This chapter analyses the freedom for tribunals to decide cases within the frame of possible meanings. It discusses tribunal arguments and holdings by analysing and structuring extant jurisprudence for three topics: the ‘substantial deprivation’ standard, the pre-eminent measure of the intensity of measures in modern case-law; the controversy over the possibility of partial expropriation; and the distinction between compensation under IIAs and reparation under the law of state responsibility.