¹ Kang Tŏk-sang, “Tsukuridasareta ryūgen: Kanto daishinsai ni okeru Chōsenjin gyakusatsu ni tsuite,” Rekishi hyōron v.157 (1963), 9-21. Saitō Hideo, “Kanto daishinsai to Chōsenjin sawagi,” Rekishi hyōron v.99 (1958), 25-39. Matsuo Takayoshi, “Kanto daishinsaika no Chōsenjin gyakusatsu jiken (jō),” Shisō v.471 (1963), 44-61. Matsuo Shōichi, “Kanto daishinsai-shi kenkyū no seika to kadai,” in Hirakata Chieko and Ōtake Yoneko eds., Seifu kaigenrei kankei shiryō (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyōronsha, 1997), 7-43.

² Kang Tŏk-sang, Kanto daishinsai (Tokyo: Chūkō Shinsho, 1975), 43-57. Kang Tŏk-sang, Kanto daishinsai gyakusatsu no kioku (Tokyo: Seikyū Bunkasha, 2003), 57-78.

³ Andre Robert Haag, “Fear and Loathing in Imperial Japan: The Cultures of Korean Peril, 1919-1923” (PhD diss., Stanford University, 2013), 275.

⁴ Haag, “Fear and Loathing in Imperial Japan” Chapter 5; Alex Bates, The Culture of the Quake: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Taisho Japan (University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, 2015), Chapter 8.

⁵ Obinata Sumio, Keisatsu no shakaishi (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1993), 122.

⁶ Ken Kawashima, The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 44.

⁷ Ibid., 134-154.

⁸ Haag, “Fear and Loathing in Imperial Japan: The Cultures of Korean Peril, 1919-1923,” 74.

⁹ “The massification of the police, and the policification of the masses” was the slogan under which the Japanese police reorganized itself after World War I. See Kawashima, The Proletarian Gamble, 133-38; Max Ward, “Toward a Genealogy of the Police Idea in Imperial Japan: A Synthesis,” International Journal of Asian Studies (2021), 11-13.

¹⁰ For the Foucauldian panoptic gaze in Japan's modern emperor system, see T. Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 24-25.

¹¹ Haag, “Fear and Loathing in Imperial Japan: The Cultures of Korean Peril, 1919-1923,” 78-79. This style had been established in the 1911 High Treason case with anarchists as target. The court proclaimed: “Because of their beliefs we may surmise that they planned to carry out their crimes. Their chief motivation was belief.” Robert Thomas Tierney, Monster of the Twentieth Century: Kōtoku Shūsui and Japan's First Anti-Imperialist Movement (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 127.

¹² Kang Tŏk-sang and Kŭm Pyŏng-dong eds., Gendai shiryō vol. 6, Kantō daishinsai to Chōsenjin (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 1963), 29. The “propaganda” mentioned here referred to what the officer had been falsely informed in the public relations disaster mitigation phase after the massacres: that the rumors of Korean attackers were part of a propaganda campaign by traitorous leftist ideologues seeking to undermine colonial policy.

¹³ Akaike Atsushi, “Daishinsai tōji ni okeru shokan,” in Kŭm Pyŏng-dong ed., Chōsenjin gyakusatsu ni kansuru chishikijin no hannō 1 (Tokyo: Ryokuin Shobō, 1996), 213. [1] Andrew Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 33,42-50.

¹⁴ Andrew Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 33,42-50.

¹⁵ Jinshin fuan is a ubiquitous term in state documents on the Korean sawagi. It refers ostensibly to “fear in the people's hearts” and is synonymous with mass panic. Here and elsewhere, however, the more appropriate translation is the perceived “instability of the people's hearts,” or elite fears over the people's hearts.

¹⁶ Shihō Keiji Kyoku ed., Iwayuru kome sōdō jiken (Kyoto: Tōyō Bunkasha, 1974), 226.

¹⁷ Fujino Yutaka, Tokunaga Takashi, Kurokawa Midori eds., Kome sōdō to hisabetsu buraku (Tokyo: Yūzankaku, 1988), 46. Jeffrey Paul Bayliss, On the Margins of Empire: Buraku and Korean Identity in Prewar and Wartime Japan (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2013), 134-40.

¹⁸ Ōe Shinobu, “Teikokushugi seiritsuki nōson no mujun,” in Ōe Shinobu ed., Nihon fashizumu no keisei to nōson (Tokyo: Azekura Shobō, 1978), 69-70.

¹⁹ Fujino, Tokunaga, Kurokawa eds., Kome sōdō to hisabetsu buraku, 51. The circular inversion of spreading rumors about Koreans spreading rumors reappeared during the 1923 Korean sawagi in the form of residents of eastern Tokyo massacring Koreans after being forced to flee for their lives by alarming shouts of an impending tsunami and subsequently being told by military reservists and policemen that Koreans were deliberately spreading false rumors of tsunamis to commit burglary. Kanto daishinsai ni gyakusatsu sareta Chōsenjin no ikotsu wo hakkutsu shi tsuitō suru kai ed., Kazeyo hōsenka no uta wo hakobe (Tokyo: Kyōiku shiryō shuppankai, 1992), 46-47; Nicchō kyōkai Toyoshima shibu ed., Minzoku no toge (Tokyo: Nicchō kyōkai Toyoshima Shibu, 1973), 39.

²⁰ Keishichō ed., Taisho daishin kasaishi (Tokyo: Keishichō, 1925), 459.

²¹ Kawamura Teishirō, Kankai no hyōri (Tokyo: Kawamura Teishirō 1933), 170.

²² Keishichō ed., Taisho daishin kasaishi, 18-20.

²³ Ibid., 24-25.

²⁴ Tokyo-to Shinagawa-ku ed., Daijishin ni ikiru (Tokyo: Shinagawa-ku, 1978), 149.

²⁵ Teishin-shō, Taisho daikasai tsūshin (Tokyo: Teishin-shō, 1923), 4; Matsune Tōyōjō, “Taishin risaiki,” Shibugaki (October 1923), 13.

²⁶ Tokyo-shi gakumu-ka ed., Tokyo shiritsu shōgaku jidō shinsai kinen bunshū (Tokyo: Baifūkan, 1924), 7.

²⁷ Kantō daishinsaiji ni gyakusatsu sareta Chōsenjin no ikotsu wo hakkutsushi tsuitō suru kai ed., Kazeyo hōsenka no uta wo hakobe (Tokyo: Kyōiku shiryō shuppankai, 1992), 46-49; Kenji Hasegawa, “The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923,” Monumenta Nipponica v.75.1 (2020), 98.

²⁸ Obinata, Keisatsu no shakaishi, 111-112. See also Miyachi Tadahiko, Shinsai to chian chitsujo kōsō (Tokyo: Kurein, 2012), 33,173,228. Miyachi categorizes this anti-riot tactic in the hardline “harsh punishment” law enforcement approach (genbatsu shugi) while highlighting the significance of the alternative preventive policing approach of “benevolent guidance” (zendō shugi). While his book contains important insights into the conflicts among state officials before, during, and after the Kanto Massacre, I do not agree with its characterization of the Korean sawagi as the product of mass panic, with only aberrational instances of state involvement.

²⁹ Yasukōchi Asakichi, “Shinsai jōkyō hōkoku,” v.2, 326, Kanagawa Prefectural Archives.

³⁰ Naimushō, “Shinsaigo ni okeru keikai keibi ippan,” (1923), 19.

³¹ Shōriki Matsutarō, “Sono hi no keishichō,” in Kŭm Pyŏng-dong ed., Chōsenjin gyakusatsu ni kansuru chishikijin no hannō 2 (Tokyo: Ryokuin Shobō, 1996), 468.

³² Nishizaki Masao ed., Kanto daishinsai Chosenjin gyakusatsu no kiroku (Tokyo: Gendai Shokan, 2016), 321.

³³ Abe Kojirō, Sakana ichidai: Abe Kojirō jiden (Tokyo: Ginrinkai, 1969), 40; Iwasaki Katsumi, “Kudan saka ue kara jigoku wo mita hito tachi,” Masukomi jânarizumu kenkyū v.3 (1995), 47.

³⁴ Tokyo-to Shinagawa-ku ed., Daijishin ni ikiru, 31-32.

³⁵ Kantō daishinsaiji ni gyakusatsu sareta Chōsenjin no ikotsu wo hakkutsushi tsuitō suru kai ed., Kazeyo hōsenka no uta wo hakobe, 46-49.

³⁶ Murata Kimi, Watashi no jinsei kaidō (Tokyo: Fudan-ki zenkoku gurūpu, 1974), 4.

³⁷ Miki Torirō, Seishun to sensō to koi to (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1994), 55.

³⁸ Nakamura Kan'emon, Jinsei no hanbun (Tokyo: 1959), 71-72.

³⁹ Kitazono Kōkichi, Taishō Nihonbashi Hon-chō (Tokyo: Seiabō, 1978), 202.

⁴⁰ Miki, Seishun to sensō to koi to, 56.

⁴¹ Meiji-ya honsha ed., Meiji-ya 73 nen-shi (Tokyo: Meiji-ya Honsha, 1958), 55.

⁴² Nishizaka Katsuto, “Shinsai issūnen no omoide,” Keisatsu kyōkai zasshi 290 (October 1924), 47.

⁴³ Matsune Tōyōjō, “Taishin risaiki,” Shibugaki (October 1923), 18.

⁴⁴ Nishizaki ed., Kantō daishinsai chōsenjin gyakusatsu no kiroku, 411-12.

⁴⁵ Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy, 24-25, 142-45.

⁴⁶ Hara Takeshi, Kashika sareta teikoku (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobō, 2011), 276.

⁴⁷ For the spatial configuration of repression and reform in the post-massacre Peace Preservation Law apparatus in colonial Korea and the Japanese metropole, see Max Ward, Thought Crime (Durham: Duke University Press, 2019), 57-74, 126-129, 155-160.

⁴⁸ Konishi Kihei, Kantō daishinsai no omoide (Tokyo: Konishi Kihei, 1925), 33.

⁴⁹ Chūō Shōgyō Gakkō ed., Kugatsu tsuitachi (Tokyo: Sankōsha, 1924), 126.

⁵⁰ Konishi, Kantō daishinsai no omoide, 34-36.

⁵¹ Tokyo-shi gakumu-ka ed., Tokyo shiritsu shōgaku jidō shinsai kinen bunshū, 8.

⁵² Kawasaki-shi ed., Kawasaki-shi shi shiryō-hen 3 (Kawasaki: 1990), 686.

⁵³ For how historical denialism of the imperial period in contemporary Japan has operated as a battle cry exercise with the notion that “the side that shouts louder wins” irrespective of facts, see Yamaguchi Tomomi, Nōgawa Motokazu, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Koyama Emi eds., Umi wo wataru “ianfu” mondai (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2016), 9.