by making “historical facts as they pertain to modern Japanese relations with neighboring countries, especially China, available to English speakers via literature to be posted at this site.” The Society’s president is Kase Hideaki, a member of the nationalist organization, Nippon Kaigi.

41 Ch’oe Kil-song (Ch’oe Kil-sŏng), Chōsen shusshin no chōbanin ga mita ianfu no shinjitsu: bunka jinrui gakusha ga yomitoku “ianjo nikki” (Tokyo: Hāto shuppan, 2017).

42 See William Donald Smith III “Ethnicity Class and Gender in the Mines: Korean Workers in Japan’s Chikuhō Coal Fields, 1917-1945” (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington, 1999) pgs.68, 297, 414, and Michael Kim “Industrial Warriors: Labor Heroes and Everyday Life in Wartime Colonial Korea, 1937-1945” in Alf Lūdtke (ed) Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) pgs.133, 135.

43 Hori Kazuo and Kimura Kan, ed., “Biruma, Shingapōru no jūgun ianjo: Nihongo kariyaku ban” [Comfort Stations in Burma and Singapore, a tentative Japanese translation] (unpublished, 2013). Hori Kazuo explained that because of the unclear ownership of the diary and its copyright implication, this document could not be published in Japan, but translation was prepared to aid academic research.

44 See “Shanhai haken gun nai rikugun ianjo ni okeru shakufu boshū ni kansuru ken (Gunma ken chiji Shōwa 13.1.19)”. [On recruitment of “barmaids” for Military Comfort Stations by Shanghai Expeditionary Army, Governor of Gunma Prefecture, January 19th 1938]. Josei v.1, 11-22. Underlining added. (Cited by Ramseyer as Josei 1997 1-19.) Reports from Yamagata, Ibaragi, and Miyagi Prefectural Governors on the same issue also use the term shakufu or ianshakufu when discussing deceptive recruitment to Military Comfort Stations. See Josei v.1, 23, 47, 53.

45 Kim Pu-ja and Kim Yŏng, Shokuminchi yūkaku: Nihon no guntai to Chōsen hantō (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2018) 18.

46 Kim and Kim, Shokuminchi yūkaku, 21.

47 Again, this source is miscited by Ramseyer, see section 4 below.

48 Translation from p. 333 of Hata Ikuhiko, “Shōwa shi no nazo o ou dai 37 kai: Jūgun ianfutachi no shunjū” Seiron June 1992

49 Hata Ikuhiko, Ianfu to senjō no sei (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 1999) p. 45

50 “Harvard professor invites fury by calling ‘comfort women’ prostitutes” Straits Times, February 3, 2021