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1 - China

Legal reform in an emerging socialist market economy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

By
Jiangyu Wang
Edited by
E. Ann Black  and
Gary F. Bell
Jiangyu Wang
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
E. Ann Black
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Gary F. Bell
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
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Summary

Introduction

The People's Republic of China (hereinafter China, or PRC) is the current name of the Chinese nation which has lasted for several thousand years as a country and civilisation. China is also the world's most populous country, with a population estimated at 1.34 billion in 2009. Although officially there are 56 ethnic groups in China, Han Chinese forms about 92 per cent of the population. It is also one of the largest countries in land size, in which there are tremendous disparities among regions in economic development, culture, dialects and traditions. Although the numbers of believers of the religions Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Taoism in China are among the world's largest, they constitute nevertheless a very small portion of the Chinese population. In fact, there has never been a dominant religion that was able to convert the majority of the Chinese people.

After several decades of rapid economic growth, China is now the world's second largest economy, simultaneously the largest exporter and second largest importer in world trade. It is also a self-proclaimed socialist state governed by one political party, the Communist Party of China (CPC or Party), which took over power in 1949 after defeating the Nationalist Party in a civil war. Chinese society has undergone tremendous change since 1949, including the socialist transformation of the economy in the 1950s, the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, the Tiananmen Square event in 1989, the abandonment of the planned economy in favour of capitalism, the market economy and privatisation during the reform era of 1979 to the present, accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, and the Beijing Olympics Games in 2008.

Type
Chapter
Information
Law and Legal Institutions of Asia
Traditions, Adaptations and Innovations
 , pp. 24 - 61
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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References

Chen, A H Y, ‘Socialist Law, Civil Law, Common Law, and the Classification of Contemporary Chinese Law’, in Otto, J M, Polak, M V, Chen, J and Li, Y, (eds), Law-Making in the People's Republic of China, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2000Google Scholar
Chen, A H YAn Introduction to the Legal System of the People's Republic of China, LexisNexis, Hong Kong, 2004Google Scholar
Chen, J, ‘Market Economy and the Internationalization of Civil and Commercial Law in People's Republic of China’, in Jayasuriya, K (ed), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia, Routledge, London, 1999Google Scholar
Chen, J, Chinese Law: Context and Transformation, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2008Google Scholar
Ch'u, T, Law and Society in Traditional China, Mouton & Co, Paris, 1961Google Scholar
Clark, D, ‘The Many Meanings of the Rule of Law’, in Jayasuriya, K (ed), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia, Routledge, London and New York, 1999
Clarke, D, Murrell, P, and Whiting, S, ‘The Role of Law in China's Economic Development’, in Brandt, L and Rawski, T G (eds), China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008Google Scholar
Clarke, D C, ‘Puzzling Observations in Chinese Law: When Is a Riddle Just a Mistake?’, in Hsu, C S (ed), Understanding China's Legal System: Essays in Honor of Jerome A Cohen, New York University Press, 2003
Cohen, J, ‘Body Blow for the Judiciary’ (op-ed), South China Morning Post, 18 October 2008Google Scholar
Cohen, J A, Lange, J E, ‘The Chinese Legal System: A Primer for Investors’, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 17, no. 2 & 3, 1997, p. 345Google Scholar
Dam, K W, The Law-Growth Nexus: The Rule of Law and Economic Development, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2006Google Scholar
David, R, and Brierley, J E C, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, 3rd ed, Stevens & Sons, London, 1985Google Scholar
Xiaoping, Deng, ‘Carry Out the Policy of Opening to the Outside World and Learn Advanced Science and Technology from Other Countries’ (10 October 1978), Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. II (1975–82), available at People's Daily Online <http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/contents2.html>Google Scholar
Dowdle, M W, ‘Of Parliaments, Pragmatism, and the Dynamics of Constitutional Development: The Curious Case of China’, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, 2002, p. 1Google Scholar
Fairbank, J K, and Goldman, M, China: A New History, 2nd enlarged ed, The Belknap Press Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006Google Scholar
He, Q, and Xiuqing, L, Waiguo Fa Yu Zhongguo Fa – Ershi Shiji Zhongguo Yizhi Waiguo Fa Fansi [Foreign Law and Chinese Law – A Reflection on the Transplantation of Foreign Law in China in the 20th Century], China University of Political Science and Law Press, Beijing, 2002Google Scholar
‘Hu Jintao Jiu Zuohao Zhengfa Gongzuo Tichu 5 Dian Yaoqiu’ [‘President Hu Jintao Makes Five Demands for Good Political-Legal Work’], Xinhua, 25 December 2007
Ke, L and Ting, W, ‘Dalu Sifa Tizhi Gaige Zhuan Xiang’ [‘Judicial Reform in the Mainland Has Turned to a Different Direction’], Fenghuang Zhoukan [Phoenix Weekly], 25 February 2009Google Scholar
Keller, P, ‘Sources of Order in Chinese Law’, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 42, no. 4, 1994, p. 711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, H, Minfa Zonglun (Di-er Ban) [General Introduction to Civil Law], 2nd ed, Chubanshe, Falu [Law Press China], Beijing, 2004Google Scholar
Lieberthal, K, Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform, W W Norton & Company, New York and London, 2004Google Scholar
Liebman, B L, ‘China's Courts: Restricted Reform’, Columbia Journal of Asian Law, vol. 21, no. 1, 2007, p. 1Google Scholar
Michelson, E, ‘Lawyers, Political Embeddedness, and Institutional Continuity in China's Transition from Socialism’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 113, no. 2, 2007, p. 352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, China's Long March Toward Rule of Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, ‘Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in China’, in Peerenboom, R (ed), Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US, Routledge, London and New York, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, ‘Courts as Legislators’, The Rule of Law in China Series: Policy Brief 1, The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford, 2006Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R, China Modernizes: Threat to the West or Model for the Rest?, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007Google Scholar
Ren, X, Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition: Law, State and Social Control in China, Green Wood Press, Westport, 1997Google Scholar
Saich, T, Governance and Politics in China, 2nd ed, Palgrave Macmillian, New York, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Supreme People's Court of China (SPC), Work Report of the Supreme People's Court at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 10 March 2009
Tamanaha, B Z, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thio, L, ‘Lex Rex or Rex Lex? Competing Conceptions of the Rule of Law in Singapore’, UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, vol. 20, no.1, 2002–03Google Scholar
Wang, J, ‘The Rule of Law in China: A Realistic View of the Jurisprudence, the Impact of the WTO, and the Prospect for Future Development’, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 2004, p. 347Google Scholar
Wang, Q, ‘Xin Yilun Sifa Tizhi Gaige Zhixiang’ [‘The Direction of the New Round of the Judicial Reform’], Liangwang Xinwen Zhoukan [Outlook News Weekly], 5 January 2009Google Scholar
Yu, X, ‘Legal Pragmatism in the People's Republic of China’, Journal of Chinese Law, vol. 3, no. 1, 1989, p. 29Google Scholar
Zhao, L, ‘Zhongguo Fayuan Yu Jieshu Chuilian Duan'an’ [‘Courts in China Want to End the Practice of Holding the Court from Behind a Screen’], Nanfang Zhoumo [Southern Weekend], 15 November 2007Google Scholar
Zhu, J, Zhongguo Falu Fazhan Baogao – Shujuku he Zhibiao Tixi [China Legal Development Report – Databank and Assessment Criteria], Renmin Daxue Chubanshe [Renmin University Press], Beijing, 2007Google Scholar
Zou, K, China's Legal Reform: Towards the Rule of Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leden and Boston, 2006
Guanyu Jiaqiang Renmin Fayuan Shenpan Gongkai Gongzuo de Ruogan Yijian [Several Opinions Concerning Strengthening the Open Trial Work of the People's Court], promulgated by the Supreme Court of China (SPC) on 4 June 2007, SPC document number: Fafa (2007) 20 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Shenli Xingzheng Anjian Shiyong Falv Guifan Wenti de Zuotanhui Jiyao, promulgated by the SPC on 18 May 2004, SPC document number: Fafa (2004) 96 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Sifa Gongkai de Liuxiang Guiding [Six Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Judicial Transparency], promulgated by the SPC on 8 December 2009, SPC document number: Fafa (2009) 58 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Sifa Jieshi Gongzuo de Guiding, promulgated by the SPC on 23 March 2007, SPC document number: Fafa (2007) 12 Hao
China's Partnership Enterprise Law (1997; Rev 2006)
Civil Procedure Law (1991; Rev 2007)
Constitution [Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianfa] (1982)
Criminal Procedure Law (1979; Rev 1996)
Law on Guarding State Secrets (1988)
Law on Judges (1995; 2001 Rev)
Law on Supervision of the Standing Committee of People's Congresses (2006)
Lawyers Law (1996; Rev 2007)
Legislation Law [Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Lifafa] (2000)
Organic Law of the People's Courts (1979; Rev 2006)
Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates (1979; Rev 1983)
Chen, A H Y, ‘Legal Thought and Legal Development in the People's Republic of China 1949–2008’ (28 March 2009) Social Science Research Network <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1369782>
Clarke, D C, ‘The Chinese Legal System’ (4 July 2005) <http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dclarke/public/ChineseLegalSystem.html>
Dong, X, and Xiaoli, C, ‘Zhongguo Gaoyuan Yuanzhang Yiban Wei Dangzheng Chushen, Duoren Weizai Fayuan Gongzuo’ [‘Half of the High Court Presidents were Formally Party or Government Officials, and Many of Them Never Had Judicial Experience’] (20 July 2009) Sichuan Online/Chengdu Commercial Daily <http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2009-07/20/content_11736366.htm>
PRC Ministry of Justice website, <http://www.moj.gov.cn/>
,State Council Information Office (SCIO), China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law (28 February 2008) Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China <http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7041733.htm>
Supreme People's Court <http://www.court.gov.cn/>
Wang, S, Work Report of Supreme People's Court of China (delivered at the Third Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 11 March 2010) The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China <http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2010–03/18/content_1564249.htm>
Work Report of the Supreme People's Court (delivered at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 10 March 2009) <http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/china_law_prof_blog/files/spc_work_report.html>
Wu, B, Work Report of National People's Congress Standing Committee (delivered at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 9 March 2009) The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China <http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Speeches/2009-03/16/content_1493447.htm>
Zhou, Y, ‘Shenru Guanche Luoshi Kexue Fazhanguan, Cujin Jingji Pingwen Jiaokuai Fazhan, Baozhang Shehui Gongping Zhengyi, Weihu Shehui Hexie Wending’ [‘Deeply Implement the Concept of Scientific Development, Promote Stable but Relatively Fast Economic Growth, Safeguard Social Fairness and Justice, and Maintain Social Harmonization and Stability’] (speech delivered at the National Conference on Political-Judicial Work, 17 December 2008), available at People's Daily Online <http://www.people.com.cn/>
Chen, A H Y, ‘Socialist Law, Civil Law, Common Law, and the Classification of Contemporary Chinese Law’, in Otto, J M, Polak, M V, Chen, J and Li, Y, (eds), Law-Making in the People's Republic of China, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2000Google Scholar
Chen, A H YAn Introduction to the Legal System of the People's Republic of China, LexisNexis, Hong Kong, 2004Google Scholar
Chen, J, ‘Market Economy and the Internationalization of Civil and Commercial Law in People's Republic of China’, in Jayasuriya, K (ed), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia, Routledge, London, 1999Google Scholar
Chen, J, Chinese Law: Context and Transformation, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2008Google Scholar
Ch'u, T, Law and Society in Traditional China, Mouton & Co, Paris, 1961Google Scholar
Clark, D, ‘The Many Meanings of the Rule of Law’, in Jayasuriya, K (ed), Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia, Routledge, London and New York, 1999
Clarke, D, Murrell, P, and Whiting, S, ‘The Role of Law in China's Economic Development’, in Brandt, L and Rawski, T G (eds), China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008Google Scholar
Clarke, D C, ‘Puzzling Observations in Chinese Law: When Is a Riddle Just a Mistake?’, in Hsu, C S (ed), Understanding China's Legal System: Essays in Honor of Jerome A Cohen, New York University Press, 2003
Cohen, J, ‘Body Blow for the Judiciary’ (op-ed), South China Morning Post, 18 October 2008Google Scholar
Cohen, J A, Lange, J E, ‘The Chinese Legal System: A Primer for Investors’, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 17, no. 2 & 3, 1997, p. 345Google Scholar
Dam, K W, The Law-Growth Nexus: The Rule of Law and Economic Development, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2006Google Scholar
David, R, and Brierley, J E C, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, 3rd ed, Stevens & Sons, London, 1985Google Scholar
Xiaoping, Deng, ‘Carry Out the Policy of Opening to the Outside World and Learn Advanced Science and Technology from Other Countries’ (10 October 1978), Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. II (1975–82), available at People's Daily Online <http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/contents2.html>Google Scholar
Dowdle, M W, ‘Of Parliaments, Pragmatism, and the Dynamics of Constitutional Development: The Curious Case of China’, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, 2002, p. 1Google Scholar
Fairbank, J K, and Goldman, M, China: A New History, 2nd enlarged ed, The Belknap Press Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2006Google Scholar
He, Q, and Xiuqing, L, Waiguo Fa Yu Zhongguo Fa – Ershi Shiji Zhongguo Yizhi Waiguo Fa Fansi [Foreign Law and Chinese Law – A Reflection on the Transplantation of Foreign Law in China in the 20th Century], China University of Political Science and Law Press, Beijing, 2002Google Scholar
‘Hu Jintao Jiu Zuohao Zhengfa Gongzuo Tichu 5 Dian Yaoqiu’ [‘President Hu Jintao Makes Five Demands for Good Political-Legal Work’], Xinhua, 25 December 2007
Ke, L and Ting, W, ‘Dalu Sifa Tizhi Gaige Zhuan Xiang’ [‘Judicial Reform in the Mainland Has Turned to a Different Direction’], Fenghuang Zhoukan [Phoenix Weekly], 25 February 2009Google Scholar
Keller, P, ‘Sources of Order in Chinese Law’, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 42, no. 4, 1994, p. 711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, H, Minfa Zonglun (Di-er Ban) [General Introduction to Civil Law], 2nd ed, Chubanshe, Falu [Law Press China], Beijing, 2004Google Scholar
Lieberthal, K, Governing China: From Revolution Through Reform, W W Norton & Company, New York and London, 2004Google Scholar
Liebman, B L, ‘China's Courts: Restricted Reform’, Columbia Journal of Asian Law, vol. 21, no. 1, 2007, p. 1Google Scholar
Michelson, E, ‘Lawyers, Political Embeddedness, and Institutional Continuity in China's Transition from Socialism’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 113, no. 2, 2007, p. 352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, China's Long March Toward Rule of Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, ‘Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in China’, in Peerenboom, R (ed), Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US, Routledge, London and New York, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peerenboom, R, ‘Courts as Legislators’, The Rule of Law in China Series: Policy Brief 1, The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford, 2006Google Scholar
Peerenboom, R, China Modernizes: Threat to the West or Model for the Rest?, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007Google Scholar
Ren, X, Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition: Law, State and Social Control in China, Green Wood Press, Westport, 1997Google Scholar
Saich, T, Governance and Politics in China, 2nd ed, Palgrave Macmillian, New York, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Supreme People's Court of China (SPC), Work Report of the Supreme People's Court at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 10 March 2009
Tamanaha, B Z, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thio, L, ‘Lex Rex or Rex Lex? Competing Conceptions of the Rule of Law in Singapore’, UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, vol. 20, no.1, 2002–03Google Scholar
Wang, J, ‘The Rule of Law in China: A Realistic View of the Jurisprudence, the Impact of the WTO, and the Prospect for Future Development’, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 2004, p. 347Google Scholar
Wang, Q, ‘Xin Yilun Sifa Tizhi Gaige Zhixiang’ [‘The Direction of the New Round of the Judicial Reform’], Liangwang Xinwen Zhoukan [Outlook News Weekly], 5 January 2009Google Scholar
Yu, X, ‘Legal Pragmatism in the People's Republic of China’, Journal of Chinese Law, vol. 3, no. 1, 1989, p. 29Google Scholar
Zhao, L, ‘Zhongguo Fayuan Yu Jieshu Chuilian Duan'an’ [‘Courts in China Want to End the Practice of Holding the Court from Behind a Screen’], Nanfang Zhoumo [Southern Weekend], 15 November 2007Google Scholar
Zhu, J, Zhongguo Falu Fazhan Baogao – Shujuku he Zhibiao Tixi [China Legal Development Report – Databank and Assessment Criteria], Renmin Daxue Chubanshe [Renmin University Press], Beijing, 2007Google Scholar
Zou, K, China's Legal Reform: Towards the Rule of Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leden and Boston, 2006
Guanyu Jiaqiang Renmin Fayuan Shenpan Gongkai Gongzuo de Ruogan Yijian [Several Opinions Concerning Strengthening the Open Trial Work of the People's Court], promulgated by the Supreme Court of China (SPC) on 4 June 2007, SPC document number: Fafa (2007) 20 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Shenli Xingzheng Anjian Shiyong Falv Guifan Wenti de Zuotanhui Jiyao, promulgated by the SPC on 18 May 2004, SPC document number: Fafa (2004) 96 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Sifa Gongkai de Liuxiang Guiding [Six Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Judicial Transparency], promulgated by the SPC on 8 December 2009, SPC document number: Fafa (2009) 58 Hao
Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Sifa Jieshi Gongzuo de Guiding, promulgated by the SPC on 23 March 2007, SPC document number: Fafa (2007) 12 Hao
China's Partnership Enterprise Law (1997; Rev 2006)
Civil Procedure Law (1991; Rev 2007)
Constitution [Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianfa] (1982)
Criminal Procedure Law (1979; Rev 1996)
Law on Guarding State Secrets (1988)
Law on Judges (1995; 2001 Rev)
Law on Supervision of the Standing Committee of People's Congresses (2006)
Lawyers Law (1996; Rev 2007)
Legislation Law [Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Lifafa] (2000)
Organic Law of the People's Courts (1979; Rev 2006)
Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates (1979; Rev 1983)
Chen, A H Y, ‘Legal Thought and Legal Development in the People's Republic of China 1949–2008’ (28 March 2009) Social Science Research Network <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1369782>
Clarke, D C, ‘The Chinese Legal System’ (4 July 2005) <http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dclarke/public/ChineseLegalSystem.html>
Dong, X, and Xiaoli, C, ‘Zhongguo Gaoyuan Yuanzhang Yiban Wei Dangzheng Chushen, Duoren Weizai Fayuan Gongzuo’ [‘Half of the High Court Presidents were Formally Party or Government Officials, and Many of Them Never Had Judicial Experience’] (20 July 2009) Sichuan Online/Chengdu Commercial Daily <http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2009-07/20/content_11736366.htm>
PRC Ministry of Justice website, <http://www.moj.gov.cn/>
,State Council Information Office (SCIO), China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law (28 February 2008) Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China <http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7041733.htm>
Supreme People's Court <http://www.court.gov.cn/>
Wang, S, Work Report of Supreme People's Court of China (delivered at the Third Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 11 March 2010) The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China <http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2010–03/18/content_1564249.htm>
Work Report of the Supreme People's Court (delivered at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 10 March 2009) <http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/china_law_prof_blog/files/spc_work_report.html>
Wu, B, Work Report of National People's Congress Standing Committee (delivered at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress, 9 March 2009) The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China <http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Speeches/2009-03/16/content_1493447.htm>
Zhou, Y, ‘Shenru Guanche Luoshi Kexue Fazhanguan, Cujin Jingji Pingwen Jiaokuai Fazhan, Baozhang Shehui Gongping Zhengyi, Weihu Shehui Hexie Wending’ [‘Deeply Implement the Concept of Scientific Development, Promote Stable but Relatively Fast Economic Growth, Safeguard Social Fairness and Justice, and Maintain Social Harmonization and Stability’] (speech delivered at the National Conference on Political-Judicial Work, 17 December 2008), available at People's Daily Online <http://www.people.com.cn/>

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  • China
  • Edited by E. Ann Black, University of Queensland, Gary F. Bell, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Law and Legal Institutions of Asia
  • Online publication: 01 June 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921131.002
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  • China
  • Edited by E. Ann Black, University of Queensland, Gary F. Bell, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Law and Legal Institutions of Asia
  • Online publication: 01 June 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921131.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • China
  • Edited by E. Ann Black, University of Queensland, Gary F. Bell, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Law and Legal Institutions of Asia
  • Online publication: 01 June 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511921131.002
Available formats
×