Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6dbcb7884d-vqfl6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-13T15:53:54.324Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Emotion Communication and Person Perception

from Part I - Basic Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2023

By
Ursula Hess ,
Shlomo Hareli  and
Robert E. Kleck
Edited by
Ursula Hess ,
Reginald B. Adams, Jr.  and
Robert E. Kleck
Ursula Hess
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Reginald B. Adams, Jr.
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Robert E. Kleck
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
Get access

Summary

An important part of human interaction is the communication of emotions. Emotions can be expressed nonverbally, via the face, the voice, touch and even smell, but also, albeit more rarely verbally, by stating how one feels. Emotion expressions signal not only internal states, but also provide information about the context of the event that elicited the emotion. Facets of the context influence the perception of emotions, and in turn emotions impact person perception. This chapter provides a general overview of the processes underlying emotion perception and person perception and how these processes may be affected as a function of aging.

Keywords

Nonverbal CommunicationEmotion PerceptionPerson Perception
Type
Chapter
Information
Emotion Communication by the Aging Face and Body
A Multidisciplinary View
 , pp. 3 - 24
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. B. Jr., Ambady, N., Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (2011). Social Vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. B. Jr., Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Effect of gaze on Amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces. Science, 300, 1536–1537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, R. B. Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2003). Perceived gaze direction and the processing of facial displays of emotion. Psychological Science, 14, 644–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, R. B. Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). Effects of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated emotion. Emotion, 5, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, R. B. Jr., Nelson, A. J., Soto, J. A., Hess, U., & Kleck, R. E. (2012). Emotion in the neutral face: A mechanism for impression formation? Cognition and Emotion, 26, 431–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antypa, D., Kafetsios, K., Simos, P., et al. (2022). Neural correlates of contextualized facial emotion perception and its links to personality. Paper presented at the Conference of the Consortium of European Research on Emotion (CERE), Granada, Spain, June 10–11.Google Scholar
Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aronoff, J., Woike, B. A., & Hyman, L. M. (1992). Which are the stimuli in facial displays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1050–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, A. P. (2013). Bodily expressions of emotion: Visual cues and neural mechanisms. In Vuilleumier, J. A. P. (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience (pp. 198–222). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averill, J. R. (1997). The emotions: An integrative approach. In Hogan, R., Johnson, J. A., & Briggs, S. R. (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 513–541). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 614–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., & Gendron, M. (2011). Context in emotion perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 286–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, D. J., & Gariépy, J. L. (2001). The functions of freezing in the social interactions of juvenile high-and low-aggressive mice. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 463–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Lemery, C. R., & Mullett, J. (1986). “I show how you feel”: Motor mimicry as a communicative act. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 322–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernieri, F. J., & Rosenthal, R. (1991). Interpersonal coordination: Behavior matching and interactional synchrony. In Feldman, R. S. & Rimé, B. (Eds.), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 401–432). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, D. S., & Brownlow, S. (1989). Were the physiognomists right? Personality correlates of facial babyishness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 266–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. S., & McArthur, L. Z. (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 312–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesanz, J. C., & Wallace, J. D. (2020). Accuracy in person perception. In Matthews, G. & Corr, P. J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology (2nd ed., pp. 44–55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, P., & Hess, U. (2008). The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology, 77, 343–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 447–460). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Buck, R. (1984). Nonverbal receiving ability. In Buck, R. (Ed.), The communication of emotion (pp. 209–242). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bull, N., & Gidro-Frank, L. (1950). Emotions induced and studied in hypnotic subjects: Part II – The findings. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 112, 97–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cary, M. S. (1978). The role of gaze in the initiation of conversation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 41, 269–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coussi-Korbel, S. (1994). Learning to outwit a competitor in mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108, 164–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cracco, E., Genschow, O., & Baess, P. (2022). Top-down social modulation of perception-action coupling. Acta Psychologica, 222, 103481. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103481CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuddy, A. J. C., & Fiske, S. T. (2002). Doddering but dear: Process, content, and function in stereotyping of older persons. In Nelson, T. D. (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 3–26). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. (Originally published, 1872)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J., Read, S. J., & Gratch, J. (2014). Reading people’s minds from emotion expressions in interdependent decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(1), 73–88. http://10.1037/a0034251CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290. http://10.1037/h0033731CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In Cole, J. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1971 (pp. 207–283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting deception from the body or face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(3), 288–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 203–235. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elfenbein, H. A., Beaupré, M. G., Levesque, M., & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7, 131–146. http://10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C., & Ross, L. (1975). Intimacy in response to direct gaze. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(6), 592–613. http://10.1016/0022-1031(75)90010-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In Davidson, R. J., Goldsmith, H., & Scherer, K. R. (Eds.), Handbook of the affective sciences (pp. 572–595). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fehr, B. J., & Exline, R. V. (1987). Nonverbal behavior and communication In Siegman, A. W. & Feldstein, S. (Eds.), Social visual interaction: A conceptual and literature review (pp. 225–325). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Felson, R. B. (1979). “Are the good beautiful or the beautiful good?” The relationship between children’s perception of ability and perceptions of physical attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42(4), 386–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A. H. (1993). Sex differences in emotionality: Fact or stereotype? Feminism & Psychology, 3, 303–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontaine, J. R. J., Scherer, K. R., & Soriano, C. (2013). Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foos, P. W., & Clark, M. C. (2011). Adult Age and gender differences in perceptions of facial attractiveness: Beauty is in the eye of the older beholder. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 172(2), 162–175. http://10.1080/00221325.2010.526154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freudenberg, M., Albohn, D. N., Kleck, R. E., Adams, R. B. Jr., & Hess, U. (2020). Emotional stereotypes on trial: Implicit emotion associations for young and old adults. Emotion, 20, 1244–1254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion: Cognitive structure and action readiness. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Shure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion appraisal and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, H., & Smith, P. (1979). Accommodation theory: Optimal levels of convergence. In Giles, H. & Clair, R. N. S. (Eds.), Language and social psychology (pp. 45–65). Baltimore: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Graham, R., & LaBar, K. S. (2007). Garner interference reveals dependencies between emotional expression and gaze in face perception. Emotion, 7(2), 296–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, R., & LaBar, K. S. (2012). Neurocognitive mechanisms of gaze-expression interactions in face processing and social attention. Neuropsychologia, 50(5), 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, McGhee, A. G., D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.Google Scholar
Grumet, G. W. (1999). Kinesic cues: The body, eyes, and face. In Guerrero, L. K & DeVito, J. A. (Eds.), The nonverbal communication reader: Classic and contemporary readings (pp. 48–89). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Hareli, S. (2014). Making sense of the social world and influencing it by using a naïve attribution theory of emotions. Emotion Review, 6(4), 336–343. http://10.1177/1754073914534501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2010). What emotional reactions can tell us about the nature of others: An appraisal perspective on person perception. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 128–140. http://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802613828CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, M. A., & LaFrance, M. (1998). License or obligation to smile: The effect of power and sex on amount and type of smiling. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(12), 1332–1342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henley, N. M. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex and nonverbal communication. New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Henley, N. M. (1995). Body politics revisited: What do we know today? In Kalbfleisch, P. J. & Cody, M. J. (Eds.), Gender, power, and communication in human relationships (pp. 27–61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Hess, U. (2017). Emotion Categorization. In Lefebvre, C. & Cohen, H. (Eds.), Handbook of categorization in cognitive science (2nd ed., pp. 107–126). Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., Adams, R. B. Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2007). When two do the same it might not mean the same: The perception of emotional expressions shown by men and women. In Hess, U. & Philippot, P. (Eds.), Group dynamics and emotional expression (pp. 33–52). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., Adams, R. B. Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2008). The role of perceived emotion in first impressions. In Ambady, N. & Skowronski, J. J. (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 234–254). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Adams, R. B. Jr., & Kleck, R. E. (2009). Inter-group misunderstandings in emotion communication. In Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.-P., & Dovidio, J. F. (Eds.), Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities (pp. 85–100). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Adams, R. B., Simard, A., Stevenson, M. T., & Kleck, R. E. (2012). Smiling and sad wrinkles: Age-related changes in the face and the perception of emotions and intentions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1377–1380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, U., Beaupré, M. G., & Cheung, N. (2002). Who to whom and why: Cultural differences and similarities in the function of smiles. In Abel, M. & Ceia, C. H. (Eds.), An empirical reflection on the smile (pp. 187–216). New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E. (2000). The influence of expression intensity, gender, and ethnicity on judgments of dominance and affiliation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006623213355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., Blaison, C., & Dandeneau, S. (2017). The impact of rewards on empathic accuracy and emotional mimicry. Motivation and Emotion, 41(1), 107–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9590-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2013). Emotional mimicry as social regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 142–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868312472607CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2016). The impact of context on the perception of emotions. In Abell, C. & Smith, J. (Eds.), The expression of emotion: Philosophical, psychological, and legal perspectives (pp. 199–218). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2017). The social signal value of emotions: The role of contextual factors in social inferences drawn from emotion displays. In Russell, J. A. & Fernandez-Dols, J.-M. (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 375–392). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2019). The Emotion-Based Inferences in Context (EBIC) Model. In The social nature of emotion expression (pp. 1–5). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, Huppertz, U., Mauersberger, D., H., & Kastendieck, T. (2023). Wrinkles are neither beautiful nor nice: The effect of facial wrinkles on person perception and interpersonal closeness. Manuscript submitted for publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U., & Kafetsios, K. (2022). Infusing context into emotion perception impacts emotion decoding accuracy: A truth and bias model. Experimental Psychology, 68, 285–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2003). Facing prejudice: Implicit prejudice and the perception of facial threat. Psychological Science, 14, 640–643. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1478.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchings, P. B., & Haddock, G. (2008). Look Black in anger: The role of implicit prejudice in the categorization and perceived emotional intensity of racially ambiguous faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1418–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N., & Scherer, K. R. (2005). Vocal expression of affect. In Harrigan, J. A., Rosenthal, R., & Scherer, K. R. (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 65–135). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kastendieck, T., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Ghalib, J., & Hess, U. (2020). Laughing at funerals and frowning at weddings: Top-down influences of context-driven social judgments on emotional mimicry. Acta Psychologica, 212, 103–195.Google ScholarPubMed
Keating, C. F., Mazur, A., & Segall, M. H. (1981). A cross-cultural exploration of physiognomic traits of dominance and happiness. Ethology and Sociobiology, 2, 41–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, C. F., Mazur, A., Segall, M. H., et al. (1981). Culture and the perception of social dominance from facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 615–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D. A. (2004). PERSON: A general model of interpersonal perception. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirouac, G., & Hess, U. (1999). Group membership and the decoding of nonverbal behavior. In Philippot, P., Feldman, R., & Coats, E. (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 182–210). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kleinke, C. L. (1986). Gaze and eye contact: A research review. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 78–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knutson, B. (1996). Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02281954CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korthase, K. M., & Trenholme, I. (1982). Perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54(3 suppl.), 1251–1258. http://10.2466/pms.1982.54.3c.1251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaFrance, M., & Hecht, M. A. (1995). Why smiles generate leniency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(3), 207–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakin, J. L., Jefferis, V. E., Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). The Chameleon Effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 145–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanzetta, J. T., & Englis, B. G. (1989). Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observers’ vicarious emotional responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 543–554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, N. J., Hughes, K. R., Bowyer, M. D., Waters, L. T., & Bourne, V. T. (1976). Speaker sex identification from voiced, whispered, and filtered isolated vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 59(3), 675–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavater, J. C. (1804). Essays on physiognomy: For the promotion of the knowledge and the love of mankind (Vol. 1). London: C. Whittingham.Google Scholar
Likowski, K. U., Mühlberger, A., Seibt, B., Pauli, P., & Weyers, P. (2008). Modulation of facial mimicry by attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1065–1072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, K. A., Siegel, E. H., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2013). The hundred-year emotion war: Are emotions natural kinds or psychological constructions? Comment on Lench, Flores, and Bench (2011). Psychological Bulletin, 139, 255–263. http://10.1037/a0029038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linville, S. E. (1996). The sound of senescence. Journal of Voice, 10(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(96)80046-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macrae, C. N., Hood, B. M., Milne, A. B., Rowe, A. C., & Mason, M. F. (2002). Are you looking at me? Eye gaze and person perception. Psychological Science, 13, 460–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnée, M. J. C. M., Stekelenburg, J. J., Kemner, C., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions. Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 18, 369–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32801776e6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malatesta, C. Z., Izard, C. E., Culver, C., & Nicolich, M. (1987). Emotion communication skills in young, middle-aged, and older women. Psychology and Aging, 2, 193–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2015). Can we undo our first impressions? The role of reinterpretation in reversing implicit evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 823–849. http://10.1037/pspa0000021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manstead, A. S. R., & Fischer, A. H. (2001). Social appraisal: The social world as object of and influence on appraisal processes. In Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 221–232). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5, 119–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauersberger, H., Kastendieck, T. M., Hetmann, A., Schöll, A., & Hess, U. (2022). The different shades of laughter: When do we laugh and when do we mimic other’s laughter? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B, 1863, 20210188.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. Jr. (1973). Leadership and communication in young chimpanzees. In Menzel, J. E. W. (Ed.), Precultural primate behavior (pp. 192–225). Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Menzel, E. W. Jr. (1974). A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In Schrier, A. M. & Stollnitz, F. (Eds.), Behavior of nonhuman primates (pp. 83–153). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz, L. A. (1993). A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17(1), 55–68. http://10.1007/BF00987008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motley, M. T., & Camden, C. T. (1988). Facial expression of emotion: A comparison of posed expressions versus spontaneous expressions in an interpersonal communications setting. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 52, 1–22. http://10.1080/10570318809389622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, U., & Mazur, A. (1996). Facial dominance of West Point cadets as a predictor of later military rank. Social Forces, 74, 823–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., & Brauer, M. (2012). Social functionality of human emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 259–285. http://10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010). The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 417–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkinson, B. (1999). Relations and dissociations between appraisal and emotion ratings of reasonable and unreasonable anger and guilt. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 347–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, B. (2001). Putting appraisal in context. In Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 173–186). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reis, H. T., Wilson, I. M., Monestere, C., & Bernstein, S. (1990). What is smiling is beautiful and good. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 259–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgeway, C. L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseman, I. J., & Evdokas, A. (2004). Appraisals cause experienced emotions: Experimental evidence. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 899–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarantino, A. (2019). Affective pragmatics extended: From natural to overt expressions of emotions. In The social nature of emotion expression (pp. 49–81). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Scarantino, A., Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2022). Emotional expressions as appeals to recipients. Emotion, 22, 1856–1868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In Scherer, K. R. & Ekman, P. (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293–317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1997). Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 113–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K. R., & Grandjean, D. (2008). Facial expressions allow inference of both emotions and their components. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 789–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, S., Christensen, A., Häußinger, F. B., et al. (2013). Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. NeuroImage, No Pagination Specified. http://10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.078Google Scholar
Schuller, B., Batliner, A., Steidl, S., & Seppi, D. (2011). Recognising realistic emotions and affect in speech: State of the art and lessons learnt from the first challenge. Speech Communication, 53(9–10), 1062–1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2011.01.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., Barnes, J., & David, A. S. (1999). An investigation into the perception of dominance from schematic faces: A study using the World-Wide Web. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 31, 341–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Showers, C., & Cantor, N. (1985). Social cognition: A look at motivated strategies. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 275–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teasdale, N., Bard, C., Dadouchi, F., et al. (1992). Posture and elderly persons: Evidence for deficits in the central integrative mechanisms. In Tutorials in motor behavior, 2 (pp. 917–931). Oxford: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Thibault, P., Bourgeois, P., & Hess, U. (2006). The effect of group-identification on emotion recognition: the case of cats and basketball players. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 676–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, G. R. (1943). The effect upon judgements of personality traits of varying a single factor in a photograph. Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 127–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2002). Spontaneous trait inferences are bound to actors’ faces: Evidence from a false recognition paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1051–1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todorov, A., & Uleman, J. S. (2003). The efficiency of binding spontaneous trait inferences to actors’ faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 549–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11655–11660. www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11655.abstractCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Schalk, J., Fischer, A., Doosje, B. J., et al. (2011). Convergent and divergent responses to emotional displays of ingroup and outgroup. Emotion, 11(2), 286–298. http://10.1037/a0022582CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walter, H. (2012). Social Cognitive Neuroscience of Empathy: Concepts, Circuits, and Genes. Emotion Review, 4(1), 9–17. http://emr.sagepub.com/content/4/1/9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webbink, P. (1986). The power of the eyes. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Weyers, P., Mühlberger, A., Kund, A., Hess, U., & Pauli, P. (2009). Modulation of facial reactions to avatar emotional faces by nonconscious competition priming. Psychophysiology, 46, 328–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zebrowitz, L. A. (1997). Reading faces: Window to the soul? Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A., Fellous, J., Mignault, A., & Andreoletti, C. (2003). Trait impressions as overgeneralized responses to adaptively significant facial qualities: Evidence from connectionist modeling. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 194–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2006). The ecological approach to person perception: Evolutionary roots and contemporary offshoots. In Schaller, M., Simpson, J. A., & Kendrick, D. T. (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 81–114). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×