Ethnicity and Empire in Kenya: Loyalty and Martial Race among the Kamba, c.1800 to the Present

Myles Osborne

doi:10.1017/CBO9781107447714

References

Bibliography

Interviews

As I began research on this project in 2003, I quickly realized that oral interviews would be essential for reconstructing Kamba history, especially due to the dearth of available published sources. A significant amount of this book, therefore, is built from the testimony of more than 150 interviewees. The names of the locations where the interviews were conducted appear in the footnotes, and broader details about the interviews themselves appear below.

The majority of interview subjects were Kamba, but the remainder included Kikuyu, Embu, Meru, and Maasai, as well as European settlers and former district officials. Interviewees’ testimonies are quoted anonymously in most cases in the text. In several instances, I have attached a pseudonym to an interviewee whose life history I have expanded upon to illustrate some broader point. Where this occurs, it is identified in the footnotes. Actual names are only used in cases where I received specific permission from the subject to use his or her words and name in this book, and still have an intact recording of that oral consent.

The collection of oral testimonies involved working with a research assistant, Mwendwa Musyimi. Mwendwa and I covered almost the entirety of Ukambani on foot, on the backs of bicycles ridden by their kindly and perspiring owners, and in crowded matatus. We used public transport to get to each and every interview, never once setting foot in a private vehicle. As much of Ukambani is hilly and has few roads, we commonly covered more than ten miles in a day on foot to reach remote villages. We slept in small “hotels” and in the homes of strangers.

This approach presented the opportunity to speak with many people along the road, in various shops, and in tiny teahouses. We gleaned much information and anecdotal evidence in this fashion. It was – and is – my belief that walking the routes to and from the markets with Kamba men and women earned us a level of acceptance in the communities we visited, which would not have been possible if we had arrived in a shiny four-wheel-drive vehicle. We found that people welcomed us into their homes to do interviews when they saw that we had acquired the same dark red dirt from the road that they accumulated each day.

Mwendwa and I carried out interviews in whatever language the subject felt most comfortable. This was typically Kikamba, as few of the older generations speak Swahili or English. In all interviews conducted in Kikamba, Mwendwa provided translation; while I conducted interviews in Swahili and English, my Kikamba language skills were not sufficient to adequately fulfill this charge, though I could comprehend portions of the conversations. Interviews were loosely based on a preprepared questionnaire, though they typically deviated instantly from its content and rarely returned. They usually followed a pattern where I began by asking, “Tell me about the time when you grew up” and then prompted the subject through the telling of his or her life story. I typically asked small points of detail or clarification during this recounting, and then returned to topics in which I was interested later in the interview.

I tape-recorded almost every interview, and both Mwendwa and I took copious notes. After we completed an interview, we discussed it in detail the same evening, and compared our written records. Where we found discrepancies, we returned to the tape to correct any errors. I then asked Mwendwa to relisten to the tape and remove an average of around ten quotes or perhaps several stories in which I was interested. He then transcribed the words in Swahili or Kikamba, and we discussed the most appropriate English translations that remained faithful to the original sense of the words.

All interview materials remain in my possession.

Interviews conducted by the author (the majority with the assistance of Mwendwa Musyimi)
Interviews 1–23. Dates: July 7–28, 2004
Locations: Ngelani, Mutituni, Mitaboni
District: Machakos
Sex ratio: 15 men, 8 women

Interviews 24–49. Dates: July 5–August 4, 2005
Locations: Mitaboni, Mbooni, Kitundu, Okia, Kee, Mulala, Emali, Nzambani
Districts: Machakos, Makueni
Sex ratio: 21 men, 5 women

Interviews 50–75. Dates: July 24–December 1, 2006
Locations: Changwithia, Kitui Town, Miu, Kanzalu, Tala, Kiima Kimwe, Yathui, Mumbuni, Mulango
Districts: Machakos, Kitui, Nairobi
Sex ratio: 17 men, 9 women

Interviews 76–137. Dates: May 11–July 4, 2009
Locations: Kirimara, Ngelani, Kiine, Kanziku, Ikutha, Simisi, Kiomo, Mwingi, Mivukoni, Tseikuru
Districts: Meru, Machakos, Kirinyaga, Kitui, Mwingi
Sex ratio: 34 men, 28 women

Interviews 138–142. Dates: April 4–11, 2011
Locations: Athi River, Mukaa
Districts: Kajiado, Makueni
Sex ratio: 5 men, 0 women

Interviews 143–152. Dates: May 14–16, 2012
Locations: Mukaa, Kabaa, Mbooni
Districts: Makueni, Machakos
Sex ratio: 8 men, 2 women

Interviews conducted by Jeremy Newman (with various translators)
David Kaindi, Mbooni, February 13, 1974
John Muiya Kivati, Tala, December 10, 1973
Mwinzi Mala, Tawa, November 2, 1974
Elijah Mbondu, Tala, November 26, 1973
Mary Muendi, Okia, March 5, 1974
Mukonzo, Kee, January 4, 1974
Kavula Muli, Matungulu, December 12, 1973
Paolo Musau, Tala, June 30, 1973
Elijah Mutambuuki, Tala, July 1, 1973
Isaac Mwalonzi, Ngelani, January 17, 1974
Nduba Mwatu, Ngelani, August 31, 1974
Ishmael Mwendwa, Tala, June 16, 1973
Zachayo Ngao, Kiteta, November 2, 1974

Archival sources

The list below contains collections referenced in the book’s text. In addition to the archives below, several files from the following collections were also consulted. In Kenya: the University of Nairobi Library and McMillan Library, both in Nairobi; and in the United Kingdom: the University of Nottingham Library, Nottingham; the British Library Newspaper Library, London; and the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives at King’s College, London. Specific references for all files appear in the footnotes.

Kenya National Archives, Nairobi

AB – Community Development
AG – Attorney General
AHC – Office of Information/Press Office
ARC (MD) – Ministry of Defence
BB – Eastern Province, Embu
CS – Chief Secretary
DC/KTI and MV – District Commissioner, Kitui
DC/MKS – District Commissioner, Machakos
DC/MSA – District Commissioner, Mombasa
DC/TURK – District Commissioner, Turkana
MAA – Ministry of African Affairs
MAC/KEN – Murumbi Africana Collection
MSS/23 – Papers of T. H. R. Cashmore
MSS/100 – Papers of George Pearson
MSS/120 – Papers of Tom Askwith
MW – Ministry of Works
Papers of the East African Indian National Congress (microfilm), Reel 8
PC/CP – Provincial Commissioner, Central Province
PC/NKU – Provincial Commissioner, Nakuru
PC/SP – Provincial Commissioner, Southern Province
PDA/EMB – Provincial Director of Agriculture, Embu
TC – Taveta Chronicle

National Archives of the United Kingdom, London

CAB 129 – Cabinet Memoranda
CO 533 – Colonial Office: Kenya Original Correspondence
CO 822 – Colonial Office: East Africa Original Correspondence
WO 236 – War Office: Papers of General Sir George Erskine
WO 276 – War Office: East Africa Command Papers

Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford

Mss. Afr. s. 54–57 – Papers of Francis George Hall
Mss. Afr. r. 143–148 – Papers of C. W. Hobley
Mss. Afr. s. 377–382 – Papers of John Ainsworth
Mss. Afr. s. 391 – Papers of J. A. Stuart Watt
Mss. Afr. s. 746 – Papers of Sir Michael Blundell
Mss. Afr. s. 755 – Papers of Colin Maher
Mss. Afr. s. 771 – Papers of Robert Foran
Mss. Afr. s. 1120 – Papers of Sir Robert Brooke-Popham
Mss. Afr. s. 1426 – Interview with Sir Roger Swynnerton
Mss. Afr. s. 1469 – Papers of J. W. Balfour
Mss. Afr. s. 1580 – Papers of Sir W. R. Hinde
Mss. Afr. s. 1715 – Papers of the King’s African Rifles
Mss. Brit. Emp. s. 22 – Papers of the Anti-Slavery Society

Africa Inland Mission Archives, Nairobi

Box 2 – Correspondence of Elwood Davis
Box 3 – Correspondence of Lee Downing
Box 4 – Correspondence of W. J. Guilding
Box 5 – Correspondence of George Rhoad
Box 6 – Correspondence of Harmon Nixon
Box 8 – Correspondence of LeRoy and Emma Farnsworth
Box 10 – Mission Station Reports and Statistics
Box 15 – Regional Church Councils

Billy Graham Center Archives and Wheaton College Archives and Special Collections, Wheaton, IL

BGC 81 – Africa Inland Mission, International
SC/165 – Diary of Gordon Rhoad

Church Missionary Society Archives, Birmingham, UK

CA5M2 – Mission Book, 1846–1856
CA5O16 – Original Papers, 1841–1880

Imperial War Museum, London

Oral History 3935 – Major William Cockcraft, September 25, 1978
Oral History 10257 – Frank Wilson, July 19, 1978

Government publications

Corfield, F. D.Historical Survey of the Origins and Growth of Mau Mau. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1960.

Coutts, W. F.Report of the Commissioner Appointed to Enquire into Methods for the Selection of African Representatives to the Legislative Council. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1956.

Great Britain. Colonial Office Annual Report: Kenya: 1946. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1948.

Great Britain. Joint Committee on Closer Union in East Africa, Vol. II. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1931.

Great Britain. Kenya: Report of the Regional Boundaries Commission. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1962.

Great Britain. Papers Relating to the Mombasa Railway Survey and Uganda. Parliamentary Papers: Africa No. 4, May 1892.

Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1917-1951. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1918–1952.

Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, 1961. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1962.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. African Affairs Department Annual Report, 1948. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1950.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. African Development in Kenya, 1946–1955: Land, Livestock and Water. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1953.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. African Land Development in Kenya, 1946–1955. Nairobi: Published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Water Resources, 1956.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. African Population of Kenya Colony and Protectorate: Geographical and Tribal Studies. Nairobi: East African Statistical Department, 1950.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Kenya Land Commission: Evidence, Vol. II. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1933.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Kenya Police Annual Reports, 1938–1953. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1939–1954.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Legislative Council Debates, 1938–1947. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1939–1948.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Progress Report on Demobilization No. 3, June 1945. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1946.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Report of the Agricultural Commission. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1929.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Report of the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Examine the Labour Conditions in Mombasa. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1939.

Kenya, Colony and Protectorate of. Report of the Meat and Live Stock Inquiry Committee. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1937.

Kenya, Republic of. Kenya Population Census, 1962, Vol. I. Nairobi: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, 1964–1966.

Swynnerton, Roger. A Plan to Intensify the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1954.

Other periodicals and newspapers

Akamba
Daily Chronicle
Daily Telegraph (London)
East African Standard
Hearing and Doing
Inland Africa
Kenya Times
Manchester Guardian
Nation
New Statesman and Nation
The New York Times
The Times (London)

Personal communications

Dick Cashmore, various, 2011–2012
Jeremiah Kitunda, February 15, 2008; various, 2011
John Nottingham, various, 2005–2012

Websites

Mutungi, Richard. “Kamba Community in Kenya Politics.” Accessed April 15, 2013. www.kenya-today.com/opinion/kamba-community-in-kenya-politics.

Mzee, Mbuzi. “Kalonzo Tells Kamba to be Ready for a Run-Off and Calls Those Who Defected to Uhuru/Ruto Traitors.” Accessed March 28, 2013. www.mbuzimzee.blogspot.com/2013/03/kalonzo-tells-kamba-to-be-ready-for-run.html.

SSS, Senior. “The Kamba Community.” Accessed April 19, 2013. www.kenyanlist.com/kls-listing-show.php?id=121248.

Kikamba vocabularies, dictionaries, and grammars

Africa Inland Mission Language Committee in Ukamba. A Kikamba–English Dictionary, 3rd edition. Nairobi: The Literacy Centre of Kenya for Afrolit Association, 1970 [1939].

Bleek, Wilhelm. A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages. London: Trübner, 1862.

Farnsworth, Emma. Kamba Grammar. Nairobi: Published under the Auspices of the Africa Inland Mission, 1957.

Hinde, Hildegarde. Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu Languages. Cambridge: The University Press, 1904.

Krapf, Johann. Vocabulary of Six East-African Languages: Kisuaheli, Kinika, Kikamba, Kipokomo, Kihiau, Kigalla. Tübingen, Germany: L. F. Fues, 1850.

Last, J. T.Grammar of the Kamba Language, Eastern Equatorial Africa. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885.

Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885.

Mbiti, John. English–Kamba Vocabulary. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1958.

Mwau, John. Kikamba Dictionary. Nairobi: J. H. Mwau, 2006.

Shaw, Archibald. A Pocket Vocabulary of the Ki-swahili, Ki-nyika, Ki-taita, and Ki-kamba Languages. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885.

Whiteley, Wilfred and Matthew Muli. Practical Introduction to Kikamba. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Biblical translations in Kikamba

Africa Inland Mission, with Aaron Kasyoki and Jeremiah Kyeva, trans. Maandĩko Matheu ma Ngai metawa Mbivilia nĩmo Űtianĩo Mũkũũ na Űtianĩo Mweũ (The Bible). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1956.

Brutzer, Ernst, trans. Meka ma Atume (Acts of the Apostles). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1904.

Krapf, Johann, trans. Evangelio ta Yunaolete Malkosi (St. Mark’s Gospel). Tübingen, Germany: L. F. Fues, 1850.

Pfitzinger, H., trans. Mataio (St. Matthew’s Gospel). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1909.

Rhoad, George, trans. Maliko (St. Mark’s Gospel). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1915.

Rhoad, George, Yoana (St. John’s Gospel). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1916.

Rhoad, George and Africa Inland Mission, trans. Űtianĩo Mweũ wa Mwĩaĩi na Mutangĩĩi waitũ Yesũ Klĩsto (New Testament). London: British and Foreign Bible Society, 1920.

Rhoad, George et al., trans. Luka (St. Luke’s Gospel). Nairobi: Bible Society in East Africa, 1966 [?1926].

Unpublished theses and papers

Cummings, Robert. “Aspects of Human Porterage with Special Reference to the Akamba of Kenya: Towards an Economic History, 1820–1920.” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1975.

Grignon, François. “Le politicien entrepreneur et son terroir: Paul Ngei à Kangundo (Kenya), 1945–1990.” PhD dissertation, Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, 1997.

Herskovits, Melville. “The Cattle Complex in East Africa.” PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1923.

Jackson, Kennell. “An Ethnohistorical Study of the Oral Traditions of the Akamba of Kenya.” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1972.

Mueller, Susanne. “Political Parties in Kenya: Patterns of Opposition and Dissent, 1919–1969.” PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 1972.

Onneweer, Maarten. “Redeeming Ukamba Word and World, 1893–1905.” Unpublished paper, 2007.

Osborne, Myles. “Changing Kamba, Making Kenya, c. 1880–1964.” PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 2008.

Prins, Martine. “Uneasy Alliance: Machakos District: Political Developments in a Framework of Collaboration, 1938–69.” PhD dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1997.

Schleh, Eugene. “Post-service Careers of African World War Two Veterans: British East and West Africa with Particular Reference to Ghana and Uganda.” PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1968.

Waller, Richard. “The Lords of East Africa: The Maasai in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, c. 1840–1885.” PhD dissertation, Cambridge University, 1978.

Books and articles

Ainsworth, John. “On a Journey from Machako’s to Kitwyi.” Geographical Journal 7 (1896): 406–412.

Allman, Jean. “Be(com)ing Asante, Be(com)ing Akan: Thoughts on Gender, Identity and the Colonial Encounter.” In Ethnicity in Ghana: The Limits of Invention, edited by Carola Lentz and Paul Nugent, 97–118. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, 2000.

Alpers, Edward. Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

Ambler, Charles. Kenyan Communities in the Age of Imperialism: The Central Region in the Late Nineteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

Ambler, Charles. “Population Movement, Social Formation and Exchange: Central Kenya in the Nineteenth Century.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 18 (1985): 201–222.

Ambler, Charles. “Projecting the Modern Colonial State: Mobile Cinema in Kenya.” In Film and the End of Empire, edited by Lee Grieveson and Colin MacCabe, 197–224. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Ambler, Charles. “‘What Is The World Going To Come To?’ Prophecy and Colonialism in Central Kenya.” In Revealing Prophets: Prophecy in East African History, edited by David Anderson and Douglas Johnson, 221–239. London: James Currey, 1995.

Amutabi, Maurice. “Power and Influence of African Court Clerks and Translators in Colonial Kenya: The Case of Khwisero Native (African) Court, 1946–1956.” In Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa, edited by Benjamin Lawrance, EmilyOsborn, and Richard Roberts, 202–219. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.

Anderson, David. “Depression, Dust Bowl, Demography, and Drought: The Colonial State and Soil Conservation in East Africa during the 1930s.” African Affairs 83 (1984): 321–343.

Anderson, David. Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.

Anderson, David and David Throup. “Africans and Agricultural Production in Colonial Kenya: The Myth of the War as a Watershed.” Journal of African History 26 (1985): 327–345.

Anderson, Dick. We Felt Like Grasshoppers: The Story of the Africa Inland Mission. Nottingham, UK: Crossway Books, 1994.

Anonymous. “The African Brotherhood Church.” Ecumenical Review 24 (1972): 145–159.

Arkell-Hardwick, Alfred. Ivory Trader: The Record of an Expedition Through Kikuyu to Galla-land in East Equatorial Africa. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1903.

Atieno Odhiambo, E. S.The Paradox of Collaboration and Other Essays. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1974.

Atkinson, Ronald. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.

Barlow, Arthur. Tentative Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom. London: Printed for the Foreign Mission Committee of the Church of Scotland and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge by W. Blackwood, 1914.

Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Their Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1969.

Beachey, R. W. “The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of African History 8 (1967): 269–290.

Beecher, Leonard and Gladys Beecher. Kikuyu–English Dictionary. Nairobi: Church Missionary Society Bookshop, 1938.

Benson, T. G.Kikuyu–English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

Berman, Bruce. The Dialectic of Domination: Control, Crisis, and the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895–1963. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1990.

Berry, Sara. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

Boteler, Thomas. Narrative of a Voyage of Discovery to Africa and Arabia, Vol. II. London: R. Bentley, 1835.

Branch, Daniel. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Branch, Daniel. “Loyalists, Mau Mau, and Elections in Kenya: The First Triumph of the System, 1957–1958.” Africa Today 53 (2006): 27–50.

Brands, Hal. “Wartime Recruiting Practices, Martial Identity and Post-World War II Demobilisation in Colonial Kenya.” Journal of African History 46 (2005): 103–125.

Bravman, Bill. Making Ethnic Ways: Communities and Their Transformation in Taita, Kenya, 1800–1950. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998.

Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper. “Beyond ‘Identity.’” Theory and Society 29 (2000): 1–47.

Burton, Antoinette. At the Heart of the Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Burton, Richard. Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast, Vol. II. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1872.

Burton, Richard and John Speke. “A Coasting Voyage from Mombasa to the Pangani River.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 28 (1858): 188–226.

Campbell, Guy. The Charging Buffalo: A History of the Kenya Regiment. London: Cooper in Association with Secker and Warburg, 1986.

Caplan, Lionel. Warrior Gentleman: “Gurkhas” in the Western Imagination. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995.

Carotenuto, Matthew. “Repatriation in Colonial Kenya: African Institutions and Gendered Violence.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 45 (2012): 9–28.

Carotenuto, Matthew. “Riwruok E Teko: Cultivating Identity in Colonial and Postcolonial Kenya.” Africa Today 53 (2006): 53–73.

Chanler, William. Through Jungle and Desert: Travels in Eastern Africa. New York: Macmillan, 1896.

Chanock, Martin. Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Church Missionary Society. Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East. London: The Society, 1906.

Clayton, Anthony. Communication for New Loyalties: African Soldiers’ Songs. Athens: Ohio Center for International Studies, 1978.

Clayton, Anthony and David Killingray. Khaki and Blue: Military and Police in British Colonial Africa. Athens: Ohio Center for International Studies, 1989.

Clough, Marshall. Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory, and Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.

Cole, Jennifer. Forget Colonialism? Sacrifice and the Art of Memory in Madagascar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Cooper, Frederick. Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Cooper, Frederick. On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.

Cooper, Frederick. “Writing the History of Development.” Journal of Modern European History 10 (2010): 5–23.

Cummings, Robert. “The Early Development of Akamba Local Trade History, c. 1780–1820.” Kenya Historical Review 4 (1976): 85–110.

Decle, Lionel. Three Years in Savage Africa. London: Methuen & Co., 1898.

de Luna, Kathryn. “Hunting Reputations: Talent, Individuals, and Community in Precolonial South Africa.” Journal of African History 53 (2012): 279–299.

Dirks, Nicholas. Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Douglas-Home, Charles. Evelyn Baring: The Last Proconsul. London: Collins, 1978.

Dundas, Charles. “History of Kitui.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 43 (1913): 480–549.

Dundas, Charles. “Native Laws of Some Bantu Tribes of East Africa.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 51 (1921): 217–278.

Dundas, Charles. “The Organisation of Laws of Some Bantu Tribes in East Africa.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 45 (1915): 234–306.

Echenberg, Myron. Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.

Eliot, Charles. The East Africa Protectorate. London: E. Arnold, 1905.

Elkins, Caroline. Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.

Emery, Lieutenant. “Short Account of Mombas and the Neighbouring Coast of Africa.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 3 (1833): 280–283.

Enloe, Cynthia. Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980.

Falola, Toyin and Paul Lovejoy, eds. Pawnship in Africa: Debt Bondage in Historical Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.

Ford, John. The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology: A Study of the Tsetse Fly Problem. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Fox, Richard. Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

Gadsden, Fay. “Further Notes on the Kamba Destocking Controversy of 1938.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 7 (1974): 681–687.

Galaty, John. “Maasai Expansion and the New East African Pastoralism.” In Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa, edited by Thomas Spear and Richard Waller, 61–86. London: James Currey, 1993.

Gengenbach, Heidi. “‘I’ll Bury You in the Border!’: Women’s Land Struggles in Post-War Facazisse (Magude District), Mozambique.” Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (1998): 7–36.

Gertzel, Cherry. The Politics of Independent Kenya, 1963–8. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970.

Glassman, Jonathon. Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995.

Goldsmith, F. H., ed. John Ainsworth, Pioneer Kenya Administrator, 1864–1946. London: Macmillan, 1959.

Goldsworthy, David, ed. British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, Vol. III: The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1951–1957, Part III: Economic and Social Policies. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1994.

Greene, Sandra. Gender, Ethnicity, and Social Change on the Upper Slave Coast: A History of the Anlo-Ewe. London: James Currey, 1996.

Gregory, Robert. Quest for Equality: Asian Politics in East Africa, 1900–1967. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 1993.

Guillain, Charles. Documents sur l’histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l’Afrique Orientale, Vol. II. Paris: A. Bertrand, 1856.

Guyer, Jane and Samuel Eno Belinga. “Wealth in People as Wealth in Knowledge: Accumulation and Composition in Equatorial Africa.” Journal of African History 36 (1995): 91–120.

Hailey, Malcolm. An African Survey: A Study of Problems Arising in Africa South of the Sahara. London: Oxford University Press, 1938.

Hanley, Gerald. Monsoon Victory. London: Collins, 1946.

Havinden, Michael and David Meredith. Colonial Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850–1960. London: Routledge, 1993.

Hemingway, Patrick, ed. True at First Light by Ernest Hemingway. New York: Scribner, 1999.

Hildebrandt, J. M. “Ethnographische notizen über Wakamba und ihre nachbaren.” Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie 10 (1878): 347–406.

Hill, Martin. The Harambee Movement in Kenya: Self-Help, Development, and Education among the Kamba of Kitui District. London: Athlone Press, 1991.

Hill, Shelagh. Early Memories of Settlers in Machakos, Kenya. Sherborne, UK: Shelagh Hill, 2006.

Hobley, Charles. Bantu Beliefs and Magic: With Particular Reference to the Kikuyu and Kamba Tribes of Kenya. London: H. F. & G. Witherby, 1922.

Hobley, Charles. Ethnology of A-Kamba and Other East African Tribes. Cambridge: The University Press, 1910.

Hobley, Charles. Kenya: From Chartered Company to Crown Colony. London: H. F. & G. Witherby, 1929.

Hodges, Geoffrey. The Carrier Corps: Military Labour in the East African Campaign, 1914–1918. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986.

Hodges, Geoffrey. “Military Labour in East Africa and its Impact on Kenya.” In Africa and the First World War, edited by Melvin Page, 137–151. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.

Höhnel, Ludwig v. Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie, 2 vols. London: Cass, 1968 [1894].

Horne, Gerald. Mau Mau in Harlem? The U.S. and the Liberation of Kenya. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

Hornsby, Charles. Kenya: A History Since Independence. London: I. B. Tauris, 2013.

Hunter, J. A.Hunter. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952.

Huxley, Elspeth. A New Earth: An Experiment in Colonialism. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.

Huxley, Elspeth. Red Strangers: A Novel. London: Harper, 1939.

Hyam, Ronald, ed. British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, Vol. II: The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945–1951, Part IV: Race Relations and the Commonwealth. London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1992.

Iliffe, John. A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Iliffe, John. Honour in African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Iliffe, John. The African Poor: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Isaacman, Allen and Barbara Isaacman. Slavery and Beyond: The Making of Men and Chikunda Ethnic Identities in the Unstable World of South-Central Africa, 1750–1920. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2004.

Itote, Waruhiu. “Mau Mau” General. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1967.

Jackson, Ashley. Distant Drums: The Role of the Colonies in British Imperial Warfare. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2010.

Jackson, Frederick. Early Days in East Africa. London: E. Arnold, 1930.

Jackson, Kennell. “The Dimensions of Kamba Pre-Colonial History.” In Kenya Before 1900, edited by Bethwell Ogot, 174–261. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1976.

Kabiro, Ngugi and Donald Barnett. Man in the Middle: The Story of Ngugi Kabiro. Richmond, BC: Liberation Support Movement, 1973.

Kaggia, Bildad. Roots of Freedom, 1921–1963: The Autobiography of Bildad Kaggia. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1975.

Kakembo, Robert. An African Soldier Speaks. London: Livingstone Press, 1946.

Kanogo, Tabitha. “Kenya and the Depression, 1929–1939.” In A Modern History of Kenya, 1895–1980, edited by William Ochieng’, 112–143. Nairobi: Evans Brothers, 1989.

Kanogo, Tabitha. Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–1963. London: James Currey, 1987.

Kenyatta, Jomo. Facing Mount Kenya. Nairobi: Heinemann, 1971 [1938].

Kiewiet Hemphill, Marie de. “The British Sphere, 1884–94.” In History of East Africa, Vol. I, edited by Roland Oliver and Gervase Mathew, 390–432. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

Killingray, David. “Labour Exploitation for Military Campaigns in British Colonial Africa, 1870–1945.” Journal of Contemporary History 24 (1989): 483–501.

Killingray, David. “Labour Mobilisation in British Colonial Africa for the War Effort, 1939–46.” In Africa and the Second World War, edited by David Killingray and Richard Rathbone, 68–96. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1986.

Killingray, David. “The Idea of a British Imperial African Army.” Journal of African History 20 (1979): 421–436.

Killingray, David with Martin Plaut. Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. Woodbridge, UK: James Currey, 2010.

Kimambo, Isaria. “The Economic History of the Kamba, 1850–1950.” Hadith 2 (1970): 79–103.

Kimilu, David. Mũkamba wa Wo. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau, 1962.

Kirk-Greene, Anthony. “‘Damnosa Hereditas’: Ethnic Ranking and the Martial Races Imperative in Africa.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 3 (1980): 393–412.

Kirk-Greene, Anthony. “The Thin White Line: The Size of the British Colonial Service in Africa.” African Affairs 79 (1980): 25–44.

Kitching, Gavin. Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite Bourgeoisie, 1905–1970. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.

Kjekshus, Helge. Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History: The Case of Tanganyika, 1850–1950. London: James Currey, 1996 [1977].

Krapf, Johann. Travels, Researches and Missionary Labours in East Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co., 1968 [1860].

Kyle, Keith. The Politics of the Independence of Kenya. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999.

Lal, K., ed. Trial of Balwant Rai and Others. Leicester, UK: Taleaga, 1984.

Lambert, H. E. “Land Tenure Among the Kamba.” African Studies 6 (1947): 131–147.

Lamphear, John. “The Kamba and the Northern Mrima Coast.” In Pre-Colonial African Trade: Essays on Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900, edited by Richard Gray and David Birmingham, 75–101. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Landau, Paul. The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in a Southern African Kingdom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995.

Larby, Norman. The Peoples of Kenya 8: The Kamba. London: CMS Literature Society, 1944.

Lee, J. M.African Armies and Civil Order. New York: Published for the Institute for Strategic Studies by Praeger, 1969.

Lee, J. M. and Martin Petter. The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy: Organisation and the Planning of a Metropolitan Initiative, 1939–1945. London: Published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies by M. T. Smith, 1982.

Lewis, Joanna. Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya, 1925–52. Oxford: James Currey, 2000.

Leys, Colin. Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism, 1964–1971. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

Lindblom, Gerhard. Kamba Folklore I: Tales of Animals. Uppsala, Sweden: Appelbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1928.

Lindblom, Gerhard. Kamba Folklore III: Riddles, Proverbs and Songs. Uppsala, Sweden: Appelbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1934.

Lindblom, Gerhard. Notes on Kamba Grammar: With Two Appendices: Kamba Names of Persons, Places, Animals and Plants; Salutations. Uppsala, Sweden: Appelbergs Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1926.

Lindblom, Gerhard. The Akamba in British East Africa: An Ethnological Monograph. Uppsala, Sweden: K. W. Appelbergs, 1916.

Lindsay, Lisa and Stephan Miescher, eds. Men and Masculinities in Modern Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003.

Lloyd-Jones, William. K.A.R.: Being an Unofficial Account of the Origin and Activities of the King’s African Rifles. London: Arrowsmith, 1926.

Lonsdale, John. “Authority, Gender & Violence: The War Within Mau Mau’s Fight for Land & Freedom.” In Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority & Narration, edited by E. S. Atieno Odhiambo and John Lonsdale, 46–75. Oxford: James Currey, 2003.

Lonsdale, John. “Constructing Mau Mau.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 40 (1990): 239–260.

Lonsdale, John. “Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya.” Journal of African History 31 (1990): 393–421.

Lonsdale, John. “Political Accountability in African History.” In Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power, edited by Patrick Chabal, 126–157. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Lonsdale, John. “The Conquest State, 1895–1904.” In A Modern History of Kenya, 1895–1980, edited by William Ochieng’, 6–34. Nairobi: Evans Brothers, 1989.

Lonsdale, John. “The Depression and the Second World War in the Transformation of Kenya.” In Africa and the Second World War, edited by David Killingray and Richard Rathbone, 97–142. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986.

Lonsdale, John. “The Moral Economy of Mau Mau: Wealth, Poverty & Civic Virtue in Kikuyu Political Thought.” In Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa, Vol. II, edited by Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale, 315–504. London: James Currey, 1992.

Lonsdale, John. “When Did the Gusii (Or Any Other Group) Become a ‘Tribe’?” Kenya Historical Review 5 (1977): 123–133.

Low, D. A. “The Northern Interior, 1840–84.” In History of East Africa, Vol. I, edited by Roland Oliver and Gervase Mathew, 297–351. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.

Lugard, Frederick. The Rise of Our East African Empire: Early Efforts in Nyasaland and Uganda, 3 vols. London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1893.

Luongo, Katherine. “If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them: Government Cleansings of Witches and Mau Mau in 1950s Kenya.” History in Africa 33 (2006): 451–471.

Luongo, Katherine. “Prophecy, Possession, and Politics: Negotiating the Supernatural in 20th Century Machakos.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 45 (2012): 191–216.

Luongo, Katherine. Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Lynch, Gabrielle. I Say To You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

MacArthur, Julie. “The Making and Unmaking of African Languages: Oral Communities and Competitive Linguistic Work in Western Kenya.” Journal of African History 53 (2012): 151–172.

Macdonald, James. Soldiering and Surveying in British East Africa, 1891–1894. London: E. Arnold, 1897.

MacMunn, George. The Armies of India. London: A. and C. Black, 1911.

Macpherson, Robert. The Presbyterian Church in Kenya: An Account of the Origins and Growth of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa. Nairobi: Presbyterian Church of East Africa, 1970.

MacQueen, James. “Notes on the Present State of Geography of Some Parts of Africa.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 20 (1850): 235–252.

Mahone, Sloan. “The Psychology of Rebellion: Colonial Medical Responses to Dissent in British East Africa.” Journal of African History 47 (2006): 241–258.

Mamdani, Mahmood. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Mamdani, Mahmood. “Making Sense of Political Violence in Postcolonial Africa.” Identity, Culture and Politics 3 (2002): 1–24.

Mangat, J. S.A History of the Asians in East Africa, c. 1886–1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.

Mann, Gregory. Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

Marjomaa, Risto. “The Martial Spirit: Yao Soldiers in British Service in Nyasaland (Malawi), 1895–1939.” Journal of African History 44 (2003): 413–432.

Matson, A. T. and Thomas Ofcansky. “A Bio-Bibliography of C. W. Hobley.” History in Africa 8 (1981): 253–260.

Maxon, Robert. John Ainsworth and the Making of Kenya. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980.

Mbiti, John. Akamba Stories. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

Metcalf, Thomas. Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Mettam, R. W. M. “A Short History of Rinderpest with Special Reference to Africa.” Uganda Journal 5 (1937): 22–26.

Middleton, John. The Central Tribes of the North-Eastern Bantu. London: International African Institute, 1953.

Middleton, John and Greet Kershaw. The Kikuyu and Kamba of Kenya. London: International African Institute, 1965.

Moore, Henrietta and Megan Vaughan. Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in Northern Zambia, 1890–1990. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1994.

Morgan, David. The Official History of Colonial Development, 5 vols. London: Macmillan, 1980.

Mottahedeh, Roy. Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Moyse-Bartlett, Hubert. The King’s African Rifles: A Study in the Military History of East and Central Africa, 1890–1945. Aldershot, UK: Gale & Polden, 1956.

Mukherjee, Mithi. “Justice, War, and the Imperium: India and Britain in Edmund Burke’s Prosecutorial Speeches in the Impeachment Trial of Warren Hastings.” Law and History Review 23 (2005): 589–630.

Munro, J. Forbes. Colonial Rule and the Kamba: Social Change in the Kenya Highlands, 1889–1939. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.

Muriuki, Godfrey. A History of the Kikuyu, 1500–1900. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Murton, John. “Population Growth and Poverty in Machakos District, Kenya.” The Geographical Journal 165 (1999): 37–46.

Muthiani, Joseph. Akamba from Within: Egalitarianism in Social Relations. New York: Exposition Press, 1973.

Mutiso, Gideon-Cyrus. Kenya: Politics, Policy and Society. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau, 1975.

Mutongi, Kenda. Worries of the Heart: Widows, Family, and Community in Kenya. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Mwanzi, H. A. “African Initiatives and Resistance in East Africa, 1880–1914.” In UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VII, edited by A. Adu Boahen, 72–82. London: James Currey, 1990.

Myrick, Bismarck. “Colonial Initiatives and Kamba Reaction in Machakos District: The Destocking Issue, 1930–1938.” In Three Aspects of Crisis in Colonial Kenya, 1–26. Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1975.

Newman, Jeremy. The Ukamba Members Association. Nairobi: Transafrica Publishers, 1974.

Njau, Rebeka and Gideon Mulaki. Kenya Women Heroes and Their Mystical Power. Nairobi: Risk Publications, 1984.

Nottingham, John. “Sorcery among the Akamba in Kenya.” Journal of African Administration 11 (1959): 1–14.

Ochieng’, William. “Independent Kenya, 1963–1980.” In A Modern History of Kenya, 1895–1980, edited by William Ochieng’, 202–218. Nairobi: Evans Brothers, 1989.

Odinga, Oginga. Not Yet Uhuru: The Autobiography of Oginga Odinga. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1967.

Oldenquist, Andrew. “Loyalties.” Journal of Philosophy 79 (1982): 173–193.

O’Leary, Michael. “Responses to Drought in Kitui District.” Disasters 4 (1980): 315–327.

O’Leary, Michael. The Kitui Akamba: Economic and Social Change in Semi-Arid Kenya. Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984.

Oliver, Roland. The Missionary Factor in East Africa. London: Longmans, 1952.

Omissi, David. The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860–1940. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994.

Osborne, Myles. “‘The Cat With Nine Lives’: Paul Ngei and the Making of Modern Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6 (2012): 196–210.

Osborne, Myles. “The Jeremy Newman Papers.” History in Africa 39 (2012): 355–359.

Osborne, Myles. “The Kamba and Mau Mau: Ethnicity, Development, and Chiefship, 1952–1960.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 43 (2010): 63–87.

Paice, Edward. Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.

Parsons, Timothy. The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Parsons, Timothy. The African Rank-and-File: Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King’s African Rifles, 1902–1964. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999.

Parsons, Timothy. “‘Wakamba Warriors Are Soldiers of the Queen’: The Evolution of the Kamba as a Martial Race, 1890–1970.” Ethnohistory 46 (1999): 671–701.

Pearce, R. D.The Turning Point in Africa: British Colonial Policy, 1938–1948. London: Frank Cass, 1982.

Pearson, Michael. Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Pedersen, Susan. Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Peers, Douglas. “Martial Races and South Asian Military Culture in the Victorian Indian Army.” In Military History of Modern India, edited by Daniel Marston and Chandar Sundaram, 34–52. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.

Penwill, D. J.Kamba Customary Law: Notes Taken in the Machakos District of Kenya Colony. London: Macmillan, 1951.

Perham, Margery, ed. The Diaries of Lord Lugard, 3 vols. London: Faber and Faber, 1959–1963.

Peters, Karl. New Light on Dark Africa: Being the Narrative of the German Emin Pasha Expedition. London: Ward, Lock, and Co., 1891.

Peterson, Derek. Creative Writing: Translation, Bookkeeping, and the Work of Imagination in Colonial Kenya. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004.

Peterson, Derek. Ethnic Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c. 1935–1972. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Pigott, J. R. W. “Mr. J. R. W. Pigott’s Journey to the Upper Tana, 1889.” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography 12 (1890): 129–136.

Raikes, Philip. Livestock Policy and Development in East Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute for African Studies, 1981.

Ranger, Terence. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 211–262. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Ranger, Terence. “The Invention of Tradition Revisited.” In Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa, edited by Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan, 62–111. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1993.

Ravenstein, E. G. “Messrs. Jackson and Gedge’s Journey to Uganda via Masai-Land.” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography 13 (1891): 193–208.

Ravenstein, E. G. “The Rev. R. M. Ormerod’s Journeys on the Tana River.” Geographical Journal 8 (1896): 283–290.

Richardson, Kenneth. Garden of Miracles: A History of the Africa Inland Mission. London: Published in Association with the Africa Inland Mission by P. Victory, 1968.

Rigby, C. P. “Mr. J. M. Hildebrandt on his Travels in East Africa.” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 22 (1877–1878): 446–453.

Robertson, Claire. “Gender and Trade Relations in Central Kenya in the Late Nineteenth Century.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 30 (1997): 23–47.

Robertson, Claire. Trouble Showed the Way: Women, Men, and Trade in the Nairobi Area. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Rosberg, Carl and John Nottingham. The Myth of “Mau Mau”: Nationalism in Kenya. New York: Meridian, 1970 [1966].

Sandgren, David. “Kamba Christianity: From Africa Inland Mission to African Brotherhood Church.” In East African Expressions of Christianity, edited by Thomas Spear and Isaria Kimambo, 169–195. Oxford: James Currey, 1999.

Sanger, Clyde and John Nottingham. “The Kenya General Election of 1963.” Journal of Modern African Studies 2 (1964): 1–40.

Savage, Donald. “Jomo Kenyatta, Malcolm Macdonald and the Colonial Office, 1938–39: Some Documents from the P. R. O.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 3 (1969): 615–632.

Savage, Donald and J. Forbes Munro. “Carrier Corps Recruitment in the British East Africa Protectorate, 1914–1918.” Journal of African History 7 (1966): 313–342.

Shiroya, O. J. E.African Politics in Colonial Kenya: Contribution of World War II Veterans, 1945–1960. Nairobi: Educational Research and Publications, 1992.

Shiroya, O. J. E.Kenya and World War II: African Soldiers in the European War. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1985.

Shorter, Aylward. East African Societies. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Inc., 1974.

Shutt, Allison. “The Settlers’ Cattle Complex: The Etiquette of Culling Cattle in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1938.” Journal of African History 43 (2002): 263–286.

Singh, Makhan. History of Kenya’s Trade Union Movement to 1952. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969.

Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The “Manly Englishman” and the “Effeminate Bengali” in the Late Nineteenth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995.

Somba, John. Akamba Mirror: Some Notable Events in the Machakos District of Kenya, 1889–1929 A.D. Kijabe, Kenya: Kesho Publications, 1979.

Sorrenson, M. P. K.Land Reform in the Kikuyu Country: A Study in Government Policy. Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Spear, Thomas. Kenya’s Past: An Introduction to Historical Method in Africa. London: Longman, 1981.

Spear, Thomas. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 44 (2003): 3–27.

Spencer, John. The Kenya African Union. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Inc., 1985.

Spencer, Leon. “Notes on the Kamba Destocking Controversy of 1938.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 4 (1972): 629–636.

Stanner, W. E. H. “The Kitui Kamba Market, 1938–39.” Ethnology 8 (1969): 125–138.

Stapleton, Timothy. African Police and Soldiers in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1923–80. Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press, 2011.

Steinhart, Edward. Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.

Steinhart, Edward. Conflict and Collaboration: The Kingdoms of Western Uganda, 1890–1907. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Steinhart, Edward. “Elephant Hunting in Nineteenth-Century Kenya: Kamba Society and Ecology in Transformation.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 33 (2000): 335–349.

Stone, Michael. “Organized Poaching in Kitui District: A Failure in District Authority, 1900 to 1960.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 5 (1972): 436–452.

Streets, Heather. Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2004.

Struck, Bernhard. “Collections Towards a Bibliography of the Bantu Languages of British East Africa.” Journal of the Royal African Society 6 (1907): 390–404.

Tamarkin, Mordechai. “The Roots of Political Stability in Kenya.” African Affairs 77 (1978): 297–320.

Tate, H. R. “Notes on the Kikuyu and Kamba Tribes of British East Africa.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 34 (1904): 130–148.

Thiong’o, Ngugi wa. Weep Not, Child. London: Heinemann, 1964.

Thomas, Lynn. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Thornton, Richard. “Notes on a Journey to Kilima-ndjaro.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 35 (1865): 15–21.

Throup, David and Charles Hornsby. Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi States & the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election. London: James Currey, 1998.

Thuku, Harry with Kenneth King. An Autobiography. Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Thurston, Anne. The Intensification of Smallholder Agriculture in Kenya: The Genesis and Implementation of the Swynnerton Plan. Oxford: Oxford Development Records Project, 1984.

Tiffen, Mary, Michael Mortimore and Francis Gichuki. More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Chichester, UK: J. Wiley, 1994.

Tignor, Robert. “Colonial Chiefs in Chiefless Societies.” Journal of Modern African Studies 9 (1971): 339–359.

Tignor, Robert. “Kamba Political Protest: The Destocking Controversy of 1938.” African Historical Studies 4 (1971): 237–251.

Tignor, Robert. The Colonial Transformation of Kenya: The Kamba, Kikuyu, and Maasai from 1900 to 1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Unomah, A. C. and J. B. Webster. “East Africa: The Expansion of Commerce.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. V, edited by John Flint, 270–318. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Vail, Leroy, ed. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

van Beusekom, Monica. Negotiating Development: African Farmers and Colonial Experts at the Office du Niger, 1920–1960. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.

Wachanga, H. K.The Swords of Kirinyaga: The Fight for Land and Freedom. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau, 1975.

Wainaina, Binyavanga. One Day I Will Write About This Place: A Memoir. Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf Press, 2011.

Wakefield, T. and Keith Johnson. “Routes of Native Caravans from the Coast to the Interior of East Africa.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 40 (1870): 303–339.

Waller, Richard. “Ecology, Migration, and Expansion in East Africa.” African Affairs 84 (1985): 347–370.

Waller, Richard. “Economic and Social Relations in the Central Rift Valley: The Maa-Speakers and their Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century.” Hadith 8 (1985): 83–151.

Waller, Richard. “Rebellious Youth in Colonial Africa.” Journal of African History 47 (2006): 77–92.

Wamweya, Joram. Freedom Fighter. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971.

Ward, H. F. and John Milligan. Handbook of British East Africa. London: S. Prade, 1912.

Watkins, Elizabeth. Jomo’s Jailor: Grand Warrior of Kenya: The Life of Leslie Whitehouse. Watlington, UK: Britwell Books, 1996.

Watt, Rachel. In the Heart of Savagedom: Reminiscences of Life and Adventure during a Quarter of a Century of Pioneering Missionary Labours in the Wilds of East Equatorial Africa. London: Marshall, 1900.

White, Luise. The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Widner, Jennifer. The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From “Harambee!” to “Nyayo!” Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Wolf, James. “Asian and African Recruitment in the Kenya Police, 1920–1950.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 6 (1973): 401–412.

Wolff, Richard. The Economics of Colonialism: Britain and Kenya, 1870–1930. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.

Young, Crawford. “Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Class in Africa: A Retrospective.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 26 (1986): 421–495.

Young, Crawford. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.

Zeleza, Tiyambe. “The Establishment of Colonial Rule, 1905–1920.” In A Modern History of Kenya, 1895–1980, edited by William Ochieng’, 35–70. Nairobi: Evans Brothers, 1989.

Ethnicity and Empire in Kenya

Loyalty and Martial Race among the Kamba, c.1800 to the Present

Book description

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Save Search

Contents

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Book summary page views