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Volume 111 - Issue 1126 - December 2007

Contents

Research Article

  • A review of supersonic business jet design Issues

  • H. Smith
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. 761-776

  • Key issues relating to the Supersonic Business Jet (SBJ) concept are reviewed with the intent to assess the readiness of enabling technologies and hence the concept itself. The multidisciplinary nature of aircraft design precludes an in-depth analysis of each specific aspect, which could individually be the subject of a separate discipline review, hence an overview is presented.

    The review looks at the market, environmental issues, with particular reference to the sonic boom phenomenon & solutions, technological issues, including prediction methods, flight testing, systems, certification and interested aerospace companies and design organisations.

    It is apparent that the need to reduce the sonic boom signature is vital if the vehicle is to be permitted to operate over land and hence be economically viable. It is clear that sonic boom acceptability requirements must be set if resources are to be effectively focused and designs are to converge. Despite this challenge, considerable investment is aimed at de-risking many of the enabling technologies and raising readiness levels. Many technologies are moving beyond theoretical and numerical analysis into the experimental and flight test domains. Collaboration between the civil and military sectors is increasing.

    Clearly, supersonic air travel is not an efficient means of personal conveyance; however, concerns for the environment are difficult to balance against the ‘value of time’ benefits offered by the SBJ concept. Air travel, of which this is a specialised form, is important to the global economy. Continued effort in the areas of human factors, customer demand and certification & requirements would be beneficial.

  • Three-dimensional tensile stress concentration in countersunk rivet holes

  • A. Bhargava, K. N. Shivakumar
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. 777-786

  • A detailed and accurate three-dimensional finite element stress analysis was conducted on countersunk rivet holes in a plate subjected to tension loading. The analysis included a wide range of countersunk depths, plate thicknesses, countersunk angles and plate widths. The study confirmed some of the previous results, addressed their differences, provided many new results, and investigated countersunk angle and width effects. Using the detailed FE results and the limiting conditions, a design equation for stress concentration was developed and verified.

  • An idea of distributed parameter control for scramjet engines

  • Y. Daren, C. Tao, B. Wen
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. 787-796

  • Scramjet engines are used under extreme temperatures and with wide range of Mach numbers from 3 to 8 or higher and have shown different control properties from other airbreathing engines. New control problems involving distributed parameter control have been found concerning investigations of the control of scramjet engines whose physical states are spatially interacted and whose governing equations are partial differential equations. The work of this paper is based on the application of distributed parameter control conception to study the control problems of scramjet engines with the aim of achieving the desirable design properties and increasing control reliability. A new control idea based on shape control theory is put forward to realise the distributed parameter control of scramjet engines with the preconditions of proper space dimension and frequency-domain simplification. Simulation results and theoretic analysis for an axisymmetric, wall-injection scramjet engine show the feasibility and validity of the control idea.

Technical note

  • The onset of compressibility effects for aerofoils in ground effect

  • G. Doig, T. J. Barber, E. Leonardi, A. J. Neely
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. 797-806

  • The influence of flow compressibility on a highly-cambered inverted aerofoil in ground effect is presented, based on two-dimensional computational studies. This type of problem has relevance to open-wheel racing cars, where local regions of high-speed subsonic flow form under favourable pressure gradients, even though the maximum freestream Mach number is typically considerably less than Mach 0·3. An important consideration for CFD users in this field is addressed in this paper: the freestream Mach number at which flow compressibility significantly affects aerodynamic performance. More broadly, for aerodynamicists, the consequences of this are also considered. Comparisons between incompressible and compressible CFD simulations are used to identify important changes to the flow characteristics caused by density changes, highlighting the inappropriateness of incompressible simulations of ground effect flows for freestream Mach numbers as low as 0·15.

Research Article

  • Flight data reduction methodology for performance evaluation and comparison of model-following adaptive control laws

  • M. G. Perhinschi, M. R. Napolitano
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. 807-814

  • Even small differences in atmospheric and/or flight conditions can potentially impact significantly the evaluation of the performance of the control laws and prevent a correct comparison, especially in the case of reduced size aircraft (autonomous or remotely piloted). Consistent deterministic control inputs can only be guaranteed through some form of computer-based on-board excitation system. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for flight data reduction with the purpose of accounting for non-homogeneous atmospheric conditions and inconsistent pilot inputs. The method is developed for the specific purpose of comparing model-following adaptive control laws. Performance evaluation parameters based on angular rate tracking errors are defined and used for the comparison. As a result of this approach, an additive correction is applied to the angular rate measurements to compensate for non-homogeneous turbulence effects. A multiplicative correction factor is applied to the angular rate tracking error to take into account non-identical pilot inputs. The procedure is validated with simulation and flight data obtained in the process of designing a set of fault tolerant control laws based on non-linear dynamic inversion with neural network augmentation for the reduced size WVU YF-22 aircraft model.

Other

Book Reviews

Front matter

  • AER volume 111 issue 1126 Cover and Front matter

  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 February 2016, pp. f1-f3
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Back matter

  • AER volume 111 issue 1126 Cover and Back matter

  • Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 March 2016, pp. b1-b2
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