Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b6zl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-10T08:18:44.033Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Law, Economics and Politics

U.S. Innovation Inequality and Trumpism

The Political Economy of Technology Deserts in a Knowledge Economy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2025

Victor Menaldo  and
Nicolas Wittstock
Victor Menaldo
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Nicolas Wittstock
Affiliation:
University of Washington

Summary

President Trump embraced economic populism centered on trade protectionism, restrictions on international capital and technology flows, and subsidies for American raw material providers and domestic manufacturers. More innovative US counties roundly rejected this economic paradigm: Voters in innovation clusters of all sizes and across the country repudiated Trumpism in both 2016 and 2020. Trump's tariffs and attacks on global supply chains, restrictions on visas for skilled foreign workers, and his overall hostility toward high-tech sectors threatened the innovative firms that motor these places' economies. Trump was different in degree but not kind from previous American populists such as Jennings Bryan and Perot: they too exploited innovation inequality, but were less successful because, before the digital revolution, the industrial organization of American technological progress was not rooted in vertically disintegrated global supply chains. Thus, populism may not only be about resentment toward elites and experts but threaten innovation.
Get access

Keywords

Trumptrade protectionisminnovationpolitical polarizationeconomic populism
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Law, Economics and Politics
Online ISBN: 9781009461450
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 13 February 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramovitz, Moses. 1993. “The Search for the Sources of Growth: Areas of Ignorance, Old and New.” The Journal of Economic History 53(2): 217–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Restrepo, Pascual. 2020. “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets.” Journal of Political Economy 128(6): 2188–2244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Moscona, Jacob, and Robinson, James. 2016. “State Capacity and American Technology: Evidence from the Nineteenth Century.” American Economic Review 106(5): 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, David Autor, David Dorn, Hanson, Gordon, and Price, Brendan. 2016. “Import Competition and the Great Us Employment Sag of the 2000s.” Journal of Labor Economics 34(1): 141–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acs, Zoltan, Anselin, Luc, and Luc, Attila. 2002. “Patents and Innovation Counts as Measures of Regional Production of New Knowledge.” Research Policy 31(7): 1069–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amlani, Sharif, and Algara, Carlos. 2021. “Partisanship & Nationalization in American Elections: Evidence from Presidential, Senatorial, & Gubernatorial Elections in The US Counties, 1872–2020.” Electoral Studies 73: 102387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anelli, Massimo, Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2019. “We Were the Robots: Automation and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” BAFFI CAREFIN Centre Research Paper 2019–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, Atkinson, Brake, Doug, Castro, Daniel, et al. 2020. “Trump vs. Biden: Comparing the Candidates’ Positions on Technology and Innovation.” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Robert, Muro, Mark, and Whiton, Jacob. 2019. “The Case for Growth Centers.” Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon. 2013a. “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in The United States.” American Economic Review 103(6): 2121–2168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon. 2013b. “The Geography of Trade and Technology Shocks in The United States.” American Economic Review 103(3): 220–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon. 2015. “Untangling Trade and Technology: Evidence from Local Labor Markets.” The Economic Journal 125(584): 621–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon. 2016. “The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade.” Annual Review of Economics 8: 205–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon, and Song, Jae. 2014. “Trade Adjustment: Worker-Level Evidence.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): 1799–1860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, and Gordon, Hanson. 2019. “When work disappears: Manufacturing decline and the falling marriage market value of young men.” American Economic Review: Insights 1(2): 161–178.Google Scholar
Autor, David, Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon, and Majlesi, Kaveh. 2020. “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure.” American Economic Review 110(10): 3139–3183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccini, Leonardo, and Weymouth, Stephen. 2021. “Gone for Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting.” American Political Science Review 115(2): 550–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baccini, Leonardo, Guidi, Mattia, Poletti, Arlo, and Yildirim, Aydin. 2022. “Trade Liberalization and Labor Market Institutions.” International Organization 76(1): 70–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bade, Avin. 2021. “White House Debates to Delay Biden’s Plan for Tariffs on Key Chinese Industries.” Politico. www.politico.com/news/2021/10/29/white-house-tariffs-china-517727.Google Scholar
Bakker, Gerben, Crafts, Nicholas, and Woltjer, Pieter. 2017. “The Sources of Growth in a Technologically Progressive Economy.” GGDC Research Memorandum No. GD-156. Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Baldassarri, Delia, and Gelman, Andrew. 2008. “Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion.” American Journal of Sociology 114(2): 408–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball State University. 2022. “Study Identifies Most Likely Locations for Semiconductor Plants in US.” techxplore.com.Google Scholar
Barret, Malachi. 2020. “Biden Says Trump Failed to Bring Back Michigan Jobs and Tanked Economy with COVID Response.” MLive. www.mlive.com/public-interest/2020/09/biden-says-trump-failed-to-bring-back-michigan-jobs-and-tanked-economy-with-covid-response.html.Google Scholar
Batistich, Mary Kate, and Bond, Timothy. 2019. “Stalled Racial Progress and Japanese Trade in the 1970s and 1980s.” IZA Discussion Manuscript No. 12133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC. 2016. “Trump Accuses China of ‘Raping’ U.S. with Unfair Trade Policy.” BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-36185012.Google Scholar
Bergh, Andreas, and Nilsson, Therese. 2010. “Do Liberalization and Globalization Increase Income Inequality?” European Journal of Political Economy 26(4): 488–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessen, James. 2015. Learning by Doing. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Biden, Joe. 2020. “The Biden Plan to Rebuild US Supply Chains and Ensure the US Does Not Face Future Shortages of Critical Equipment.” https://joebiden.com/supplychains/.Google Scholar
Bishop, Bill. 2009. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing us Apart. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Blau, Francine, and Mackie, Christopher. 2016. “National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.” The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration: A Report. Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
Blinken, Antony. 2021. “A Foreign Policy for the American People.” www.state.gov/a-foreign-policy-for-the-american-people/.Google Scholar
Block, Fred. 2018. “Swimming against the Current: The Rise of a Hidden Developmental State in the United States.” Politics & Society 36(2): 169–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2019. Democratic Capitalism at the Crossroads: Technological Change and the Future of Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bonacich, Edna, and Hardie, Khaleelah. 2006. “Walmart and the Logistics Revolution.” In Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism, ed., Lichtenstein, Nelson. New York: The New Press: 163–187.Google Scholar
Breschi, Stefano, and Lissoni, Francesco. 2003. “Mobility and Social Networks: Localized Knowledge Spillovers Revisited.” Università commerciale Luigi Bocconi.Google Scholar
Broz, Lawrence, Frieden, Jeffry, and Weymouth, Stephen. 2021. “Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash.” International Organization 75(2): 464–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buggle, Johannes, and Durante, Ruben. 2021. “Climate Risk, Cooperation and the Co-Evolution of Culture and Institutions.” The Economic Journal 131(637): 1947–1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Economic Analysis. www.bea.gov/.Google Scholar
Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science, the Endless Frontier. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carey, Kevin. 2016. “Donald Trump Doesn’t Understand Common Core (and Neither Do His Rivals).” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2016/03/08/upshot/donald-trump-doesnt-understand-common-core-and-neither-do-his-rivals.html.Google Scholar
Casper, Steven, 2007. “How Do Technology Clusters Emerge and Become Sustainable?: Social Network Formation and Inter-Firm Mobility within The San Diego Biotechnology Cluster.” Research Policy 36(4): 438–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çelik, Sadullah, and Basdas, Ulkem. 2010. “How Does Globalization Affect Income Inequality? A Panel Data Analysis.” International Advances in Economic Research 16(4): 358–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Che, Lu, Pierce, Justin, Schott, Peter, and Tao, Zhigang. 2016. “Does Trade Liberalization with China Influence US Elections?” No. w22178. National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Daniel, Ash, Elliott, and Naidu, Suresh. 2022. Ideas Have Consequences: The Impact of Law and Economics on American Justice. No. 22–1392. Toulouse School of Economics.Google Scholar
Choi, Jiwon, Kuziemko, Ilyana, Washington, Ebonya, and Wright, Gavin. 2021. “Local Economic and Political Effects of Trade Deals: Evidence from NAFTA.” No. w29525. National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Paul. 2017. “Presidential Election: The Pivotal Role of Pennsylvania and the Rustbelt.” Labor Studies Journal 42(3): 239–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, James, 1967. “The Impact of the Cold War on the Economies of California and Utah, 1946–1965.” Pacific Historical Review 36(4): 449–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clinton, Hillary. 2015. “Being Pro-Business Doesn’t Mean Hanging Consumers out To Dry.” Quartz. https://qz.com/529303/hillary-clinton-being-pro-business-doesnt-mean-hanging-consumers-out-to-dry.Google Scholar
Catherine, Co, 2002. “Evolution of the Geography of Innovation: Evidence from Patent Data.” Growth and Change 33(4): 393–423.Google Scholar
Cohn, Nate. 2016a. “Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html.Google Scholar
Cohn, Nate. 2016b. “How Trump’s Campaign Could Redraw Voter Allegiances.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2016/06/30/upshot/how-trumps-campaign-could-redraw-voter-allegiances.html.Google Scholar
Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2018a. “Global Competition and Brexit.” American Political Science Review 112(2): 201–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2018b. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 62(4): 936–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, Brian. 2018. “Thinking What He Says: Market Research and the Making of Donald Trump’s 2016 Presidential Campaign.” In Political Marketing in the 2016 US Presidential Election, ed., Jamie Gillies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, Timothy G. (1999). “GMM Estimation with Cross Sectional Dependence.” Journal of Econometrics 92(1): 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, Timothy, Hansen, Christian, and Rossi, Peter. 2012. “Plausibly Exogenous.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 94(1): 260–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corradini, Carlo, 2021. “The Geography of Innovation as Reflected by Social Media.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53(2): 227–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cramer, Kathy. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crump, Jeff, and Archer, Clark. 1993. “Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Geography of American Defense Outlays.” Political Geography 12(1): 38–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Paul A. 1990. “The dynamo and the computer: an historical perspective on the modern productivity paradox.” The American Economic Review 80(2): 355–361.Google Scholar
David, Paul and Wright, Gavin. 1997. “Increasing Returns and the Genesis of American Resource Abundance.” Industrial and Corporate Change 6(2): 203–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, Adam. 2016. “Blaming Trade and Voting Trump in the Rust Belt.” New York Times Magazine. www.nytimes.com/2016/07/10/magazine/blaming-trade-and-voting-trump-in-the-rust-belt.html.Google Scholar
De Bromhead, Alan, Eichengreen, Barry, and O’Rourke, Kevin H.. 2013. “Political Extremism in the 1920s and 1930s: Do German Lessons Generalize?” The Journal of Economic History 73(2): 371–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Ping, Delios, Andrew, and Peng, Mike W.. 2020. “A geographic relational perspective on the internationalization of emerging market firms.” Journal of International Business Studies 51: 50–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tella, Di, Rafael, and Rodrik, Dani . 2020. “Labor Market Shocks and the Demand for Trade Protection: Evidence from Online Surveys.” The Economic Journal 130(628): 1008–1030.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jeremy. 2016. “Trump: ‘We Can’t Continue to Allow China to Rape Our Country.’” CNN Politics. www.cnn.com/2016/05/01/politics/donald-trump-china-rape/index.html.Google Scholar
Dinlersoz, Emin, and Wolf, Zoltan. 2018. “Automation, Labor Share, and Productivity: Plant-Level Evidence from US Manufacturing.” Unpublished Manuscript. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wmanuscript/18-39.html.Google Scholar
Dippel, Christian, Robert, Gold, Heblich, Stephan, and Pinto, Rodrigo. 2022. “The Effect of Trade on Workers and Voters.” The Economic Journal 132(641): 199–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon, and Majlesi, Kaveh. 2020. “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure.” American Economic Review 110(10): 3139–3183.Google Scholar
Downes, Larry. 2016. “A Brief Review of Hillary Clinton’s Innovation Plan.” Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/07/a-brief-review-of-hillary-clintons-innovation-plan.Google Scholar
Drahos, Peter, and Braithwaite, John. 2002. Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? New York: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2017. “Dealing with Donald: Donald Trump’s Trade Bluster.” The Economist. www.economist.com/briefing/2016/12/10/donald-trumps-trade-bluster.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2019. “America Still Leads in Technology, But China Is Catching up Fast.” The Economist. www.economist.com/special-report/2019/05/16/america-still-leads-in-technology-but-china-is-catching-up-fast.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2021. “The New Order of Trade.” The Economist. www.economist.com/special-report/2021/10/06/the-new-order-of-trade.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2023.” New Industrial Policies Will Make the World More Unequal.” www.economist.com/special-report/2023/10/02/new-industrial-policies-will-make-the-world-more-unequal.Google Scholar
Fabrizio, Lee, & Associates. 2020. “Post-Election Exit Poll Analysis – 10 Key Target States.” www.politico.com/f/?id=00000177-6046-de2d-a57f-7a6e8c950000.Google Scholar
Federal Communications Commission. 2021. “FCC Revokes China Telecom America’s Telecom Services Authority.” News Release. www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-revokes-china-telecom-americas-telecom-services-authority.Google Scholar
Leo, Feler, and Senses, Mine Z.. 2017. “Trade Shocks and the Provision of Local Public Goods.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9(4): 101–143.Google Scholar
Ferenstein, Gregory, 2016. “Tech Billionaires like Democrats More Than Republicans. Here’s Why.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/05/31/tech-billionaires-like-democrats-more-than-republicans-heres-why/.Google Scholar
Finch, Brian, Vella Moeller, Elizabeth, Oresman, Matthew, et al. 2020. Trump vs. Biden: Technology and the Internet. Pillsbury. www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/technology-policy-trump-biden-election.html.Google Scholar
Findlay, John . 1995. “Atomic Frontier Days Richland, Washington, and the Modern American West.” Journal of the West 34(3): 32–41.Google Scholar
Forbes, . 2022. The Global 2000. www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=8db90975ac04.Google Scholar
Freund, Caroline, and Sidhu, Dario. 2017. “Global Competition and the Rise of China.” Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Manuscript 17-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, Carl Benedikt, Berger, Thor, and Chen, Chinchih. 2018. “Political Machinery: Did Robots Swing the 2016 US Presidential Election?.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 34(3): 418–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, Gregory, Johnston, Alison, and Regan, Aidan. 2020. “Housing Prices and Wealth Inequality in Western Europe.” West European Politics 43(2): 297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galetovic, Alexander. 2021. “Patents in the History of the Semiconductor Industry.” In The Battle over Patents: History and Politics of Innovation, eds., Haber, Stephen and Lamoreaux, Naomi. London: Oxford University Press: 27–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galetovic, Alexander, and Haber, Stephen. 2017. “The Fallacies of Patent-Holdup Theory.” Journal of Competition Law & Economics 13(1): 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, Michelle. 1992. On the Home Front: The Cold War Legacy of the Hanford Nuclear Site. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Giuliano, Paola, and Nunn, Nathan. 2021 . “Understanding Cultural Persistence and Change.” The Review of Economic Studies 88(4): 1541–1581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, and Katz, Lawrence. 2009. The Race between Education and Technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goos, Maarten, Manning, Alan, and Salomons, Anna. 2014. “Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring.” American Economic Review 104(8): 2509–2526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Robert. 2017. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The US Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Grammich, Clifford, Hadaway, Kirk, Houseal, Richard, et al. 2012. “2010 US Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study.” Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. www.usreligioncensus.org/images/2010_US_Religion_Census_Introduction.pdf.Google Scholar
Grassegger, Hannes, and Krogerus, Mikael. 2017. “The Data That Turned the World upside down.” Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win.Google Scholar
Green, Jon, and McElwee, Sean. 2019. “The Differential Effects of Economic Conditions and Racial Attitudes in the Election of Donald Trump.” Perspectives on Politics 17(2): 358–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Joshua, and Issenberg, Sasha. 2016. “Inside the Trump Bunker, with Days to Go.” Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-27/inside-the-trump-bunker-with-12-days-to-go.Google Scholar
Daniel., Greene 2021. The Promise of Access: Technology, Inequality, and the Political Economy of Hope. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shane., Greenstein 2010. “Innovative Conduct in Computing and Internet Markets.” In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, eds., Hall, Bronwyn H. and Rosenberg, Nathan. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North-Holland: 477–537.Google Scholar
Griffin, Robert, and Teixeira, Ruy. 2017. “The Story of Trump’s Appeal: A Portrait of Trump Voters.” The Democracy Fund Voter Group. www.voterstudygroup.org/publication/story-of-trumps-appeal.Google Scholar
Grim, Ryan, Baumann, Nick, and Matt, Fuller. 2016. “At Secretive Meeting, Tech CEOs and Top Republicans Commiserate,” Plot to Stop Trump. www.huffpost.com/entry/aei-world-forum-donald-trump_n_56ddbd38e4b0ffe6f8ea125d.Google Scholar
Gros, Daniel. 2013. “Why Does Capital Flow from Poor to Rich Countries?” Vox EU. https://voxeu.org/article/why-does-capital-flow-poor-rich-countries.Google Scholar
Gross, Daniel, and Sampat, Bhaven. 2020. “Inventing the Endless Frontier: The Effects of the World War II Research Effort on Post-war Innovation.” (No. w27375). National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Gross, Daniel, and Sampat, Bhaven. 2023. “America, Jump-Started: World War II R&D and the Takeoff of the US Innovation System.” American Economic Review 113(12): 3323–3356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruber, Jonathan, and Johnson, Simon. 2019. Jump-Starting America: How Breakthrough Science Can Revive Economic Growth and the American Dream. London: Hachette UK.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Papaioannou, Ellias. 2022. “The Political Economy of Populism.” Journal of Economic Literature 60(3): 753–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, Stephen, Elis, Roy, and Horrillo, Jordan. 2022. “The Ecological Origins of Economic and Political Systems.” http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3958073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Jinyong, and Hausman, Jerry. 2003. “Weak Instruments: Diagnosis and Cures in Empirical Econometrics.” American Economic Review 93(2): 118–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakobyan, Shushanik, and McLaren, John. 2016. “Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA.” Review of Economics and Statistics 98(4): 728–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hean, Oudom, and Partridge, Mark. 2021. “The Impact of Metropolitan Technology on the Non-Metropolitan Labor Market: Evidence from US Patents.” Regional Studies 56(3): 476–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hejny, Jessica. 2018. “The Trump Administration and Environmental Policy: Reagan Redux?.” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 8(2): 197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Seth, Hopkins, Daniel, and Huber, Gregory. 2019. “Local Demographic Changes and US Presidential Voting, 2012 to 2016.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(50): 25023–25028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiscox, Michael. 2002. “Commerce, Coalitions, and Factor Mobility: Evidence from Congressional Votes on Trade Legislation.” American Political Science Review 96(3): 593–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, Bradley. 2016. “Inside Donald Trump’s Data Analytics Team on Election Night.” Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/inside-donald-trumps-data-analytics-team-on-election-night-1478725225.Google Scholar
Howe, Peter D., Mildenberger, Matto, Marlon, Jennifer R., and Leiserowitz, Anthony. 2015. “Geographic Variation in Opinions on Climate Change at State and Local Scales in the USA.” Nature Climate Change 5(6): 596–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, Katy. 2020. “Lost and Found: Trump, Biden, and White Working-Class Voters.” Atlantisch Perspectief 44(5): 11–16.Google Scholar
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2022. Clash of Empires: From Chimerica to the New Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurt, Shelley. 2015. “The Military’s Hidden Hand: Examining the Dual-use Origins of Biotechnology in the American Context, 1969–1972.” In State of Innovation: The Politics of Knowledge Production in the Modern Era, eds., Block, Fred L. and Keller, Matthew R.. New York: Routledge: 31–56.Google Scholar
Zhen Jie, Im, Mayer, Nonna, Palier, Bruno, and Rovny, Jan. 2019. “The Losers of Automation’: A Reservoir of Votes for the Radical Right?” Research & Politics 6(1): 2053168018822395.Google Scholar
Irwin, Douglas. 2017. Clashing over Commerce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isard, Walter. 1962. Awards of Prime Military Contracts by County, State and Metropolitan Area of the United States, Fiscal Year 1960. Regional Science Research Institute.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2020. Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jacoby, Wade. 2020. “Surplus Germany.” German Politics 29(3): 498–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judis, John. 2016. The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judis, John and Teixeira, Ruy. 2023. Where Have All the Democrats Gone? The Soul of the Party in the Age of Extremes. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Karl, Thomas, and Koss, Walter. 1984. “Regional and National Monthly, Seasonal and Annual Temperature Weighted by Area, 1895–1983.” Historical Climatology Series 4–3.Google Scholar
Kazin, Michael. 1998. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Cornell: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, William, and Nanda, Ramana. 2013. “Location Choice for New Ventures: Cities.” Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Case. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kevles, Daniel. 1977. “Foundation and the Debate over Postwar Research Policy.” Isis 68(241): 5–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalifa, Sherif. 2022. Geography and the Wealth of Nations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kim, In Song. 2017. “Political Cleavages within Industry: Firm-level Lobbying for Trade Liberalization.” American Political Science Review 111(1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosseff, Jeff. 2019. The Twenty-Six Words that Created the Internet. Cornell: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi, and Kenneth, Sokoloff. 2007. “Introduction: The Organization and Finance of Innovation in American History.” In Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to Present, eds., Naomi Lamoreaux and Sokoloff, Kenneth. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press: 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapowsky, Issie. 2016. “Trump’s Plan for American-Made iPhones Would Be Disastrous.” Wired Magazine. www.wired.com/2016/03/trump-wont-get-apple-make-iphones-shouldnt/.Google Scholar
Lapowsky, Issie. 2018. “The Lasting Impacts of Trump’s First Year.” Wired. www.wired.com/story/trump-first-year-impact-on-innovation/.Google Scholar
Leduc, Sylvain, and Liu, Zheng. 2023. “Automation, Bargaining Power, and Labor Market Fluctuations.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Michelle. 2016. “Donald Trump Flip-Flops, then Flips and Flops More on H-1B Visas.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-flip-flops-then-flips-and-flops-more-on-h-1b-visas/.Google Scholar
Leibovici, Fernando, and Dunn, Jason. 2022. “U.S. Trade of Semiconductors: Cross-Country Patterns and Historical Dynamics.” Economic Synopses (31): 1–3.Google Scholar
Leip, David. 1992. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. http://uselectionatlas.org.Google Scholar
Leip, David. 1996. Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. http://uselectionatlas.org.Google Scholar
Mariotti, Sergio. 2022. “A Warning from the Russian–Ukrainian War: Avoiding a Future that Rhymes with the Past.” Journal of Industrial and Business Economics 49(4): 761–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markusen, Ann, and Bloch, Robert. 1985. “Defensive Cities: Military Spending, High Technology and Human Settlements.” High Technology, Space and Society: 106–120.Google Scholar
Marshall, Alfred, and Paley Marshall, Mary. 1920. The Economics of Industry. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, Maria, 2011. The Entrepreneurial State. London: Penguin Random House.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuarrie, Michael. 2017. “The Revolt of the Rust Belt: Place and Politics in the Age of Anger.” The British Journal of Sociology 68(1): 120–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menaldo, Victor. 2021. “Do Patents Foster International Technology Transfer?” In The Battle Over Patents: History and Politics of Innovation, eds., Haber, Stephen and Lamoreaux, Naomi. London: Oxford University Press: 69–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menaldo, Victor, and Wittstock, Nicolas. 2021. “Does Technology Transfer from the US to China Harm American Firms, Workers, and Consumers? A Historical and Analytic Investigation.” Economic and Political Studies 9(4): 417–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mervis, Jeffrey. 2018. “Trump Emphasizes Workforce Training in New Vision for STEM Education.” Science. www.science.org/content/article/trump-emphasizes-workforce-training-new-vision-stem-education.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettler, Suzanne. 2011. The Submerged State: How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Chris. 2022. Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Josh. 2022. “Red States Are Winning the Post-Pandemic Economy. Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/red-states-winning-post-pandemic-economy-migration-11657030536.Google Scholar
Moretti, Enrico. 2012. The New Geography of Jobs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Morgan, Stephen, and Lee, Jiwon. 2018. “Trump Voters and the White Working Class.” Sociological Science 5: 234–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, Cas. 2004. The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39(4): 541–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullins, Brody. 2023. “How Republicans and Big Business Broke up.” The Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/republicans-corporations-donations-pacs-9b5b202b.Google Scholar
Muro, Mark, and You, Yang. 2022. “Superstars, Rising Stars, and the Rest: Pandemic Trends and Shifts in The Geography of Tech.” Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/research/superstars-rising-stars-and-the-rest-pandemic-trends-and-shifts-in-the-geography-of-tech/.Google Scholar
Muro, Mark, Maxim, Robert, and Whiton, Jacob. 2019. “Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How Machines are Affecting People and Places.” Brookings Institution. https://onwork.edu.au/bibitem/2019-Muro,M-Maxim,R-etal-Automation+and+artificial+intelligence+How+machines+are+affecting+people+and+places/.Google Scholar
Mutz, Diana. 2018. “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(19): E4330–E4339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Academy of Sciences. 1995. Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Science Foundation. History. https://new.nsf.gov/about/history.Google Scholar
Nellis, Stephen, Alper, Alexandra, Bartz, Diane, and Freifeld, Karen. 2019. “US Chipmakers Quietly Lobby to Ease Huawei Ban.” Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-tech-usa-lobbying/us-chipmakers-quietly-lobby-to-ease-huawei-ban-sources-idUSKCN1TH0VA.Google Scholar
Nelson, Richard, and Wright, Gavin. 1992. “The Rise and Fall of American Technological Leadership: The Postwar Era in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Economic Literature 30(4): 1931–1964.Google Scholar
Nevo, Aviv, and Rosen, Adam. 2012. “Identification with Imperfect Instruments.” Review of Economics and Statistics 94(3): 659–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Mara, Margaret. 2005. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Mara, Margaret, 2020. The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
O’Mara, M. (2022). The Gilded Elevator: TECH IN THE TIME OF TRUMP. In The Presidency of Donald J. Trump: A First Historical Assessment, ed. Zelizer, J. E.. Princeton University Press: 219–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv201xj05.15.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin. 2001. “Globalization and Inequality: Historical Trends. 2002.” Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Washington, DC: 39–67.Google Scholar
Osgood, Iain. 2018. “Globalizing the Supply Chain: Firm and Industrial Support for US Trade Agreements.” International Organization 72(2): 455–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pacewicz, Josh. 2016. “Here’s the Real Reason Rust Belt Cities and Towns Voted for Trump.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/20/heres-the-real-reason-rust-belt-cities-and-towns-voted-for-trump/.Google Scholar
Palmer, Annie. 2020. “Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates, and Other Tech luminaries React to Biden’s Victory.” CNBC. www.cnbc.com/2020/11/07/jeff-bezos-bill-gates-and-other-tech-luminaries-react-to-biden-win.html.Google Scholar
Perlstein, Joanna. 2016. “Techies Donate to Clinton in Droves. To Trump? Not So Much.” Wired Magazine. www.wired.com/2016/08/techies-donate-clinton-droves-trump-not-much/.Google Scholar
Petralia, Sergio, Balland, Pierre-Alexandre, and Rigby, David. 2016. “Unveiling the Geography of Historical Patents in the United States from 1836 to 1975.” Scientific Data (3): 160074. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrova, Maria, Schubert, Gregor, and Yildirim, Pinar. 2024. “Automation, Loss of Jobs, and Support for Populism.” Mimeo, Wharton.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital In the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pistor, Katharina. 2019. The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Michael. 1998. “Clusters and the New Economics of Competition.” Boston: Harvard Business Review 76(6): 77–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Triangle Park, Research. 2018. “The Transformative Impact of the Research Triangle Park – A Case Study.” Research Triangle Park (rtp.org).Google Scholar
The Republican National Convention. 2016. Republican Party Platform. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2016-republican-party-platform.Google Scholar
Rho, Sungmin, and Tomz, Michael. 2017. “Why Don’t Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest?” International Organization 71(1): 85–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, Melinda, and Young You, Hye. 2021. “Trump and Trade: Protectionist Politics and Redistributive Policy.” Journal of Politics 83(2): 800–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Billy. 2014. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Solid Biomass in the United States. www.nrel.gov/gis/biomass.html. Accessed: March 25, 2022.Google Scholar
Rodden, Jonathan. 2019. Why Cities Lose: The Deep Roots of the Urban-Rural Political Divide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald. 1987. “Political Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Trade.” American Political Science Review 81(4): 1121–1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romer, Paul, 1993. “Idea Gaps and Object Gaps in Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32(3): 543–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romm, Tony. 2017. “How Donald Trump Crippled US Technology and Science Policy.” Vox. www.vox.com/2017/3/31/15139966/trump-white-house-technology-science-policy.Google Scholar
Ruffini, Patrick. 2023. Party of the People: Inside the Multiracial Populist Coalition Remaking the GOP. New York: Simon & SchusterGoogle Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Slaughter, Matthew. 2001. “What Determines Individual Trade-Policy Preferences?” Journal of International Economics 54(2): 267–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrank, Andrew. 2015. “Green Capitalists in a Purple State: Sandia National Laboratories and the Renewable Energy Industry in New Mexico.” In State of Innovation: The Politics of Knowledge Production in the Modern Era, eds., Block, Fred L. and Keller, Matthew R.. New York: Routledge: 96–108.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Herman Mark. 2019. “American Hegemony: Intellectual Property Rights, Dollar Centrality, and Infrastructural Power.” Review of International Political Economy 26(3): 490–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Herman Mark. 2021. “Mo’patents, Mo’problems: Corporate Strategy, Structure, and Profitability in America’s Political Economy.” In The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, eds., Hacker, Jacob S., Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander, Pierson, Paul, and Kathleen, Thelen. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 247–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, Susan. 2003. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, Gabriel. 2016. “Operation Trump: Inside the Most Unorthodox Campaign in Political History.” New York Magazine 3. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/04/inside-the-donald-trump-presidential-campaign.html.Google Scholar
Sherman, Ryne. 2018. “Personal Values and Support for Donald Trump during the 2016 US Presidential Primary.” Personality and Individual Differences 128(1): 33–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, Nicholas. 2022. “The Politics of the American Knowledge Economy.” Studies in American Political Development 36(1): 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, David, and Hanley, Eric. 2018. “The Anger Games: Who Voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 Election, and Why?” Critical Sociology 44(2): 195–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Katie. 2016. “An Open Letter from Technology Sector Leaders on Donald Trump’s Candidacy for President.” Medium. https://medium.com/newco/an-open-letter-from-technology-sector-leaders-on-donald-trumps-candidacy-for-president-5bf734c159e4#.nfpczjhlq.Google Scholar
Stevens, Ashley. 2004. The Enactment of Bayh–Dole. The Journal of Technology Transfer 29(1): 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stock, James, Wright, Jonathan, and Yogo, Motohiro. 2002. “A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 20(4): 518–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolper, Wolfgang, and Samuelson, Paul. 1941. “Protection and Real Wages.” The Review of Economic Studies 9(1): 58–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanson, Ana. 2021. “In Washington, ‘Free Trade’ Is NO Longer Gospel.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/business/economy/free-trade-biden-tai.html.Google Scholar
Swisher, Kara, and Fried, Ina. 2017. “Apple CEO Tim Cook on Trump’s Muslim Ban: ‘Apple Would Not Exist without Immigration … It is Not a Policy we Support.’” Vox. www.vox.com/2017/1/28/14425952/tim-cook-donald-trump.Google Scholar
Taylor, Edward, and Rinke, Andreas. 2017. “Trump Threatens German Carmakers with 35 Percent US Import Tariff.” Reuters Business News. www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-germany-autos-idUKKBN1500VJ.Google Scholar
Tesler, Michael. 2016. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thewissen, Stefan, and Rueda, David. 2019. “Automation and the Welfare State: Technological Change as a Determinant of Redistribution Preferences.” Comparative Political Studies 52(2): 171–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trump, Donald. 2016a. “Donald Trump: Disappearing Middle Class Needs Better Deal on Trade.” USA Today. www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2016/03/14/donald-trump-tpp-trade-american-manufacturing-jobs-workers-column/81728584/.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald. 2016b. Declaring American Economic Independence. Trump/ Pence Campaign, June 28. www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-addresses-re-declaring-our-american-independence.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald. 2016c. Campaign Speech in Arizona. Donald Trump’s Full Immigration Speech, Annotated. LA Times. www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-donald-trump-immigration-speech-transcript-20160831-snap-htmlstory.html.Google Scholar
The Trump Archive. www.thetrumparchive.com/. Accessed: March 5, 2022.Google Scholar
Tucker, Patrick, Torres, Michelle, Sinclair, Betsy, and Smith, Steven. 2019. “Pathways to Trump: Republican Voters in 2016.” Electoral Studies 61: 102035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Census Bureau (1931). 1930 Census: Volume 1. Population, Number and Distribution of Inhabitants. www.census.gov/library/publications/1931/dec/1930a-vol-01-population.html.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau (2000). 2000 Census. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/decennial-publications.2000.html.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. 2021. Historical Income Tables. Historical Income Tables: Counties (census.gov). Accessed: March 25, 2022.Google Scholar
US. Climate Divisional Database. 2024. www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/county/mapping. Accessed: March 25, 2022. www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/divisional/mapping.Google Scholar
US Energy Information Administration. 2022. “Biomass Explained.” www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/. Accessed: March 27, 2022.Google Scholar
US Patent and Trademark Office. Patent Technology Monitoring Team (PTMT). 2022. www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/reports_cbsa.htm. Accessed: March 25, 2022.Google Scholar
US Trade Representative. 2021. “2021 Trade Policy Agenda and 2020 Annual Report of The President of The United States on the Trade Agreements Program.” Online PDF 2021 Trade Policy Agenda and 2020 Annual Report.pdf (ustr.gov).Google Scholar
United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2000. Technology Assessment and Forecast Report. www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/county.pdf.Google Scholar
Varas, Antonio, and Varadarajan, Raj. 2020. “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership in Semiconductors.” BCG Report 9.Google Scholar
Viner, Jacob. 2016. Studies in the Theory of International Trade. New York: Routledge Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldorf, Brigitte, and Kim, Ayoung. 2015. “Defining and Measuring Rurality in the US: From Typologies to Continuous Indices.” In Commissioned Manuscript Presented at the Workshop on Rationalizing Rural Area Classifications, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Warf, Barney, and Winsberg, Mort. 2008. “The Geography of Religious Diversity in the United States.” The Professional Geographer 60(3): 413–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Lauren, Grant, Peter, and Hoffman, Liz. 2022. “Big Cities Can’t Get Workers Back to the Office.” Wall Street Journal. www.wsj.com/articles/office-remote-work-new-york-11657130765.Google Scholar
Williams, Joan C. 2017. White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America. Boston: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Joan. 2020. “How Biden Won Back (Enough of) the White Working Class. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/11/how-biden-won-back-enough-of-the-white-working-class.Google Scholar
Nicolas., Wittstock 2024. US Clean Energy Innovation-Fingerprints of the Military’s Green Thumb. Working Paper. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4730197 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4730197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, Shang-Jin, and Wu, Yi. 2001. “Globalization and Inequality: Evidence from within China.” National Bureau of Economic Research. No. w8611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, Linda. 2014. America Inc.?: Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State. Cornell: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
White House. 2021. Press Release. www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/08/statement-of-president-joe-biden-on-senate-passage-of-the-u-s-innovation-and-competition-act/.Google Scholar
White House. 2023. “The Biden-Harris Administration’s Investing in America Agenda: Delivering for Wisconsin.” IIA-All-State-Fact-Sheets-Wisconsin.pdf (whitehouse.gov).Google Scholar
Williams, Joan. 2020. “How Biden Won Back (Enough of) the White Working Class. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/11/how-biden-won-back-enough-of-the-white-working-class.Google Scholar
Williams, Joan. 2019. White Working Class: Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin. 2020. “World War II, the Cold War, and the Knowledge Economies of the Pacific Coast.” In World War II and the West It Wrought, eds., Brilliant, Mark and Kennedy, David M. . Stanford: Stanford University Press: 74–99.Google Scholar
Xu, Xu, Watts, Alison, and Reed, Markum. 2019. “Does Access to the Internet Promote Innovation? A Look at the US Broadband Industry.” Growth and Change 50(4): 1423–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

U.S. Innovation Inequality and Trumpism
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

U.S. Innovation Inequality and Trumpism
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

U.S. Innovation Inequality and Trumpism
Available formats
×